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Karolina Kot, Osadnictwo kultury łużyckiej w późnej epoce brązu i wczesnej epoce żelaza we wschodniej części Pojezierza Myśliborskiego, Poznań 2013, ss. 386

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Żychlińska J.
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
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2016
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issue 57
239-244
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Materiały osadnicze z Transboru, gm. Latowicz, woj. mazowieckie

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Orlińska G.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2007
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vol. LIX
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issue 59
115-164
EN
Unlike materials from the Cloche Grave Culture cemetery at Transbór, distr. Mińsk Maz. (Fig. 1), published over fifty years ago (A. Kietlińska 1955; 1968; A. Kietlińska, R. Mikłaszewska 1963), archaeological findings associated with settlement were never analysed comprehensively. Nevertheless random and contradictory information about this material somehow entered circulation giving rise to a controversy over the chronological and culture attribution of the settlement (Express 1947; 1948; M. Gądzikiewicz 1954, p. 164; M. Gądzikiewicz-Woźniak 1961, p. 105; A. Kietlińska, R. Mikłaszewska 1963, p. 255; S. Czopek 1992, p. 181; 1995, p. 275; Dyskusja 1995, p. 389; M. Andrzejowska 1988, p. 135; 2001, p. 199). Fragments of Lusatian pottery vessels with openings below the rim, grave assemblage no. 12, deposited in a cloche (A. Kietlińska, R. Mikłaszewska 1963, p. 258, tabl. III:7.8.14–17; in the present article described with materials from section I/3), known from the monograph of the cemetery were recognised by T. Dąbrowska (1977, p. 118, diagram 1 – phase A) as proof of direct continuity of ‘Lusatian’ traditions in Cloche Grave Culture. The need to rectify the existing inconsistencies prompted the author to examine the archaeological material and documentation at hand, the latter consisting of site reports (which contain only laconic descriptions of archaeological features), site drawings, no longer complete (cf footnote 6), twenty or so amateur black-and-white photographs, and a hand-written card index covering a part of the settlement materials developed in 1961 by R. Mikłaszewska (R.M.). The archaeology at Transbór first became known to Warsaw archaeologists in the 1920s when the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw received a number of Cloche Grave Culture vessel finds from this location. Regular excavation led by A. Kietlińska was undertaken only in 1946–1948. The area was excavated using a grid of 20×20 m units (Fig. 2). Grid squares I–XII were explored in 2 m wide strips (1–10). Grid square XIII was the only unit which comprised two such strips. Fieldwork was carried out mostly in double, less often, in single strips (Fig. 4). The site lay on the slope of a high dune rising above the flood terrace of the right bank of river Świder (Fig. 1; A. Kietlińska, R. Mikłaszewska 1963, p. 255, fig. 1). Despite the sandy and dry substrate stratigraphy was still legible, at least in places. The ancient summit of the dune extended from grid square IV/6 to the middle section of grid square VIII/9–10. A layer of grey or ash-coloured sand which contained most of the cloche burials was detected in grid square IV just below the arable; moving north it gradually descended to the depth of ‘more than two spades’ (Fig. 5). Deeper down, at the N margin of the trench, was found a dark grey layer, which probably yielded most of the Trzciniec Culture potsherds (Fig. 31:VIII/4–6a–d). An equally puzzling stratigraphic sequence was observed in grid square VII (Fig. 36). Here a sequence of two layers is recorded, associated with the horizon of the cemetery. Assuming that the lower layer, which contained graves 47 and 48, is the same as the dark grey sand in grid square VIII, it can be associated with occupation by Trzciniec Culture folk, and consequently, also with Lusatian occupation. A flimsy dark brown level cutting into the roof layer of grave 48 which presumably represented the final horizon of the cemetery was detected also in the southern part of the profile in grid square VIII (Fig. 5). In the entire investigated area the settlement layer containing charcoal and daub postdating the cemetery horizon rested directly beneath the humus. This made identification of features quite difficult, especially in the eastern area of the site. The main ‘cemetery’ layer of grey sand was also present everywhere. However, it is not clear whether the more ancient dark grey layer occurred elsewhere than within squares VII and VIII. Archaeologists identified 33 features associated with settlement (Fig. 3). Ten of them evidently are from a period predating the cemetery: hearths (no. 8, 22; possibly, also no. 27 – a hearth evidently earlier than grave 99), a pit oven (no. 9), posthole (no. 12), pits (no. 4, 5, 10, 13, 14; no. 10 apparently was a depression in the unbroken culture layer), and remains of structures (no. 15). Features 8, 9, 10, 14 and 15, contained Lusatian Culture pottery. The building remains, unique for the area of the eastern offshoot of Lusatian Culture, included a frame building on a plan of a trapeze, a surface area of ca. 15 m2; it had an entrance in the shorter western wall and a triangular annex or outbuilding of ca. 7 m2 which contained a raised dome oven (feature 15-5). The remains of a light roofing structure extending from the entrance to the hut to feature 14 detected north of the annex/outbuilding originally had been supported by small stakes. This suggests that feature 14 – storage pit (?) with a quern and rubber, may also be associated with the dwelling. Lumps of daub with impressed straw, reed and pegs show that walls could have been insulated on the outside with wattle. The oven, presumably used for cooking and heating, had the form of a clay dome set over a floor of packed clay. It was fed and cleaned through an opening giving onto the interior of the hut, under the roofing, where an oven pit of triangular section was discovered. Another possible ‘Lusatian’ hut occurred in grid square VIII/7–10 (feature 3). Evidence of occupation postdating the cemetery horizon includes stone hearths (no. 1, 2, 16, 26, 28, 32, 33) and burnt remains of frame buildings (no. 20, 21, 29, 30, and most probably, no. 7); inside the buildings there was a 1×1 m square outline set against the wall. Feature 20 (a unipartite structure with an inner area of ca. 25 m2) and a bipartite building identified in its neighbourhood, with an area of ca. 30 m2, and a northern chamber of ca. 16.5 m2, both had walls plastered with clay. Also similar was a bipartite (possibly tripartite) building with individual spaces of ca. 17 m2 in area which had a common longer wall. Feature 30 evidently postdates feature 29, which consists of at least two rectangular chambers. A room with a square-shaped stone hearth had an area of ca. 14 m2. The L-shaped cross-section of the wall of one building (no. 21) suggests the existence of a foundation. All the discussed structures find only some degree of correspondence in the building tradition known in Przeworsk Culture of the Late Pre-Roman and Early Roman Period, and Wielbark Culture of the Late Roman Period (cf K. Przewoźna 1971, p. 181–188; K. Godłowski 1981, p. 105; J. Pyrgała 1981, p. 383–385; I. Jadczykowa 1983, p. 190, 192, 