Search results

1

Jedna rodina - jedno příjmení? Příbuzenství a společná rodinná příjmení v současné české společnosti

100%

Štípková M.

Český lid: etnologický časopis (Český lid: Ethnological journal)

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2010

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vol. 97

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issue 1

1-17

EN

Contemporary theorists of family and kinship emphasize its fluidness. Processes of mating and becoming parents do not have clear rules and people must explicitly define their partner commitments and family arrangements. I explore the ways surnames are employed in the negotiation of kinship and making it obvious. Focusing on women’s perspective, I analyzed data downloaded from internet chats where (mostly female) participants discussed family-related topics. Findings confirm the the negotiated nature of family relationships and illustrate how social norms are being reinterpreted and accomodated to particular situations. As a result of a number of repartnered families, biological kinship loses its importance in defining close kin relationships, and instead their social and emotional basis is emphasized. The norm of nuclear family sharing a surname is challened and alternatives are prefered by some women, despite being restricted by less flexible codified norms.

2

Nazwy pokrewieństwa w języku Turków z północno-wschodniej Bułgarii

88%

Stanek K.

Przegląd Orientalistyczny

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2014

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issue 3-4

157-170

EN

In the age of globalization, hectic pace of life and losing the individual characteristics of communities is widespread. Therefore, it is necessary to record and analyse the language and culture which survive in the memory of the older generation or have been preserved in their daily lives. Turks living in the Balkans, who have flooded into this area in different historical periods, came under the process of slavization, but for centuries were an important part of the Ottoman Empire, which had impact on both their language and customs. This paper aims to present the vocabulary on kinship and names of family members preserved in this language (more precisely in the dialect of Milino village and the surrounding area). On the basis of this vocabulary, it is possible to investigate phonetic changes which have taken place in the Turkish language of Turks living in north-eastern Bulgaria. The fact that the terms of kinship have survived proves that the form of family life has not changed, despite the socio-cultural transformations.

3

Sňatky Přemyslovců aneb Jak si vybírali ženichy a nevěsty

88%

Kandert J.

Historická sociologie (Historical Sociology)

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2013

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vol. 2

117-124

EN

Premysliden ruled over the Czech countries (Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia) more than three hundred years (ca. 930–1306). They cooperated with the ruling houses of the neighboring states (Hungary, Poland, Saxony, Bavaria, Austria etc.) as their political efforts as their marriage policy. The analysis of the Premysliden marriages indicated the existence of the rule of the exogamy, the rule of the preferential matrilateral cross cousin marriage, the rule of the long time systematic exchange of the women among two ruling houses. Example of the Premysliden marriage practice gives the idea of the search of the marriage rules existing in Europe during the early mediaeval centuries.

4

Identity and Private Transfers of Time and Money

88%

Nicińska A.

Central European Economic Journal

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2022

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vol. 9

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issue 56

191-218

EN

We introduce the perspective of identity economics to a formal model of rational choice of private transfers to examine the impact of geographical proximity on optimal time and money transfers within and outside of families. We argue that identities affect private transfers through the internalization of social norms governing informal support and incorporate in the formal model the fact that time, unlike money transfers, demands face-to-face presence. We solve the utility maximization problem and derive propositions concerning factors affecting transfers. Then we test them empirically using longitudinal and cross-sectional data from the Survey on Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. We address the possible endogeneity with instrumental variables. Empirical results based on transfers from family members and unrelated individuals are suggestive of a significant role of identity in private transfers in line with the theoretical model. We find that geographical proximity enhances time, but not money, transfers. Our results yield evidence for a stronger role of emotional rather than genetic proximity in interhousehold transfers.

5

“Are we still a family?” The perspective from Romanian transnational families

88%

Hossu I. E.

