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7
80%
PL
Komunikat
EN
Announcement
Prawo Kanoniczne
|
2017
|
vol. 60
|
issue 4
131-148
PL
Na ziemiach polskich w XIX w. władze zaborcze skutecznie ograniczały funkcjonowanie Kościoła katolickiego, w tym funkcjonowanie zakonów z podległymi im klasztorami. Po upadku powstania styczniowego, władze rosyjskie na terenie Królestwa Polskiego zastosowały represje kasując większość istniejących jeszcze wówczas klasztorów. Jednak zasadnicze znaczenie dla funkcjonowania zakonów w Królestwie Polskim miała kasata będąca realizacją ukazu carskiego z 27 października (8 listopada według kalendarza gregoriańskiego) 1864 roku. W konsekwencji zlikwidowano 115 klasztorów, które uznano za „zamknięte” lub za „zniesione” (mniej niż 8 osób zakonnych w klasztorze). Ze 155 klasztorów męskich i 45 żeńskich, pozostawiono 20 klasztorów męskich i 7 żeńskich, które jako nieetatowe mogły funkcjonować do chwili, kiedy ich stan liczebny zmniejszy się do 7 osób. Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie norm prawnych zawartych w Ukazie z 27 października (8 listopada) 1864 r., które dotyczą kasaty klasztorów w Królestwie Polskim. Stąd też jedynym źródłem wykorzystanym w opracowaniu będzie treść Ukazu oraz „Przepisy dotyczące utrzymania i zarządu klasztorów Rzymsko-Katolickich w Królestwie Polskim z 22 listopada (4 grudnia) 1864 r.”. W dotychczasowej literaturze historii prawa nie odnoszono się do analizy prawnej norm Ukazu.
EN
Times in the 19th century, the partitioning powers effectively limited the functioning of the Catholic Church on Polish lands, including the functioning of orders and monasteries that were subject to them. After the fall of the January Uprising, the Russian authorities took repressive measures on the territory of the Kingdom of Poland by dissolving most of monasteries existing at that time. However, the dissolution of monasteries resulting from the tsar`s ukase of 27 October (8 November according to the Gregorian calendar) 1864 was of major significance for the functioning of orders in the Kingdom of Poland. As a consequence, 115 monasteries were dissolved which became considered “closed” or “dissolved” (fewer than 8 monks or nuns in a monastery). Out of 155 male monasteries and 45 female monasteries, 20 male ones and 7 female ones were left, which, as self-funded but without the right to accept novices (called self-funded monasteries), could function until the number of their members dropped down to 7 people. The subject matter hereof is the presentation of legal rules contained in the Ukase of 27 October (8 November) 1864, relating to the dissolution of monasteries in the Kingdom of Poland. Therefore, the only source used herein shall be the content of the Ukase and “Rules and regulations on the maintenance and management of Roman Catholic monasteries in the Kingdom of Poland of 22 November (4 December) 1864”. In the existing literature on the history of law, there are no references to the legal analysis of rules contained in the Ukase.
EN
Since Constantine the Great Caesar law started to play a double role in the world where Christians lived. It regulated the laws of a lay community – which aimed at the worldly objectives but also the life of the Church herself, whose basic objectives are directed towards the supernatural sphere. It was a kind of ius commune which shaped the collection of legal norms according to the Christian perspective. Till the times of Justinian I Caesar norms in relation to monastic life were directed by the need of the hour. Their formation, however, gives some idea what in the eyes of rulers was a problem which was necessary to solve on the border of monasticism and the life of a lay community. Depending on the regulation subject we can classify a group of laws applying to the people who had to perform public duties, then to the people who did not enjoy full freedom (slaves, coloni), married couples, then laws regulating the discipline of monastic life in monasteries and laws applying to monks and monasteries in a lay community (particularly regarding system of justice, property law and public order).
15
51%
EN
After the dissolution of monasteries carried out in the Kingdom of Poland in 1864 the tsarist authorities established a new church office, unknown in canon law – visitor or inspector of monasteries. On behalf of bishops visitors were to carry out an annual inspection of monasteries (the bishops would do that only on exceptional occasions); acted as intermediaries in the transfer of money from the authorities to the monastics; maintained registers – updated every year – of monks and nuns in the various monasteries; presented candidates for superiors to the administrators of dioceses or put forward motions to dismiss the incumbent superiors; put forward other personnel motions, e.g. to translocate monks; gave their opinions on the monks’ requests in this respect, as well as opinions on the monks’ requests for temporary leave, enforced discipline in the monasteries, especially with regard to divine service; and usually also oversaw the annual jurisdiction exams taken by monastic priests. In addition, they could assist at monastic professions, though this was only a theoretical right, because after 1864 monastic professions were extremely rare. The visitors would submit more serious cases to diocesan bishops, dealing with minor matters – which included imposition of summary penalties – themselves by virtue of their own authority. Finally, they kept the bishops informed about everything going on the monasteries. Two visitors, Rev Józef Rzewuski in the Diocese of Kujawy and Kalisz, and Rev Józef Dynakowski in the Diocese of Płock, performed their function in a way suggesting that they supported the tsar’s anti-monastic laws. Others devotedly tried to take care of the monasteries that survived the dissolutions.