194–195, 199 ff., 214). Their plan evidently different than that of prehistoric dwelling structures published to date and the outline was not the typical quadrangular shape. There is a strong suspicion that the structures at Transbór actually date from the early modern period and are the remains of village buildings common in Poland with a narrow front and an open square-shaped hearth set by the wall or a chimney in a corner (cf K. Moszyński 1967, p. 529, 530–531, 560 ff., fig. 469, 470, 478:1.2, 479). Also the structure containing a square-shaped hearth paved with small pebbles (no. 29) evidently older than other buildings probably dates from same age. Several features did not produce any finds of diagnostic value for chronological and culture attribution, they were ‘concentrations’ of stones and/or pottery (no. 19, 23, 24, 25, 31), post-holes (no. 6, 17) and possible pit (no. 11). Similarly problematic was a deteriorated stone hearth which contained assorted pottery (no. 18). None of the described features could be linked to Trzciniec Culture settlement, which probably concentrated in the NW part of the site outside the area covered by excavation (over a half of Trzciniec pottery fragments occurred in the northern part of grid square VIII/4–6). Vessels forms were mostly S-profiled pots (Fig. 23:18a.21c, 31:VIII/4–6a.b.d, 33m, and lacking context), exceptionally, one pot had a nearly cylindrical neck (Fig. 30:IV/9d), and a bowl (Fig. 31:VIII/4–6c). A sherd with two cordons recovered in grid square VIII/4–6 belonged to either a pot or a bowl. Apart from skilfully facetted rims in two vessels (Fig. 31:VIII/4–6b.d) Trzciniec ceramics from Transbór find numerous analogies in pottery finds from Mazowsze, Podlasie and Lublin region. Careful execution and elaborate ornamentation place them in the ‘classical’ phase of Trzciniec Culture, dated broadly to period II of the Bronze Age. Only the SE area of the area excavated at Transbór was free of Lusatian Culture finds. Some pottery fragments were attributed only tentatively to either Lusatian or to Cloche Grave Culture The predominant form were vessels with a roughened surface; they were represented by the following categories: pouch-like pots with various rim forms (Fig. 8:10a, 14:14h, 22:15-2/4a.b.i.l, 29:I/3d.f, 30:IV/7–8d.IV/9c.f.IV/10b, 31:V/5–6a.V/7a, 32:IX/9–10b, 33c, 34d), egg-shaped pots (Fig. 8:9a, 14:14i.k, 21:15--6e.f, 22:15-2/4k, 23:21b, 29:I/2b.c, 33a, 34b), S-profiled pots with gentle profiling and variously outsloping rim section or only the rim (Fig. 8:9d, 14:14a.j, 21:15-5d.15-6h, 22:15-2/4d.p, 29:I/2a, 30:IV/9a) and a curve below the rim (Fig. 8:8a, 18:15-2b). A large group were bowls, mostly hemispherical (Fig. 21:15-6a, 22:15-2/4h.j, 23:21d.I/1b.d, 29:I/3e.III/5a, 30:IV/7–8c.e.f, 31:VII/9–10c, 33f) or conical (Fig. 21:15-5b, 32a, 34i), more rarely, with a small or a more prominent curve below the rim (Fig. 14:14e.g, 21:15-6d, 22:15-2/4f, 23:I/1e, 33j, 34h), or an inward sloping rim section (Fig. 18:15-1a.15-4b, 21:15-6j, 30:IV/7–8g.h.IV/9b, 32:IX/9–10a, 33h), exceptionally, with S-shaped in profile (Fig. 18:15-4a). Other forms included vase-like vessels (Fig. 8:9c, 14:14d, 18:15-1c.d, 21:15-6b, 22:15-2/4c.r, 33b.o, 34f.g), forms with a neck set apart from the lower body by an indentation (Fig. 18:15-1b, 22:15-2/4s, 31:V/1–2a, 33n), cups (Fig. 14:14f, 33l) and strainer-like vessels (Fig. 8:9b, 22:15-2/4e). One vessel was a nearly biconical form (Fig. 34c). Twenty flat dishes (‘plates’) reconstructed from sherds ranged in diameter from 17 to 25 cm (Fig. 14:14b, 18:15-3a–c, 19, 22:15-2/4g, 23:I/1f, 29:I/3b, 30:IV/7–8i, 31:V/1–2b.V/7b, 32b, 34e.k). Most of these ceramic forms find numerous parallels in the material from Late Bronze Age and Hallstatt sites of Lusatian Culture in east Mazowsze and Podlasie. Ornamentation, both in terms of patterns selected and their frequency on vessels from Transbór resembles ornamentation of Hallstatt pottery from the region. The most popular motif are openings under the rim, more seldom, finger or fingernail impressions, less commonly, plastic ornament (applied bosses and cordons), and shallow engraved designs (at the base of the neck – horizontal and diagonal lines, on the body – groups of diagonal and ‘herringbone’). In some vessels the rim was decorated by kneading. Two vessels from Transbór (Fig. 14:14a, 18:15-4a) have no counterpart in the material from the Eastern Mazowsze-Podlasie group of Lusatian Culture They related more closely to forms known from inventories of Silesian group of the same culture. Although the vessel form is not recorded in the region which separates Silesia and south Wielkopolska from east Mazowsze this direction of influence is apparently correct. What is more, during the late Hallstatt period some vessel forms penetrated from the Silesian group to Mazowsze, into inventories of Lusatian-Pomeranian graves (M. Andrzejowska 2005, p. 134). Presumably, it is no accident that a pot of a western provenance occurred in a cloche grave at Stodzew, distr. Garwolin, site 3 (M. Andrzejowska 2003, p. 138, 140–141, fig. 11d–f), across the river Świder from Transbór. Another exceptional form was a flat dish with a kneaded rim with five central indentations on the underside, and on its upper face, an impressed design of plaitwork (Fig. 19) apparently from two bands of fibre of equal width woven cross-wise at right angles. Plates with impressions of similar and other kinds of plaitwork were quite popular in some settlements of the Tarnobrzeg Group of Lusatian Culture (K. Moskwa 1976, p. 82–83, 312, 317, fig. 74l, 77k–m). Indentations on the underside of the same dish probably had no functional purpose. Similar indentations, but in four concentric rows, appear on the underside of a plate dated to Hallstatt discovered in Podlasie (J. Dąbrowski 1961, p. 24, pl. I:1). The settlement of Lusatian Culture at Transbór possibly dates back to late Bronze Age. Some vessels (Fig. 14:14a.j, 32:V/7a) and a spindle- -whorl (Fig. 32:VIII/8a) are closer to forms from the end of the Bronze Age than from Hallstatt. However, some vessels are definitely Hallstatt forms: vase-like vessels with openings under the rim (Fig. 8:9c, 33o) or similar forms with an ornament of applied bosses (Fig. 18:15-1c.d), an S-shaped vessel with horizontal smoothing in its upper section (Fig. 21:15-5d), pots and bowls with a curve below the rim (Fig. 8:8a, 14:14e.g, 18:15-2b, 23:I/1e) and an S-profiled bowl (Fig. 18:15-4a). The ornamented vessel with a neck separated from the rest of the body by an indentation (Fig. 31:V/1–2a), and bowls with an inward sloping rim section (eg, fig. 18:15-1a.15-4b) are attributable to Ha D. The hut with an oven (no. 15) was definitely in use during Hallstatt. A similar dating may be given to the hearth (no. 8) and the pit oven (no. 9). More problematic is the dating of feature 14 which produced assorted ceramics datable to BA V through to early Iron Age. It is possible that the sherds could have been displaced and redeposited within the loose substrate but the quern and rubber also discovered in the same feature presumably rested in their original position. That the Iron Age settlement did not continue until the end of Hallstatt D is indicated by several Cloche Grave burials at Transbór attributable to the earliest phase of Mazowsze-Podlasie cemeteries of Cloche Grave Culture, dated to HaD (M. Andrzejowska 1995, p. 132 ff.). The cemetery was established after the decline of the settlement; the fact that the burials did not disturb feature 15 (= hut with oven) suggests