Lud

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2019

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vol. 103

EN

In 2015 the Romanian anthropologist Vintilă Mihăilescu wrote about the practice of migration in the case of the Romanian society, showing how it is ultimately deeply rooted, before 1989, in the communist period. Under the pressure of internal migration from villages to cities, the traditional Romanian family suffered a major structural transformation. According to the Romanian anthropologist, the diffuse family – household, as he calls it, seems to be “the grandmother” of the transnational family. The current practices of transnational families were formed based on these roots, of the “diffuse” family. Starting from the idea of Mihăilescu, the aim of this articleis to investigate the main (re)structures of the kinship practices in the Romanian society under the impact of external migration after 1989. One of the findings of the study shows that in the Romanian traditional society, preserving kinship cohesion meant a series of obligations and liabilities that were often transmitted from one generation to another without being questioned. They basically constituted and maintained the channel of communication between family members. The members of transnational families have absorbed these traditional structures, weaving over new formulas to adapt family practices(Morgan: 2011) to the specificity of transnational living, reformulating at the same time the traditional rules of kinship and adapting them to the new way of living. The study is based on materials derived from a qualitative research in five communities- three in Romania and two abroad.

6

Fajta a povaha příbuzenství obyvatel východoslovenských romských osad

75%

Kobes T.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2010

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vol. 46

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issue 2

235–255

EN

European kinship is usually conceptualised as one of the elements that forms the boundary between nature and culture. However, this implicitly assumed biogenetic basis of membership in a particular descent group is not evident in the case of kinship among inhabitants of a Roma settlement. The nature of their kinship can be described as the incorporative process of women and pristašis into descent groups. The fundamental criterion for an expectant partner in marriage is to be ‘lačhe’ (good, proper, appropriate). The division of people in a Roma settlement into two basic groups (lačhe versus degešis) does not mean that these people form endogamous groups defined by procreation. It is rather a matter of moral ideas about what makes people good or bad. Two complementary principles play an important role in these ideas. The first principle relates to the natural base, the second to the process of socialisation. In this respect, fajta does not just refer to a cognatic descent group, but also has another dimension, which cannot simply be defined in terms of procreation and which indicates a shift towards a common basis. This can be demonstrated in the example of pristašis, which is a long-term process of incorporation in which fajta, as the domain of nature, shifts to the frame of culture. Despite of the difficulty of determining whether people were born or socialised into a particular fajta, kinship in a Roma settlement should be studied within the wider organisational complex that on the one hand makes some people related and homogenous and on the other hand excludes other people from this relatedness.

7

Should You Accept a Friends Request From Your Mother? And Other Filipino Dilemmas

75%

Miller D., Madianou M.

International Review of Social Research

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2012

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vol. 2

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issue 1

9-28

EN

This paper uses the concept of ‘cutting the network’ derived from the work of Marilyn Strathern to examine the relationship between two kinds of social network, that of kinship and the system of friends constructed on social networking sites. Specifically the material comes from a study of Filipina domestic workers and nurses in the UK and their relationship to their left behind children in the Philippines. A bilateral system of kinship can lead to a proliferation of relatives, while the use of the Friendster social networking site can lead to a proliferation of friends. It is when these two systems clash following the request by one's mother to become a friend that the constraints and problems posed by both systems comes into view. Cases show that it is possible to use social networking sites to help mothers become close friends for their absent children, but more commonly the increasing presence of actual mothers through new media disrupts the relationships that children had developed for themselves to a idealised projection of motherhood.

8

Svatební obřad v Minangkabau: reprezentace mechanismů matrilineární organizace trans-lokální komunity

75%

Pflegerová M.

Český lid: etnologický časopis (Český lid: Ethnological journal)

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2009

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vol. 96

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issue 1

49-70

EN

The article presents an ethnographic description of a cycle of marriage rituals as observed by the author in the Minangkabau village of Sulit Air, located in West Sumatra, Indonesia and provides an interpretation of what they tell us about the networks of matrilineal kinship that crisscross the community spanning from the village to the cities where its inhabitants migrate in search of economic betterment, especially some female techniques of maintenance of these networks.

9

Vocabulary related to a family, kinship and the names of relatives as a base to the reflection on some questions the editors of Słowosieć are encountering

63%

Ławniczak J., Wieczorek J.

Cognitive Studies

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2011

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issue 11

EN

Vocabulary related to a family, kinship and the names of relatives as a base to the reflection on some questions the editors of Słowosieć are encounteringThis paper is a glance on a working methods in building the semantic network. It highlights a problem of monitoring results of WordNet extension. It is based on the example of the semantic field associated with the names of family members and related issues and it concerns certain problems that can be solved only when considering whole semantic field. There are also some reflections on how the network organisation differs from traditional ways of presenting the interconnections between concepts.