EN
The paper is aimed at analysing the circumstances of creating and the contents of the registers of valuables from the Pomeranian monasteries gathered as a result of secularisation in the period when the ideas of Martin Luther were being introduced in West Pomerania in the first half of the 16th century. The term ‘valuables’ (jewels) includes paraments and liturgical vestments, noble metals (gold and silver) and cash. Valuables were among the main elements of the movables of the dissolved monastic congregations. In most cases the registers were set up on the strength of an order issued by the dukes and were compiled by clerks or members of a particular order in the presence of other monks and representatives of urban authorities. The registered valuables, unless they had been lost during the riots against the religious clergy, were given to town councils for safe keeping. Finally, most valuables landed in the duke’s treasury and later was divided and inherited within the Family of the Griffins. The registers of valuables are a very important source of knowledge about the material culture of the Pomeranian monasteries; they provide information on the equipment of the monastic churches, chapels and altars, as well as on the reserves of precious metals. They may also be considered to be an indirect source of knowledge on various currents of religiousness in different religious orders.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza okoliczności powstania i zawartości inwentarzy kosztowności pomorskich klasztorów powstałych w następstwie sekularyzacji, w okresie wprowadzania na Pomorzu Zachodnim idei nauki Marcina Lutra w pierwszej połowie XVI wieku. Pod pojęciem kosztowności (klejnoty) kryły się paramenty i szaty liturgiczne, metale szlachetne (złoto i srebro) oraz gotówka. Były one jednym z najważniejszych składników majątku ruchomego kasowanych zgromadzeń mniszych. Ich wykazy powstawały zazwyczaj z polecenia książąt i były spisywane przez urzędników lub członków poszczególnych konwentów w obecności współbraci i przedstawicieli władz miejskich. Zinwentaryzowane kosztowności, jeśli nie uległy rozproszeniu w czasie wystąpień skierowanych przeciw duchowieństwu zakonnemu, przekazywano w depozyt książętom pomorskim lub radom miejskim. Ostatecznie większość z nich trafiła do skarbca książęcego i w późniejszym okresie stała obiektem podziału i dziedziczenia w obrębie rodu Gryfitów. Wykazy klejnotów stanowią bardzo ważne źródło wiedzy na temat kultury materialnej pomorskich klasztorów. Dostarczają informacji o wyposażeniu zakonnych kościołów, kaplic i ołtarzy, a także zasobach cennych kruszców. Mogą być również uznane za pośrednie źródło wiedzy o nurtach religijności preferowanych w poszczególnych zgromadzeniach.
Vox Patrum
|
1984
|
vol. 6
179-186
EN
Duplicia monasteria pure historicum valorem in christianorum traditione monastica habere censetur. Ut autem eorum variae formae bone cognoscantur, recte notio “cohabitationis” intelligenda est.
XX
The Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit (Ordo Fratrum Eremitarum Sancti Pauli Primi Eremitae) was following the spiritual lifestyle of the „first hermit”, Saint Paul of Thebes († 342). The formation of this order started in the first half of the 13th century, when hermits started to live in hermitages in the Patach Mountains in the Diocese of Pécs and in the Pilis Mountains in the south-east of Esztergom, following the example of the Old-Christian hermits in the deserts of Egypt. Blessed Eusebius of Esztergom († 1270) united the hermits who were scattered in caves and around 1250 they built the Holy Cross Monastery close to what is today Kesztölc-Klastrompuszta. Approvals granted by a legate of the Pope, Cardinal Gentilis of Montefiore, were an important step in the process of the formation of this new Order of Pauline Fathers, allowing them to follow the rule of Saint Augustine and create their own constitution. The centre of this monastic society and the seat of the General Priory was the monastery connected to the St. Lawrence Church in Buda. The contemplative nature of the order was clearly implied by their motto Solus cum Deo solo, and the religious practices of the monks included meditation near the relics of saints, the recitation of numerous prayers for the dead and the intensive worship of Mary. The order thrived in the 14th century: while 22 Pauline monasteries were built during the 40 year reign of Louis the Great (1342–1382), 16 monasteries were founded in 70 years plus that followed (1382–1458). The defeat of Hungarian troops at Mohács (1526) did great damage to the order. However, Turkish ravages were not the only cause of the dissolution of the monasteries at that time. The rapidly-spreading ideas of reformation also drew the attention of important Hungarian noblemen; even though they were the descendants of the founders of the monasteries, they converted to Protestantism and appropriated the possessions of the church in their territories.