that its remains continued to be visible. At the same time, the second possible Lusatian Culture dwelling (no. 3) was cut by grave 66. Imaginably, the settlement was abandoned when groups of outsiders started coming to the area. Occupation later than the Cloche Grave Culture cemetery horizon is evidenced by finds recovered in the entire area of investigation; they were a chronologically mixed assortment of objects attributed to Przeworsk and Wielbark Cultures. Four fragments of Przeworsk Culture pottery belonged either in the Late Pre-Roman (Fig. 23:20a, 30:IV/10c, 31:V/7–8a) or the Early Roman Period (grave 12 in grid square I/3). Another form distinctive for Przeworsk Culture material was an iron scabbard clasp (Fig. 35d). Wielbark finds included a large quantity of sherds belonging to group I pots (Fig. 23:21f, 29:II/1a and fragment from grave 12, section I/3), a group XaA bowl (Fig. 32:X/7–8a), a sherd decorated with zigzag (from feature 21), and others items (Fig. 31:V/5–6c and fragment from feature 14). Finds considered as diagnostic for Wielbark Culture included springs from two brooches (Fig. 35a.b) and a melted glass bead. The Wielbark material is datable very generally to phase B2/C1 through to phase D of the Roman period (cf M. Tempelmann-Mączyńska 1985, p. 48 ff., pl. 4:202, 44, table 8; R. Wołągiewicz 1993, p. 12 ff.). Przeworsk and Wielbark pottery could not be associated conclusively with any feature dated to after the decline of the cemetery. This is an additional argument proving that the burnt dwellings (no. 20, 21, 29, 30) date from the early modern period. A fragment of a base from a turned vessel (Fig. 31:VII/9–10b) was dated to the Late Roman or the Early Migration Period. The entire investigated area produced a modest number of small fragments of modern wheel-made vessels; the lower part of feature 20 contained a small fragment of an oven tile. Owing to intensive occupation of the site after the decline of the cemetery many graves were lost or suffered serious damage; the original stratigraphy was disturbed and archaeological material became redeposited. This lends weight to the view that Lusatian Culture sherds discovered inside an inverted cloche vessel in grave 12 do not belong to the assemblage. This is supported by the fact that the same vessel also contained two sherds from Roman Period ceramics. Many questions relating to the sequence of occupation episodes at Transbór remain unanswered. The incomplete but quite striking archaeological material from this site proves that there is a need to continue investigating settlement sites, still relatively a terra incognita.
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Siekierka brązowa z miejscowości Senisławice, pow. kazimierski

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Florek M.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2006
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vol. LVIII
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issue 58
377-388
EN
A bronze axe with socket and loop, so-called Schnabeltüllenbeil, recovered in 2002 when dredging the bed of an unnamed stream at Senisławice (comm. Opatowiec, distr. Kazimierza Wielka, woj. świętokrzyskie), may be classified by its form to the first variant of dziobata axes, acc. to J. Kuśnierz (1998, p. 10–12). Finds of this variant of such axes in Małopolska, dated to HaA1 – early HaA2, are considered to be the result of exchange with areas beyond the Carpathian Range, more exactly, the result of contacts maintained by the people of the górnośląsko-małopolska (Upper Silesia-Little Poland) Group and Tarnobrzeg Group of Lusatian Culture with Pilin Culture and early phases of Gáva Culture. The fact that the axe was discovered in a river bed, like a number of other bronzes dating from the same period suggests the piece’s special association with the watery environment, ie. its character of a votive offering.
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Ponownie odkryta szpila z tarczowatą główką z Siedlimowa, pow. mogileński

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Kaczyński B.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2017
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vol. LXVIII
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issue 68
240-247
EN
The article discusses the pin now on permanent display at the Leon Wyczółkowski Regional Museum in Bydgoszcz – an iron specimen with a large (D. 7.5 cm) disc-shaped head plated in bronze and a characteristic, broad flange (1.2 cm) (Fig. 1). Its short (6.5 cm) iron swan-neck shank is round of section, D. 0.4 cm. Its length suggests repairs made to the pin: the shank fractured and the stump was sharpened. The site and circumstances of the discovery of the pin are no longer known but the index card from the private archive of Józef Kostrzewski (Fig. 2) established the provenance of this artefact as Siedlimowo, Mogilno County in the Kujawy (Kuyavia) Region. It surfaced in a cemetery identified in 1892 by the parish priest Piotr Pacieszyński on a sandy dune found 1 km to the north of Siedlimowo (Fig. 3). The pin belongs to the inventory of a multiple-urn grave 3 (Reichert 1894). It lay inside the pottery bowl over the cremated remains together with An iron or a bronze needle. Like other archaeological objects the pin entered the collections of Historische Gesellschaft für den Netzedistrikt in fmr. Bromberg (now Bydgoszcz) where it was catalogued as No. 1056k. The pin from Siedlimowo belongs to a group of forms with a disc-like head with a flange, plated with bronze or gold sheet that are widespread in the Lusatian Culture and the Pomeranian Culture (Fig. 4:a). They correspond to type 2C in the classification of Sylwester Czopek (1992, p. 62–63, fig. 19), or to type Mrowino in the typology of Bartłomiej Kaczyński (2015, p. 26–27). In view of the characteristic rarely observed shape of the disc the pin has been distinguished as variant Siedlimowo. Three analogies have been found for the specimen from Siedlimowo (Fig. 4:b): two in cemeteries of the Pomeranian Culture (Jastrzębiec/Jastremken, Sępolno County – Amtl. Ber. 1902 [1901], p. 47, fig. 21; Nowy Targ, Sztum County, feature 123 – P. Fudziński, E. Fudzińska 2015, pl. XVII:6), the third in a hoard assigned to the Białowice Group (Cielmów/Zilmsdorf, Żary County – G. Kossack 1987, fig. 3c:36). Variant Siedlimowo pins, like type Mrowino specimens, apparently originated in the Białowice Group of Lusatian Culture. As a result of contacts between the Middle Odra region and Greater Poland during Hallstatt D these designs were adopted by the people of the Pomeranian Culture. Another trace of these contacts could be brooches with a decorative foot, type Wicina, pins with a bung-shaped and a cylindrical head, and pyriform pendants (M. Andrzejowska 1984, map 5:1–3; A. Lipińska 1966, fig. 26:2; Z. Woźniak 2010, map 1:b). The earliest pin classified to variant Siedlimowo comes from Cielmów and dates to phase Ha D2–D3. Similar specimens known from Jastrzębiec and Siedlimowo apparently date to the turn Ha D3 and “early LT A, which corresponds to the older segment of Karczemki phase (sub-phase B1 of K. Dzięgielewski 2016, p. 300, fig. 2). Their dating coincides with the chronology of type Mrowino pins, in fashion in Ha D3 – LT A (R. Mycielska, Z. Woźniak 1990, p. 40; M. Gedl 1993, p. 160; B. Kaczyński 2015, p. 31–33). The youngest would be the pin from Nowy Targ, grave 123 – it dates to the La Tène segment of Karczemki phase, which corresponds to Dzięgielewski’s sub-phase B2.