10

Sňatek Viléma z Rožmberka a Anny Marie Bádenské

63%

Bůžek V., Miller S.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2021

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vol. 119

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issue 3

565-611

EN

The study focuses on the knowledge of the preparations, the role of kinship, ceremonial, the political and religious significance of the third wedding of Vilém of Rosenberg (1535–1592) and Anna Maria of Baden (1562–1583), which took place on the 27th to the 29th of January 1578 in Český Krumlov, where the groom had his main family residence. Vilém of Rosenberg came from an ancient aristocratic family, whose rulers held the foremost place in the Kingdom of Bohemia after the monarch. He was born into the marriage of Jošt III of Rosenberg and Anna of Roggendorf. His first two wives, coming from the princely families of the Holy Roman Empire, were Lutherans. Anna Maria of Baden was the daughter of the Margrave of Baden Philibert and archduchess of Bavaria Matilda of Wittelsbach. When she was orphaned, she was raised with her brother and two sisters in the strictly Catholic milieu of the court of her uncle Albrecht V of Wittelsbach in Munich. In the background of the wedding was Ferdinand of Tyrol, who expected from the new marital alliance strengthening of the Catholicism of the political axis between Innsbruck, Munich, Prague and Vienna. Rudolf II agreed with the creation of the marital alliance, who appreciated in the supreme burgrave of the Kingdom of Bohemia the deep nobility of his family and faithful service to the Habsburgs. In negotiating the terms of the marriage, Vilém of Rosenberg was supported in Munich by Brandenburg Elector Johann Georg of Hohenzollern and the Saxon Elector August of the Wettin family, with whom he was connected by kinship ties. The largest exchange of views was evoked in the correspondence of Albrecht V of Wittelsbach and Vilém of Rosenberg by the wedding ceremony based on the exact sequence of steps, which included the reception of the sacrament of the altar, wedding reception, toast, dance, virgin sacrifice, exchange of wedding gifts and subsequent thanksgiving, chivalric entertainment, fireworks and probably also the reading of celebratory poems. After concluding the marriage, Vilém of Rosenberg expanded his kinship ties to the imperial nobility of the Catholic faith. It was not only his brother-in-law Philip II of Baden, but also both sisters-in-law married after the death of their sister to important princely and countly families of the Holy Roman Empire.

11

Przejawy i przyczyny altruizmu u zwierząt

63%

Uchmański J., Niczyporuk S.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

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2021

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vol. 19

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issue 2

85-100

EN

The aim of the paper is to provide an evolutionary explanation for co-operation and altruism in the animal world, together with other forms of intra- and inter-species relationships, which bring benefits for both sides involved in it. Concepts of individual selection, group selection, and kin selection were used. The work emphasises the relevance of intra-specific and inter-species relations, in shaping the image of nature. During the analysis of intra-specific interactions, it is explained how the degree of kinship affects the relations between relatives, and what are the results of it, regarding the degree of kinship. The article discusses the notion of kin selection, providing numerous examples in this area. Furthermore, it explains the concept of Hamilton’s rule, which covers these phenomena in a quantitative way. Whilst analysing the possibility of co-operation between non-related individuals of the same species, the authors introduce the notion of reciprocal altruism, and explain a particular way of thinking about the above problems, called the ‘prisoner’s dilemma’. Possible changes that may appear during co-evolution between different species, have also been considered. Examples of co-operation between species that rely on the construction of ecological niches were provided. It has especially been wondered if co-evolution can lead to increased intensity of positive relations between species, up to the manifestations of inter-species altruism inclusive.