PL
W artykule został zaprezentowany obraz, który nigdy wcześniej nie był reprodukowany ani eksponowany publicznie. Dzieło pochodzi z beaterium pod wezwaniem Matki Boskiej Szkaplerznej w parafii św. Błażeja w Cusco. Jest to przedstawienie dwustronne, na awersie znajduje się postać zakonnicy w habicie karmelitańskim, która przykłada rękę do ust i nakazuje ciszę, o czym informuje nas, prócz gestu, towarzysząca przedstawieniu inskrypcja. Na rewersie zaś zobaczyć można wizerunek ukrzyżowanej mniszki. Malowidło funkcjonowało niegdyś jako drzwi prowadzące do nowicjatu, co możliwe było do ustalenia dzięki odnalezieniu archiwalnej fotografii. W artykule scharakteryzowana została ikonografia dzieła, a także udało się wskazać źródła dla większości inskrypcji, które towarzyszą wyobrażeniom malarskim. Obraz został zaprezentowany w szerszym kontekście historycznym i kulturowym funkcjonowania kuskeńskiego beaterium. ikonografia nowożytna
EN
The article presents a painting which has never been reproduced or publicly displayed before. The work comes from the Beaterium of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in St. Blaise Parish in Cusco. It is a two-sided representation. The ob- verse side contains a figure of a nun in a Carmelite habit, who puts his hand to his mouth and orders silence, which is communicated not only by the gesture, but also by the inscription accompanying the representation. On the rever- se side we can see an image of a crucified nun. The painting used to function as a door leading to the novitiate, which could be established based on the archival photo. The article describes iconography of the work, as well as the sources for most of the inscriptions that accompany the images. The painting is presen- ted in a broader historical and cultural context of Cusco Beaterium functioning.
EN
The activities of orders in Poland are closely connected with the functioning of the Catholic Church and the history of our homeland. The aim of this article is to present the history of old orders in the diocese of Łódź. Initially, it focuses on those orders which after the period of dissolutions not only returned to some of their monasteries but also organised new monastic communities. Before the collapse of the First Polish Republic, in the territory of the future diocese of Łódź, there were 8 male orders which altogether owned 13 monasteries: Dominicans (Łęczyca, Piotrków Trybunalski), Conventual Franciscans (Łagiewniki, Piotrków Trybunalski), Bernardines (Piotrków Trybunalski, Łęczyca), Franciscans of the Strict Observance (Brzeziny, Lutomiersk), Canons Regular of the Lateran (Kłodawa), Carmelites of the Ancient Observance (Kłodawa), Jesuits (Piotrków Trybunalski, Łęczyca), and Piarists (Piotrków Trybunalski). However, in 1918, when Poland regained its independence, none of the male monastic communities were still in existence. The orders which did not return to their monasteries in the period of the Second Polish Republic were Canons Regular of the Lateran, Carmelites of the Ancient Observance, Piarists and Dominicans.
PL
Działalność zakonów w Polsce jest ściśle związana z życiem Kościoła katolickiego i dziejami naszej Ojczyzny. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie dziejów starych zakonów na terenie diecezji łódzkiej. Najpierw ukazano te zakony, które po okresie kasat nie tylko wróciły do swoich niektórych klasztorów, ale i organizowały nowe placówki zakonne. Przed upadkiem I Rzeczypospolitej na terenie przyszłej diecezji łódzkiej działało 8 zakonów męskich, posiadających łącznie 13 klasztorów: dominikanie (Łęczyca, Piotrków Trybunalski), Franciszkanie konwentualni (Łagiewniki, Piotrków Trybunalski), franciszkanie bernardyni (Piotrków Trybunalski Łęczyca), franciszkanie reformaci (Brzeziny, Lutomiersk), kanonicy regularni laterańscy (Kłodawa), karmelici trzewiczkowi (Kłodawa), jezuici (Piotrków Trybunalski, Łęczyca), pijarzy (Piotrków Trybunalski). Do odzyskania przez Polskę niepodległości w roku 1918 nie przetrwała żadna męska wspólnota zakonna. W II Rzeczypospolitej nie wrócili do swoich klasztorów: kanonicy regularni laterańscy, karmelici trzewiczkowi, pijarzy i dominikanie.
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