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Późnohalsztacki skarb z Ruszkowa, w pow. ciechanowskim

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Orlińska G., Prochowicz R.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2010
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vol. LXI
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issue 61
95-109
EN
The article reports on a deposit of bronze, glass and amber finds submitted to the State Archaeological Museum in spring of 2005. According to the finder’s report, it had been discovered by accident in 2003 or 2004, at a depth of ca. 20 cm, in a small sandy elevation rising among the meadows south-west of the village Ruszkowo (Fig. 1). The set includes two neckrings (Fig. 2, 3), a spiral bracelet (Fig. 4), six anklets (Fig. 5, 6) – all in bronze – as well as thirty-eight beads in glass (Fig. 7a.b) and four in amber (Fig. 7c). Plain neckrings fashioned from a round-sectioned rod and spiral bracelets/armlets with wire terminals are considered on the south-eastern coast of the Baltic as local forms and are dated starting from BA V until the close of Hallstatt D. The six anklets are all ornamented and have an altogether different provenance. Four penannular pieces, decorated with groups of shallow transverse strokes (Fig. 5a) or with an egg-and-dart design with a varying number of ribs (Fig. 5b–d), find analogy among specimens known from the territory of Bylany Culture where they are dated to Hallstatt C2–D1. The two other anklets, with lightly overlapping terminals (Fig. 6a.b), show evidence of heavy wear manifested as areas of abrasion on the inner face of the hoop and a nearly complete obliteration of their original ornament – egg-and--dart design with a varying number of ribs (Fig. 6c–e). These anklets too presumably originated beyond the Carpathian Range. A local feature seen on these specimens is a fine herringbone ornament applied onto the original egg-and-dart design (Fig. 6). Not less interesting is the beads set (Fig. 7). The form which predominates in late Hallstatt bronze hoards from Mazowsze and Podlasie is dark blue with an ornament of a wavy or zigzag line. However, in the deposit from Ruszkowo there is just a single bead of this type and the rest are uniform dark blue. Entirely unexpected is the presence in this set of four amber beads since at present from the territory of Poland we have a record on only a single deposit, from Szarlej, distr. Inowrocław, in Kujawy, containing beads made of both these raw materials. The hoard from Ruszkowo, like analogous deposits from the area of Bylany Culture, can be dated to late Hallstatt and there is no basis to push this chronology forward into the La Tène. Next to the anklets from beyond the Carpathian Range the hoard includes bronze neckrings and a spiral bracelet characteristic for Lusatian Culture possibly of late Bronze Age date. Also local is the ornament applied over the original, worn away design of the anklets with the lightly overlapping terminals. The delicate narrow and shallow groove marks, easily worn away, are typical features of ornamentation datable to the close of the Hallstatt period. Also distinctive for that age is the inventory of the hoard itself (assuming that all its elements were recovered), which is made up of ornaments only (cf. W. Blajer 2001, p. 67). The mixed provenance of objects assembled in the hoard proves that the people of Lusatian Culture maintained long-distance trade exchange. At the same time it demonstrates that leaves no doubt that during the age of influence of Hallstatt Culture which mainly took in south-western area of today’s Poland, the territory lying to the east of the middle Vistula River did not remain entirely cut off from this impact.
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Materiały z cmentarzyska ludności kultury łużyckiej w Chojnie-Golejewku, pow. rawicki, z kolekcji 93 Aleksandra Guttmana

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Drzewicz A.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2005
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vol. LVII
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issue 57
93-100
EN
The cremation cemetery situated between the villages of Chojno and Golejewko, distr. Rawicz, woj. wielkopolskie (Fig. 1), is one of the most striking and most richly furnished grave-fields of the Lusatian culture people in Wielkopolska, in use starting from BA IV until the Early PreRoman Period. The site, discovered during the second half of the 19th century, is known almost entirely from amateur investigation by local collectors who recovered the better preserved artefacts directly from the site or bought them from the peasants. In this way probably some 2000 graves were dug up, their contents subsequently became dispersed in a few dozen private collections in Poland and abroad. Eventually many of these artefacts were offered or sold to the Archaeological Museum in Poznań and the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. They were later analysed and published by Z. Woźniak (1959, p. 31–116). Other objects from the Chojno-Golejewko cemetery forming the Aleksander Guttmann collection fared differently. In 1919 one Colonel Tadeusz Jaworowski presented to the National Museum in Warsaw the following set: 12 pottery vessels – one of them a painted vase – and a number of bronzes (a bead, a ring, necklace fragments, a razor, fragments of bronze sheet, perhaps from two further razors), iron finds (a necklace?, a ring, two bracelets) and amber (a large bead) (Fig. 2–6). The objects were not accompanied by any documentation to help link them to particular grave assemblages and nothing can be learnt from the available sources about their collector or the Colonel. The Gutmann collection set passed to the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (PMA/III/65) only in 1987, but not before losing two vessels, probably during World War II. The set has helped to fill out the existing record of the cemetery at Chojno-Golejewko. Next to pieces which have numerous analogies among the already known material it includes a number of items previously not recorded at Chojno-Golejewko, namely, a bronze trapezoidal razor with a loop, attributed to the local type Gliniany, datable to BA IV, and two bracelets – a bronze and an iron specimen, fashioned from narrow strips of plano-convex sheet. The bronze bracelet is dated to BA IV – Hallstatt, and the iron piece is associated with Early Iron Age. All the objects from the Aleksander Guttmann collection fit the broad chronological framework determined for the cemetery at Chojno-Golejewko.
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Naczynie kultury łużyckiej z Pyszkowa, pow. sieradzki

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Orlińska G.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2005
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vol. LVII
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issue 57
41-46
EN
The collections of the Bronze and Early Iron Age Department of the Warsaw State Archaeological Museum include a small vessel (PMA-III/1965) discovered at the cemetery of the Lusatian culture at Pyszków (comm. Brzeźnio, distr. Sieradz, woj. łódzkie). Unearthed in 1875 by an amateur-explorer, the piece later passed into the collection of Zygmunt Gloger. After the death of the eminent ethnographer in 1910 the vessel was added – with other finds – to the collections of the Dept. of Antiquities in Muzeum Przemysłu i Rolnictwa (Industry and Agriculture Museum), joined in 1928 to the State Archaeological Museum. The small vessel with a fully reconstructed foot – a beaker – is black; both its surfaces are smoothed. Under the rim it has five groups of 2–4 small openings, its upper body is decorated with a deeply engraved ornament of horizontal rows of chevrons and groups of grooves, probably originally filled with white inlay (Fig. 1a–c). The shape of the beaker’s bowl and its ornamentation have many known analogies at Lusatian culture sites from the Halstatt period (J. Miśkiewicz 1968, p. 136, 143, fig. 2c; also eg H. A. Ząbkiewicz-Koszańska 1958, p. 278, 279, pl. Vm, VI:5, VII:2.3, VIII:1.7.8; 1972, pl. III:1, X:7, XI:7; I. Jadczykowa 1990, p. 42–43, pl. I:3.12, II:1.14, VI:15, VII:11, XI:15.16.18, XIX:7, XXII:8.9.16). The vessel is datable to Ha D, like most inlaid ceramics of this type recorded in Poland. What makes the beaker from Pyszków unique is its footed form. The vessel itself greatly resembles a “wine cup” found in grave 24 at the cemetery at Tyczyn, distr. Sieradz, site 3 (A. Kufel-Dzierzgowska 1973, p. 197, pl. X:5). It can be no accident that both these exceptional Halstatt vessels were discovered at only a small distance of about 11 km. During Early Iron Age the Sieradz Region was crossed by the NE side branch of the Amber Route linking the south Baltic coast with the Adriatic (L. J. Łuka 1959, p. 84–85, map 1; T. Malinowski 1971, fig. 1; A. Gardawski 1979, p. 128, 130). It is to this latter area, in SE Slovenia, and the Dolenjsko group of the southeastern Hallstatt culture in particular that we must look for prototypes of both of the cited Lusatian footed vessels (cf J. Dular 1982, p. 41 ff, fig. 3, pl. 11–19; 20:173.174, 24:233–235, 25:234–236). Half their size and decorated in local styles they appear to be a distant echo of the fine specimens from southern Europe. The two cemeteries at Pyszków and Tyczyn lie close to rivers, which during the age of interest were the most convenient communication routes.