PL

Celem pracy jest przedstawienie ewolucyjnych wyjaśnień współpracy i altruizmu w świecie zwierząt oraz takich form relacji międzygatunkowych, które przynoszą korzyści stronom biorącym w nich udział. Przy wyjaśnianiu posługiwano się pojęciem doboru indywidualnego, doboru grupowego i doboru krewniaczego. W pracy podkreślono istotność relacji wewnątrz- i międzygatunkowych w kształtowaniu obrazu przyrody. Analizując interakcje wewnątrzgatunkowe, skupiono się na wyjaśnieniu tego, jak stopień pokrewieństwa wpływa na relacje pomiędzy krewniakami i jakie są tego skutki w zależności od stopnia pokrewieństwa. Wprowadzono pojęcie doboru krewniaczego, przedstawiono liczne przykłady z tego zakresu oraz wyjaśniono regułę Hamiltona, która w sposób ilościowy ujmuje te zjawiska. Omawiając możliwość nawiązania współpracy między osobnikami niespokrewnionymi tego samego gatunku, wprowadzono pojęcie altruizmu odwzajemnionego i wyjaśniono schemat myślenia zwany dylematem więźnia. Rozważano także możliwe zmiany, jakim w trakcie koewolucji mogą podlegać relacje między gatunkami. W szczególności zastanawiano się, czy koewolucja może prowadzić do wzrostu natężenia pozytywnych relacji między gatunkami aż do przejawów międzygatunkowego altruizmu włącznie. Podano przykłady takiej współpracy, która polega na wzajemnym tworzeniu nisz ekologicznych.

12

Wojaczek – Cwietajewa. Przeklęte pokrewieństwo

63%

Wojtyła K.

Iudaica Russica

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2020

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issue 2(5)

83-97

RU

В статье описаны ранние неизвестные интертекстуальные отношения и родство между Мариной Цветаевой и Рафалом Воячеком. Автор указывает на аналогии как в биографической, так и в текстовой сферах. Первая из них охватывает экзистенциальные и мировоззренческие проблемы, а также мифотворческие аспекты с упором на факт самоубийственной смерти (обоих авторов). Вторая - тематизацию, организацию поэтического высказывания и формальные приемы. На первом плане стоят фигуры „негра” и „еврея”, а также вопросы касающиеся противоположных категорий: вина и наказание, жизнь и смерть, sacrum и profanum.

EN

The article describes previously unknown intertextual relationships and kinships between Marina Tsvetaeva and Rafał Wojaczek. The author reveals analogies in both the biographical and the textual spheres. The first one contains the existential and ideological problems as well as myth-forming aspects focusing on the fact of suicidal death (of both authors), the second one the thematization, organizing poetic statements and identical formal resolutions. The figures of “the Negro” and “the Jew” come to the fore as well as the issues centered around the anti-aesthetic categories: guilt and punishment, life and death, sacrum and profanum.

13

PRAWO ALIMENTACYJNE JAKO PRZYKŁAD REGULACJI PRAWNEJ SOLIDARNOŚCI MIĘDZYPOKOLENIOWEJ

62%

Łączkowska M.

Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny

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2012

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vol. 74

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issue 3

155-174

EN

The year 2012 was announced the Year for Active Ageing and Solidarity between Generations in Decision No 940 2011 EU of the European Parliament and the European Council. The paper features the issue of Polish maintenance law which is an example of a legal regulation of the solidarity between generations. Basically, the support given and received by family members has very strong moral roots. The legal regulation provides for minimal protection only, which may be executed using the power of the state. The solidarity between generations, effected by the provision of the means for living, is very obvious in the relations between parents and children, especially when the beneficiary is an underage child (a minor). However, the right to claim maintenance is also guaranteed by law to parents (and grandparents). When an elderly person is not able to support herself or himself, the law gives them an opportunity to turn to descendents for help. It should be emphasised that this aspect of maintenance which has, so far, been a very rare subject of analyses, is gradually becoming more important from the perspective of the existing demographic problems and the process of ageing in our society.

PL

Decyzją Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady nr 940/2011/UE z 14 września 2011 r. ustanowiono rok 2012 Rokiem Aktywności Osób Starszych i Solidarności Międzypokoleniowej. Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest analizie polskiego prawa alimentacyjnego stanowiącego wyraz prawnej regulacji solidarności międzypokoleniowej w zakresie zaspokajania potrzeb członków rodziny. Solidarność ta przejawia się z pewnością w odpowiednim uregulowaniu sposobu dostarczania środków utrzymania i wychowania pomiędzy rodzicami i dziećmi, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem sytuacji dziecka małoletniego, jako istoty słabszej. Należy jednak zwrócić uwagę, że stosunek alimentacyjny istnieje w ogóle między krewnymi w linii prostej, łączy zatem także na przykład dziadków z wnukami. Celem opracowania jest ukazanie poszczególnych relacji międzypokoleniowych, z których wynika stosunek alimentacyjny, oraz przyjrzenie się przesłankom uzasadniającym możliwość dochodzenia świadczeń alimentacyjnych. Przedmiotem analizy była zatem, po pierwsze, sytuacja dziecka uprawnionego do otrzymywania środków utrzymania, zarówno w okresie małoletności, jak i po osiągnięciu przez nie pełnoletności. Po drugie, omówiono także uprawnienia rodziców (dziadków) do dochodzenia alimentów od swoich samodzielnych dzieci (wnuków). Podkreślić należy, że ten drugi aspekt, na który zdecydowanie rzadziej w doktrynie zwraca się uwagę, ma szczególne znaczenie w kontekście obecnych problemów demograficznych, sytuacji osób starszych oraz solidarności międzypokoleniowej.

