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EN
The Wieliczka Saltworks Castle had been developing since 13th century in direct vicinity of a shaft excavated in search for salt. It is an example of medieval defensive architecture directly connected with the history of the state mining enterprise constituted by Cracow Saltworks in pre-partition Poland. Salt mines, with the salt works and mines in Wieliczka and Bochnia under one management, were the biggest Polish enterprise and one of the biggest in Europe. The Castle remained the office of the management until 1945, when its central part was destroyed by bombs. After renovation, the Castle houses the Cracow Saltworks Museum Wieliczka, which conducts studies on salt heritage on the basis of historical book collection, salt works archives, and a valuable salt works cartographic resource. The castle complex comprises three main buildings: the central one, the so-called House Among Salt Mine (13th-17th, 20th century), housing a magnificent Gothic room with reconstructed vault leaned on the middle pillar; north one, Salt Mine House (erected in 14th-15th century, using the rampart from the end of 13th century, rebuilt in 16th-20th century), and south one (1834-36, 20th century). The layout includes also a reserve of mining shaft from the mid-13th century, secured ruins of salt mine kitchen, fragments of ramparts with a tower. Remained facilities of the Saltworks Castle constitute a unique unit, whose historical values are important as global heritage, since they are an interesting example of medieval architecture, changed in the Renaissance, baroque, and more recent times. Atypical character of the castle whose functions were mainly economic and administrative, and also representative, and to a lesser extent residential, makes it an extraordinary piece of architecture. There are no such layouts in Poland, and the long, a few-hundred-year period of direct relationship with an industrial enterprise distinguishes the Wieliczka facility also when compared to the parse, similar and remained European centres. The article conducts a comparative analysis of in particular buildings in Slovakia, Austria, and France.
EN
The article is an attempt to show the role of women in the life of King Casimir III The Great on the basis of Annales Seu Cronicae Incliti Regni Poloniae by Jan Długosz. Not only does the text describe his romances and wives, but also the relations with his mother, sister and daughters. Even at the beginning of his first marriage a conflict between Casimir’s mother Jadwiga and his newlywed wife Anna emerged. Both women wanted to be the Queen of Poland. Jadwiga’s withdrawal helped to adjust the quarrel. Casimir the Great was extremely fond of women, which drove him into chronic adultery. He paid special attention to their appearance. He maintained numerous lovers and prostitutes he used to visit. Nevertheless, only the second of his three wives, Adelaide could not bear the situation and after she had spent long years during which Casimir’s presence was scarce, she returned to her father’s home. Casimir would often treat women in an instrumental way and he must have harmed them with his behavior, however, he did take care of his daughters and other women related to him by blood. His relations with women can be illustrated to some extent by his attitude to the Virgin Mary. On the one hand, he worshipped her in Wiślica but on the other hand, he could not abstain from hunting on a holiday devoted to the Virgin Mary. Casimir could have sworn to change for the better even to the pope, but his inclination was too strong and he would soon return to his old sins. Długosz claims that the punishment for his debauchery was the end of the dynasty. Nevertheless, it should be noticed that the king took proper care of widows and the poor, including women. That is why impecunious women paid him the last tribute with deep regret.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą ukazania miejsca kobiet w życiu króla Kazimierza III Wielkiego w oparciu o Annales seu cronicae incliti Regni Poloniae Jana Długosza. Przy referowaniu zagadnienia nie ograniczono się jedynie do żon i miłostek Kazimierza Wielkiego, lecz wspomniano także o jego matce, siostrze oraz córkach. Już u progu jego pierwszego małżeństwa doszło do konfliktu pomiędzy matką Kazimierza, Jadwigą, a nowo poślubioną Anną. Chodziło o to, która z kobiet ma być uważana za królową Polski. Ustąpienie Jadwigi pozwoliło zażegnać ten spór. Kazimierz Wielki miał wielką słabość do kobiet i często popadał w grzech cudzołóstwa. Zwracał uwagę przede wszystkim na ich wygląd zewnętrzny. Utrzymywał wiele kochanek i nierządnic, z którymi się spotykał. Jednak spośród trzech kolejnych żon króla tylko druga, Adelajda, nie mogła wytrzymać tej sytuacji i po wielu latach przeżytych prawie bez obecności króla wróciła do ojcowskiego domu. Kazimierz nieraz traktował kobiety przedmiotowo i niejednej z nich wyrządził krzywdę swym postępowaniem. Troszczył się natomiast o swoje córki i inne kobiety związane z nim więzami krwi. Wiele światła na jego postawę wobec kobiet wnosi jego odniesienie do Matki Bożej. Z jednej strony oddawał hołd Maryi czczonej w Wiślicy, a z drugiej strony nie potrafił się powstrzymać od polowania w święto maryjne. Kazimierz mógł wielokrotnie obiecywać swoją poprawę i porzucenie cudzołóstwa, nawet papieżowi, ale miał słabą wolę i wciąż wracał do starych grzechów. W opinii Jana Długosza karą Bożą za rozpustę Kazimierza Wielkiego było to, że ród królewski wyginął. Należy jednak zauważyć, że król otaczał troską wdowy oraz ludzi biednych, pośród nich także kobiety. Dlatego gdy umarł, kobiety z ludu żegnały go z wielkim żalem.
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