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Ceramika malowana z cmentarzyska ludności kultury łużyckiej w Biernatkach, pow. poznański, z kolekcji Aleksandra Guttmana

75%
Drzewicz A.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2007
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vol. LIX
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issue 59
17-30
EN
The urnfield at Biernatki, site 1, distr. Poznań (former distr. Śrem), woj. wielkopolskie, is one of the more outstanding funerary sites of Lusatian Culture people in Wielkopolska (Great Poland). In use starting from late Bronze Age to Hallstatt D, it is thought to have formed a single settlement unit with a large settlement found at Kórnik-Bnin, site 2a-b, on a peninsula of Lake Bnińskie (Fig. 1). The cemetery, discovered in the latter half of the 19th c., was at first explored by amateur investigators who removed the best preserved pieces, most of which subsequently passed into a number of private collections. Professional excavation of site 1 at Biernatki was carried out only in 1932, followed by further investigation in 1961–1962 and 1966 (L. Krzyżaniak 1963; A. Kočkówna, A. Pałubicka, A. Prinke 1968). The collection of Aleksander Guttman was formed presumably in late 19th c. In 1919 the set was presented by colonel Tadeusz Jaworski to the National Museum in Warsaw and ultimately passed into keeping of the National Archaeological Museum in Warsaw in 1987. The collection comprises finds from two ‘Lusatian’ gravefields at Chojno-Golejewko, distr. Rawicz (A. Drzewicz 2005), and from Biernatki. Items from Biernatki include three bronze pins, stone axe fragment and 35 diverse ceramics, including the following four painted vessels: • Profiled short-necked bowl with horizontal fluting on the body (Fig. 2a, 3, 4). Flutes containing a red-painted design of rectangles and diagonal lines. Inner and outer surface light brown. H. 3.7 cm, rim diameter 11.2 cm, base diameter 4.7 cm, • Lid with a lip, presumably from a cylindrical vessel (Fig. 2b, 5a.b). On upper face, red-painted design of a circle, on the lip, two groups of short vertical lines, also in red. Inner and outer surface light brown. H. 1.7 cm, full diameter 8.4 cm, diameter of lip 7.7 cm, • Fragment of a small profiled bowl, originally presumably one of three small bowls joined at the body (Fig. 2c, 6). On the body of the bowl, two plug-holes and traces of the two other small bowls. On the neck, faint black-painted design of a group of seven vertical lines. Inner and outer surface light brown. H. 31 cm, rim diameter 6.1 cm, base diameter 2 cm, holes: 0.4×0.5 cm and 0.5×0.6 cm, • ‘Handled cup (small bowl) red-painted ornament of short lines (handle missing). H. 36 cm, W. 9.4 cm, D. 9.9 cm’ (lost during WW II; description basing on archival information). Painted Lusatian Culture pottery is known in Poland mainly from Hallstatt C and – possibly – early Hallstatt D. Its main centre of production was in Middle Silesia, with a smaller centre in Wielkopolska, to the north. Elements of Hallstatt style from the ‘south’ were modified locally and enriched by elements taken from the local pottery making giving rise to wares, which presumably were produced in specialist pottery workshops, visibly different from contemporary vessels known in Hallstatt Culture and other forms of Lusatian Culture ceramics. Painted Lusatian Culture wares of interest recorded in Poland are distinguished by a rich range of forms and ornamentation. One of the best represented forms are bowls ornamented on the body with horizontal fluting filled by a painted ornament of groups of short lines. The form, noted both in Silesia and in Wielkopolska, was probably produced locally. The bowl from Biernatki evidently belongs to this group of wares. Another, quite exceptional form of painted vessel, known only from funerary finds – cylindrical or rectangular container with lids – is represented in Poland by just five finds. The lid with a lip from Biernatki may have belonged to one of such vessels. A lid, identical in form and ornamentation and similar in dimensions, is known from Brzeg Dolny, distr. Wołów, in Silesia (Fig. 7). The two pieces could have been produced by one potter, as may have been the other painted vessels of the same type, given that all were discovered in SW area of the present-day district Wołów. Yet another, equally rare form of painted pottery, also recorded only in funerary sites, are ‘triplet’ vessels. Represented in Poland by just five complete and two seriously fragmented pieces all are similar in form: three small short-necked bowls, usually joined at the body, with a clay plug used for reinforcement. In its form, the small ‘triplet’ vessel bowl fragment from Biernatki fits the above description. Most ‘triplet’ vessels were discovered in Middle Silesia and SW Wielkopolska suggesting that their centre or centres of production could have been located in this region. As noted earlier, painted pottery vessels were produced in Lusatian Culture mainly during Hallstatt C; the ceramics from Biernatki probably belong to the same period. Technology of production of the vessels from Biernatki was studied by making an analysis of physical and chemical properties of samples taken from these finds (Fig. 2d). Microscope analysis of their fabric revealed little or no variation in mineralogical composition, indicating that all the vessels were produced from the same type of clay matrix containing a small percentage of iron compounds. Mineral elements (10–30%) included mainly, fine-grained crushed quartz, with some admixture of quartz sands and traces of potassium aluminium silicate (microcline), zircon, tourmaline and muscovite (Fig. 8–10, Table 1). Grain size range was 0.02–0.5 mm, with the majority of grains at 0.1–0.2 mm. Difractometric X-ray analysis did not reveal the presence of minerals other than those already mentioned. Lacking engobe, the vessels from Biernatki had been coated with only a solution of water and the same ceramic paste which was used in their production. Derivative-graphic analysis of samples indicates that the vessels were all fired in a similar temperature of 540–555ºC (Table 2), in oxidising conditions. Weight loss of the ceramic paste due to firing was at 11.04–11.75%. The similarity of firing temperatures, weight loss percentages and the nearly identical hue of the vessels indicate use of similar ceramic paste and firing conditions. Technological analysis of the vessels from Biernatki was supplemented by a study of their physical properties and performance attributes (Table 3). It was discovered that the level of consolidation of the ceramic matrix of the clay body, defined by the level of real and apparent density, total porosity and impermeability, indicated the high quality of the ceramic paste used. It is notable that identical values were obtained for the ‘triplet’ bowl and the lid, which also showed very similar firing temperatures. Low water absorbability of 7.69–10.87%, obtained despite low firing temperatures, is a further proof of high skill and technological proficiency of the potters. Analysis of the Late Bronze/Early Iron Age vessels from the A. Guttman collection has improved our understanding of Lusatian Culture painted pottery, particularly such specific forms as eg ‘triplet’ vessels and cylindric containers with lids.