14

O znaczeniu konstytucyjnej zasady prawnej ochrony życia rodzinnego w procesie stosowania prawa

51%

Dadańska K.

Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego

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2023

|

issue 4(74)

173-192

PL

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie znaczenia konstytucyjnej zasady ochrony prawnej życia rodzinnego w procesie stosowania prawa, podczas którego ustalenie właściwego znaczenia normy ustawy za pomocą normy konstytucyjnej, ma przede wszystkim znaczenie dla właściwej, prokonstytucyjnej wykładni i gwarantuje, że decyzja stosowania prawa, in concreto, będzie prawidłowa. Punktem wyjścia dla przyjętego założenia badawczego będzie próba określenia, jakie desygnaty składają się na pojęcie prawnej ochrony rodziny, jakie przepisy Konstytucji RP realizują tę zasadę, wreszcie, jaka jest funkcja oraz zakres podmiotowy tej gwarancji. Zastosowana zostanie metoda dogmatyczno-prawna oraz, uzupełniająco, prawnoporównawcza. Analizie zostaną poddane wybrane przepisy Konstytucji RP, wybrane orzeczenia sądów powszechnych, sądów administracyjnych, NSA oraz SN, w których omawiana zasada miała niewątpliwy wpływ na decyzję stosowania prawa.

EN

The purpose of the article is to show the importance of the constitutional rule of legal protection of family life in the process of application of the law, during which the determination of the correct meaning of the norm of the law by means of a constitutional norm, is primarily important for a proper, pro-constitutional interpretation and ensures that the decision to apply the law, will be correct. The starting point for the research assumption will be an attempt to determine what designations constitute the concept of legal protection of the family, what provisions of the Polish Constitution implement this principle, and what is the function and subjective scope of this guarantee. The analysis will focus on selected provisions of the Polish Constitution and rulings of common courts, administrative courts, the Supreme Administrative Court and the Supreme Court, in which the discussed principle influenced the decision to apply the law.

15

Metafory pokrewieństwa

51%

Burszta W. J.

Roczniki Kulturoznawcze

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2016

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vol. 7

|

issue 2

5-28

PL

Tekst ma na celu pokazać, dlaczego debata wokół gender bywa tak gorąca, a rozumienie kobiety jako aktywnego podmiotu kultury w oderwaniu od kulturowo wypracowanej i podtrzymywanej metaforyki kobiecości napotyka na potężny opór. Wskazanie na powody tego oporu ma równie ważne znaczenie, jak znajomość stanowiska, które podważa tradycyjne wyobrażenia wspólnotowe związane z sensem istnienia narodu i proponuje ich zasadniczą rewizję. Także myśl wspólnotowo-nacjonalistyczna i religijna odwołują się do oczywistego stwierdzenia, że w każdej kulturze istnieje zespół norm oraz wartości przypisanych do danej płci (gender). Dotyczy to również pozycji, jakie kobiety i mężczyźni zajmują w różnych kulturach. Jedni tych utrwalonych kulturowo norm bronią, inni proponują ich rewizję i zasadnicze przekształcenie. Ten spór wpisuje się w obszar toczonych współcześnie wojen kultur jako walki o moralność i dobro zbiorowe.