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Uwagi o technice zdobienia, pochodzeniu i chronologii naczynia z przedstawieniem figuralnym z Kosina, pow. kraśnicki

75%
Andrzejowska M.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2016
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vol. LXVII
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issue 67
111-129
EN
Archaeological finds from studies made in 1925 by M. Drewko of three Lusatian Culture cemeteries at Kosin, Kraśnik County in the Lublin Province, at present in the collections of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw, were published in 1974 (M. Drewko 1929, p. 283; J. Miśkiewicz, T. Węgrzynowicz 1974). A remarkable group of pottery vessels from cemetery II has a decoration of motifs arranged into geometric patterns, figural representations and narrative scenes with an evident symbolic significance (G. Dmochowska 1985, p. 74–77). Of special interest is an urn from grave 380 (373), survived incomplete, with an anthropomorphic representation impressed on its black, well-polished surface. The human figure forms part of an elaborate composition of dendromorphic designs and geometric motifs unfamiliar in the Lusatian Culture. After its primary publication (J. Miśkiewicz, T. Węgrzynowicz 1974, fig. 19), the vessel has now been reconstructed anew (with the missing elements of the figural scene filled in) using its fragments identified at a later date (Fig. 1–3). Recent studies of late Bronze Age and early Iron Age exchange between the south-eastern region of Poland and the Eastern European forest steppe zone suggest that most of the symbols and decorative patterns known from Kosin, also from the vase found in grave 380, have their prototypes and direct analogies in the decoration of pottery wares belonging to the pottery traditions of a broad range of cultures with stamped and incrusted pottery (A. Vulpe 1965; 1986; B. Hänsel 1976; L. Krušel'nic'ka 1998; M. Kašuba 2000). Next to distinctively decorated pottery finds recorded in this region include a remarkable series of specialist tools used in applying designs, including a rich set of fired clay stamps. Insight into the pottery craft of cultures with stamp-decorated pottery furnished by these finds was used in a new analysis of decorations on the urn from Kosin – their execution method and stylistic provenance of individual details. A detailed macro- and microscopic examination was made of ornaments on vase from grave 380 and on a similarly decorated urn from grave 86 (Fig. 3, 4) allied with experiments made using modern replicas of tools (Fig. 5) made using input from published archaeological materials and an analysis of impressions visible on the studied vessel. It was established that vase from grave 380 was well-proportioned, built using fine quality clay and expertly fired. The decorations were impressed on an evenly smoothed, uniformly black surface. It is probably that the recesses of the stamped impressions were originally inlaid with a white substance. Designs of circles with pellets (Fig. 6) and broken lines (Fig. 7) were executed using clay stamps: round, with a diameter of ca. 0.95 cm, and a flat, with a lightly arched and denticulated working edge, presumably with 10 teeth. Tools of this description used presumably by this vessel’s maker find close counterparts in inventories of Hallstatt cultures of the Danube region and forest-steppe zone with stamped and incrusted pottery (B. Hänsel 1976, pl. 25:5, 43:8.9, 52:6, VII:18–30, VIII:3–6.9.14.18; M. T. Kašuba, 2000, fig. X:28, XXII:II, XXVI:1.2; L. Krušel'nic'ka, 1998, p. 181, fig. 51:2, 95:48, 96:32). Designs reminiscent of cord impressions (Fig. 8, 9) were created by pressing into the clay rectangular- or square-sectioned wire twisted around its axis (cable). Presumably this was not done – as previously thought – with a reused ornament (neckring), but with a specially made curvilinear implement. A metal tool for making ‘cord’ impressions is a convenient and effective ‘substitute’ of a clay stamp with a diagonally incised edge, particularly popular in the Balkan region (A. László 1969, p. 224, fig. 2; 1972, p. 212, note 7, fig. 9–11; B. Hänsel 1976, pl. 17, 51, 52). The urn from Kosin is undoubtedly the work of an experienced potter, highly proficient in the potterymaking technologies, tools and decorative traditions of south-eastern Europe. Dendromorphic and geometric motifs of the rich decoration have prototypes in the decorative styles of the early and middle Hallstatt ‘stamped pottery cultures’ – particularly, Pšeničevo, Insula Banului (vel Ostrov) and Babadag Groups and Cozia-Saharna Culture – mainly, variant Cozia (B. Hänsel 1976, pl. 25:5, VII:18–30, VIII:3–6.9.14.18; M. Kašuba, 2000, fig. X:28, XXII:II). Analogies to the way of rendering the human figure – its plastic form and workmanship have been found in the cemetery at Schirndorf in northern Bavaria dated to Ha C (A. Stroh 1979, p. 194, pl. 134:6; 1988, p. 60–61, 145–146, pl. 87:5, 89:1.2, 110:3, 111:5; 2000, p. 155, pl. 44:1; R. Hughes 1999, table 4) and the locality Ernstbrunn in Lower Austria (Fig. 10) (C. Dobiat 1982, p. 320, fig. 26; A. Reichenberger 1985, fig. 1:3, 2). Images of ‘lyre players’ or ‘cither players’ known from that area (cf. B. A. Pomberger 2016, p. 64–65) are a fusion of inspiration from Greek art with its Aegean roots (motif of a lyre/cither player) with symbols and decorative techniques characteristic for the Balkans and the western Black Sea region going back to the early Hallstatt Period (10th–9th c. BC) (cf. E. Bugaj 2010, p. 105). Formal, plastic and technological attributes of the vase from grave 380 from Kosin II justify the dating proposed for this exceptional vessel, and a series of similar specimens from that cemetery, of early Ha C, which would correspond to the 8th c. BC (M. Trachsel 2004, p. 151). Their presence documents the influx to our region not only of finished wares or new decorative styles, but also of people who had at their disposal the tools and skills needed to make and decorate vessels according to the style design deriving from the pottery workshops of southern Europe.
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Dwa nieznane cmentarzyska kultury Łużyckiej z Ziemi Dobrzyńskiej

75%
Żórawska A.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2003
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vol. LVI
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issue 56
103-110
EN
The Museum in Kwidzyn has in its keeping material from two Lusatian culture cemeteries studied by Waldemar Heym – for many years head of the Heimatmuseum Marienwerder: Rybitwy, comm. Bobrowniki, distr. Lipno and Sitno, comm. Zbójno, distr. Golub-Dobrzyń (former Sittenfeld, Kr. Leipe), both in woj. kujawsko-pomorskie (Fig. 1). Neither of these sites was ever published. The cemetery at Rybitwy, investigated in 1940, figures in the inventory book of the Heimatmuseum Marienwerder under no. 3260 as Rybitwy, Kr. Lipno, Gräberfeld d. Lausitzer. The study of evidence from Rybitwy prepared by W. Heym pending publication in the successive annual issue of Gothiskandza was lost during the war. All that remains from pre-war research are nine vessels labelled “Rybitwy”, now in the collection of the Kwidzyn Museum. As for the cemetery at Sitno, apart from five vessels from that site no information about the cemetery is found in archival records of W. Heym surviving in the Museum. Pottery from Rybitwy and Sitno represents forms typical for Bronze Age period IV and V. Of special interest are two vase-shaped vessels with a broad rim from Rybitwy (Fig. 2:2.3). The only questionable piece is a miniature vessel from the same site showing traces of burning (Fig. 3:2) – a form wholly foreign in Lusatian Culture, but a distinctive form in Wielbark culture of the Late Roman period. Apparently, the piece in question was assigned to material from Rybitwy by accident. Both sites are situated in the Lipno region of Lusatian Culture distinguished by J. Dąbrowski (1997, p. 93, 97, map 3), as yet poorly understood. Settlement in this area evades classification to any of the neighbouring groups of Lusatian culture (ie Kulmerland, Northern Masovia, Eastern Great Poland). Postulated strong links with the latter group are not substantiated by material presented in the present article; rather, they suggest convergence with the Northern Mazovian and possibly, the Kulmerland group; nevertheless, it should be remembered that the surviving artefacts form a mere fraction of evidence recovered at the two burial grounds.
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Miseczki z omfalosem w kulturze łużyckiej na ziemiach polskich

75%
Orlińska G., Karczmarek Ł.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2015
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vol. LXVI
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issue 66
3-125
EN
Bowls with an omphalos, in which the vessel base has been pushed out from the bottom up to form a raised bump inside the vessel, are mostly known from south-western Poland (Fig. 1). In the ancient cultures of the Mediterranean region vessels with an omphalos, or with a differently shaped base, form part of wine-drinking sets. Phialae – small libation bowls – were used during traditional feasts – symposia. We catalogued 707 small bowls, with an opening diameter not exceeding 15 cm (in miniature forms – 7.5 cm), with the depth coefficient, calculated as the ratio of the vessel’s maximum horizontal dimension to its height, of at least 1.5. Specimens with a coefficient of 1.5–2.99 were defined as “deep, with a coefficient of 3–3.99 – as “shallow, the rest – as “flat. Bowls assigned to category I (in the form of an oblated globe) were divided into the following types: type I/A – with the wall expanding upwards, and I/B – with the wall folded in at the top; and subtypes: with a straight rim I/A1 and I/B1, with a folded rim I/A2 and I/B2, flared, cup-like I/A3, sharply flared I/A4, broken biconically I/B3 (Fig. 2). Bowls assigned to category II (profiled) were classified as follows: type II/A – S-profiled, II/B – necked (tall neck – subtype II/B1, short neck – subtype II/B2) and with a marked carination, II/C – with a funnel-like, flared rim and a biconical belly, II/D – with a pronounced, funnel-like rim (in subtype II/D1 bowls the rim diameter is approximately the same as the maximum body diameter, in subtype II/D2 it is larger), II/E – with an indentation under the lip, II/F – with a pronounced, cylindrical rim, II/G – with a folded out rim (subtypes II/G1–II/G4 depending on the shape of the vessel body) and II/H – broad-bodied, usually with a poorly marked rim (Fig. 3, 4). The omphaloi were divided into “narrow (the diameter not exceeding ¼ of the maximum horizontal diameter of the bowl), “broad and “low (with the coefficient of at least 10, calculated from the diameter: depth of the indentation ratio), “moderately high (5–9.99) and “high (up to 4.99). In omphaloi classified to variant 1 the protuberance is rounded, sporadically – truncated flat (variant 1/a), or, with a depression in the apex: a dimple (1/b), a dent (1/c), or a shallow, circular depression with a knob at centre (1/d). In omphaloi classified to variant 2 there may be a knob (bulb) – rounded (2/a), truncated flat (2/b), with a depression (2/c). Grooved decoration found on the bowl exterior was classified to group I: on the belly (Ia), on the lower body (Ib), on the rim (Ic); arrangements of dimple motifs were classified to group IIa; groove-and-dimple compositions – to group IIb. Group III are decorations around the omphalos: hollow depressions at bottom (IIIa), and circles built by grooves or small dimples (IIIb), usually on the interior, similarly as equal-armed crosses – group IVa, and “rays – group IVb. Group V are compositions of multiple motifs covering the interior of the bowls, VI – colour applied in some way (by slipping, painting the walls or decorative motifs), VII – profiling of the wall (VIIa) or of the lower part of the omphalos (VIIb), VIII – plastic decoration of the rim (knobs VIIIa, excisions VIIIb), IX – pseudo-handles (in the form of knobs IXa and cordons IXb), X – finger impressions (dimples). Over 80% bowls belong in category I (mostly, type I/A) classified to 19 variants depending on the shape of their base (Table 1, 2). There is a large group of forms classified to subtypes I/A1 (Fig. 5) and I/B1 (Fig. 7) with a plain omphalos 1/a, the rest of the variants comprise up to seven vessels (Fig. 6, 8). Among profiled bowls assigned to category II, with 19 variants of omphaloi (Table 5), the largest number have an omphalos 1/a, specimens of subtypes II/B1 (Fig. 9:f.g.j.k–n.p.r) and II/G1 (Fig. 11:a–p.u.v). We classified several specimens each to type II/A (Fig. 9:a–e.h.i) and subtypes II/G2 (Fig. 12:a–h.k) and II/G3 (Fig. 12:i. j.l–r), the rest of the variants of the omphaloi belong to nine vessels (Fig. 9:d.i.o.s–w, 10, 11:n.s.t, 12:s–z). The percentage of the miniature bowls included in the two categories is around 10% (cf. Table 1, 6, 9). Most of the bowls assigned to types I/A (58%) and I/B (72%) are deep (Table 1, 2). All proportions are represented by vessels I/A1/1/a, predominantly deep (Fig. 5:f.i.k.m–o), and mostly, shallow I/A1/1/b and I/A1/2/c (Fig. 6:c.e). Some deep (Fig. 7:b–d.h.l), shallow (Fig. 7:a.e.g.i–k) and flat (Fig. 7:f) bowls were classified to I/B1/1/a. Most of the profiled bowls are deep forms (73%; Table 5). The widest range of proportions is observed in vessels II/G1/1/d (Fig. 11:s.t) and II/G2/1/a (Fig. 12:a–h.k). Miniatures – 14.5% specimens classified to type I/A (Fig. 5:c.d, 6:g), ca. 5.5% to type I/B (Fig. 8:f) and ca. 3% to profiled forms (Fig. 11:h) – mostly are deep forms. In most of the bowls assigned to category I the omphalos is narrow (Table 3, 4), in specimens of category II – broad (Table 6). A narrow, a moderately high and a high protuberance more frequent in the oblated globe bowls than in the profiled specimens. Broad omphaloi observed in bowls assigned to category I tend to be of a moderate height, in specimens from category II – they are low. Omphaloi of variants 1/b–d are seen in vessels of either category (Fig. 6:b, 8:a.d.g.j, 9:d.i.v.w, 10:k, 11:n.s.t), those of variant 2 – only on the unprofiled forms (Fig. 6:c–j, 8:b.g.i). Hand-built, many of the bowls are asymmetrical (Fig. 5:a, 7:a, 12:z). In ca. 17.5% the wall was deliberately made of an uneven height (Fig. 5:f.j, 6:k, 8:e, 9:e.j.t.u, 10:a, 11:r, 12:b.c.l.m.z, Table 7). This shape would make it easier to empty the vessel without the need to tip it sharply. Some 20% bowls have blackened or graphitted walls (Table 8, 9). Only a small number of vessels I/A1/1/a (Fig. 5:j.o) are blackened (very rarely, graphitted) mostly, on the interior; this treatment is observed on both faces in forms assigned to type I/A with a special form of the omphalos (Fig. 6:d.g), and to subtype I/B1 (Fig. 7:c.e.k, 8:a.c.d.j). The percentage of vessels from category II with darkened walls – one (Fig. 9:a.f.n.u, 10:b), or both surfaces (Fig. 9:j.o.p.v, 10:d.f.m.o, 11:a.b.k.s–u, 12:a.o) – was twice that of specimens assigned to category I. Decoration was observed on 71 oblate globe bowls (category I, ca. 13% specimens; Table 10, 11) and 137 profiled bowls (ca. 85%; Table 12–14). Bowls