EN

The essay will study the nature of the highly controversial debates on gender and why understanding women as active subjects of culture—a perspective that aims to challenge the established and persistent metaphors of femininity—is met with such strong opposition. In addition to examining the sources for this resistance, it is equally important to understand the position that confronts the community ideas rooted in tradition and associated with the existence of nation, and to propose its fundamental revision. The communal and nationalistic way of thinking, as well as religious, refer to a taken-for-granted statement that a set of norms and values ascribed to a particular gender exists in every culture. It is also connected with the position of women and men in different cultures. Some people protect these culturally-fixed norms, other attempt to revise and transform them. This conflict is an essential part of contemporary “culture wars,” understood as a war over morality and collective good.

16

Model kodeksu rodzinnego. Nowa koncepcja małżeństwa, rozwodu i innych związków a regulacja polskiego kodeksu rodzinnego i opiekuńczego

45%

Sokołowski T.

Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego

|

2021

|

vol. 30

|

issue 2

227-248

EN

The paper describes the concept of marriage and divorce, as presented in the Model Family Code (the MFC), and compares it to the provisions of the Polish Family Law. The MFC was developed on the basis of research carried out by the Commission on European Family Law (CEFL) and focuses on the very essential ideas of the future regulation of Family Law. As per Article 1.1 of the MFC, the main institution is partnership, which includes both marriages and non-marital relationships, provided that they have lasted more than three years or that the partners have a common child or that one of the partners has made substantial contributions to the relationship or in the sole interest of the other partner. This approach is not consistent with the Polish legal system, because of the division between private life and family life. Family life is a social situation between spouses or relatives that is brought about exclusively by coital interactions between spouses or partners or by adoption that eventually result in maternity, paternity and kinship between the relatives. On the other hand, private life is a social situation brought about by various personal interactions that only result in personal relations. The scope of private life is broader and it always includes family life. The two fundamental categories pertinent to this division are sexual interactions, defined as a broad group of personal behaviours, and coital interactions (conjugal interactions), defined exclusively as behaviours between two adult persons of different sex. The existence of coital interactions constitutes a different and only one kind of the social reality (social group), which is open for maternity, paternity and kinship between the relatives. In contrast to Article 1.1 of the MFC, a conjugal union between woman and man, who have not entered into marriage, is treated as concubinage. It has a private character only, but it can be translated into a family situation, because of maternity and paternity connected with the delivery of a common child of the partners. It is indispensable to divide all private phenomena into two groups: the transformable phenomena and the non-transformable phenomena. If a concubinage is transformed into family, it receives, as a family, a full-scale protection offered by the state. However, a large group of sexual interactions does not have a conjugal character at all; these are recognised as being non-transformable and exclusively private phenomena. Certain other social unions that do not involve any sexual bonds also have a non-transformable nature. The regulation of divorce is a controversial one, because of the absence of any positive substantial premise for a decree of divorce and the absence of any negative premises for divorce (like welfare of the child). What is more, the mandatory ‘period of six months’ intended for reflection (Article 1.10 of the MFC) seems to be rather old-fashioned.

Refine search results

Jedna rodina - jedno příjmení? Příbuzenství a společná rodinná příjmení v současné české společnosti

Nazwy pokrewieństwa w języku Turków z północno-wschodniej Bułgarii

Sňatky Přemyslovců aneb Jak si vybírali ženichy a nevěsty

Identity and Private Transfers of Time and Money

“Are we still a family?” The perspective from Romanian transnational families

Fajta a povaha příbuzenství obyvatel východoslovenských romských osad

Should You Accept a Friends Request From Your Mother? And Other Filipino Dilemmas

Svatební obřad v Minangkabau: reprezentace mechanismů matrilineární organizace trans-lokální komunity

Vocabulary related to a family, kinship and the names of relatives as a base to the reflection on some questions the editors of Słowosieć are encountering

Sňatek Viléma z Rožmberka a Anny Marie Bádenské

Przejawy i przyczyny altruizmu u zwierząt

Wojaczek – Cwietajewa. Przeklęte pokrewieństwo

PRAWO ALIMENTACYJNE JAKO PRZYKŁAD REGULACJI PRAWNEJ SOLIDARNOŚCI MIĘDZYPOKOLENIOWEJ

O znaczeniu konstytucyjnej zasady prawnej ochrony życia rodzinnego w procesie stosowania prawa

Metafory pokrewieństwa

Model kodeksu rodzinnego. Nowa koncepcja małżeństwa, rozwodu i innych związków a regulacja polskiego kodeksu rodzinnego i opiekuńczego