assigned to category I most often had on them designs of grooves and dimples belonging to different ornamentation groups, and very seldom – finger impressions (Fig. 5:g.k) and painted motifs (Fig. 7:f). Circles of group IIIb (Fig. 6:e.h.i, 8:h), motifs of group IV (Fig. 5:m–o, 6:f.j, 7:g, 8:j), compositions consisting of motifs classified to groups IIIb and IVb (Fig. 5:e, 8:i), and finger impressions (dimples) were present only on vessels from subtypes I/A1 and I/B1 (Fig. 5e.g.k.m, 6e.h.i, 7g, 8h–j). Popular decorations on bowls from category II include groove-and-dimple designs (Fig. 9:b–d.f–h.k–m.r, 10:b.d.f.g.k.m.o.s.t.v.w, 11:a.b.k.n.p.r.u, 12:a.i.o) and coloured motifs (10:i.h.n, 11:c.f.h–j.m.v, 12:b–h.j–n.p–z). Plastic decoration is seen mainly on specimens of type II/A (Fig. 9:a.e) and subtypes I/A2 (Fig. 6:k.l), I/B3 (Fig. 8:e) and II/B1 (Fig. 9:j.n), and also, I/B1 (Fig. 7:b–e), exceptionally, also on II/G1 (Fig. 11:g). Dimples classified to group IIa (Fig. 6:m, 10:m) and compositions classified to group V (Fig. 5:l, 7:f.h–l, 8:g, 9:t.v.z, 10:g, 11:s.t) appear on vessels of both categories. We divided the distribution range of the bowls into two zones: eastern (where a grave holds a single vessel with an omphalos) and western (often, more than one omphalos bowl to a grave inventory). During the Bronze Age the eastern zone (mostly with profiled bowls) covers southern Poland, the Silesia-Cracow Upland, the eastern area of the Silesia-Greater Poland borderland (cf. I. Lasak 1996, p. 6–7, fig. 1) and the Kalisz Heights. The western zone (here forms classified to category I are typical) covers Lower Lusatia, Lubusz Land, the western portion of the Silesia-Greater Poland borderland, the Lake District of Poznań and the Lake District of Chodzież, the Flatland of Września and the region between the Warta and the Noteć rivers (ie, the western fragment of the Gorzów Basin and the eastern fragment of the Lake District of Chodzież). The scarcity of grave assemblages in the upper Noteć drainage (an area on the border between Kuyavia and the Lake District of Gniezno) prevents a reliable attribution of this area to either of the two zones. Forms classified to category I of Bronze Age date make up 83%. Bowls I/A1/1/a outnumber, more than four time, bowls I/B1/1/a. Nearly a half of specimens I/A11/a are deep forms (Fig. 5:f.m), with only a slightly smaller number of shallow vessels (Fig. 5:a.c.d.g.h.l), and a dozen-odd flat forms (Fig. 5:b.e, 13, Table 27). In more than 70% the omphalos is narrow, mostly of a moderate height (Fig. 5:b.e, 14, Table 28) with broad omphaloi noted in the eastern part of the Silesia-Greater Poland borderland, in Lower Lusatia and some sites in Greater Poland (Fig. 5:m, 14, Table 29). Deep bowls I/B1/1/a make up ca. 66% (Fig. 7:b, 15, Table 27), the remainder are shallow (Fig. 7:a.i), and exceptionally – flat. In nearly 80% of these vessels the omphalos is narrow, mostly of a moderate height, with high omphaloi (Fig. 7:a.b.i, Table 28) slightly outnumbering low omphaloi. A very small number of broad omphaloi were of a moderate height, or low (Fig. 16, Table 29). In the eastern zone, where typical forms include I/A1 (Fig. 6:k.l), II/A (Fig. 9:a.e), II/B1 (Fig. 9:f.g.j.n) and II/C (Fig. 10:a.b) bowls I/B1/1/a (Fig. 7:b) were used more often than in the western zone (here their frequency was higher only in Lower Lusatia; cat. 4). Special omphaloi (Fig. 21, 22) in the eastern zone – 1/b (Fig. 6:a, 8:j) and 2/a – were made only rarely during Bronze Age V. In the western zone, the characteristic form of omphalos is variant 2. Recorded starting from Bronze Age IV, knobs 2/b (Fig. 6:h, 8:h.i) outnumber bulbs 2/a (Fig. 6:d.i.j, 8:b) and 2/c (Fig. 6:c.f). In just 37 vessels the line of the rim is diagonal (Fig. 5:f, 6:k, 9:e.j, Table 7, 30), and 27 specimens are blackened (Table 8, 9, 31). In the eastern zone vessels darkened on the inside are noted starting from Bronze Age III (Fig. 6:k, 9:a.f.n, 10:b), and in Bronze Age V some specimens are entirely black (Fig. 5:e, 8:j). In the western zone, the blacking – of the interior, or of both surfaces – is noted starting from Bronze Age IV/V only on a limited number of specimens, classified to subtype I/A1 with a special form of omphalos 1/b or 2/a (Fig. 6:d). Only ca. 22% bowls are decorated (Table 32–34). Most of them are recorded in the eastern zone, where during Bronze Age III the decorations consisted of grooves (Fig. 9:f.g, 10:b), in Bronze Age V – plastic elements (Fig. 6:k.l, 7:b, 9:a.j.n, 10:a) and more rarely, other motifs (Fig. 5:e, 8:j, 9:e.k). In the western zone, from Bronze Age IV/V onwards, mostly on shallow and flat bowls, is observed a decoration of grooves and small dimples (Fig. 5:l, 6:f.h–j, 8:h.i), or there is a groove around the omphalos (Fig. 5:b), and grooves (Fig. 8:f) or knobs (Fig. 6:d) on the edge. During the Hallstatt Period the eastern zone encompassed southern Poland, eastern Greater Poland (Turek Heights and Łask Heights) and very likely, the upper Noteć drainage, as well as the adjacent margin of the Lake District of Gniezno, the western zone – the cemetery in Kietrz, Głubczyce County, Central Silesia (the drainages of Ślęza, Kaczawa and Widawa rivers), the Silesia-Greater Poland borderland, the Middle Obra Valley, the Lake District of Poznań, the northern part of the Kalisz Heights, and the eastern part of the Flatland of Września, Lower Silesia, Lower Lusatia, the Lower Silesian Wilderness (Bory Dolnośląskie) and the Western Sudetes Foothills. The percentage of vessels assigned to category I (ca. 62%), of which a significant group during this time are forms I/B1/1/a, is smaller than during the Bronze Age. Most of the unprofiled bowls are deep (Table 27): nearly 70% specimens classified to subtype I/A1 (Fig. 5:i.k.n.o, 17) and nearly 80% – to I/B1 (Fig. 7:d.h.l, 19). The omphaloi in bowls I/A1/1/a – narrow (Fig. 5:i.j.n) and broad (Fig. 5:k.o) – in all the defined height brackets, have a frequency similar to that recorded during the Bronze Age (Table 28, 29), suggesting that the technique of their execution remained the same, and still involved modelling with fingers. Narrow omphaloi in bowls classified to I/B1/1/a have become more standardised than in the past, possibly explaining the increased percentage of protuberances of intermediate height (Fig. 7:g). More frequent than the narrow are broad omphaloi, among which low forms (Fig. 7:j.l) are slightly more numerous than the moderately high ones (Fig. 7:d.f.h.k). The unification of the parameters of omphaloi in bowls classified to subtype I/B1, and the substantial percentage of protuberances of a larger diameter, suggest they were modelled over a stencil (Fig. 7:d.e.f.h.k.l). In the eastern zone (except for south-eastern Poland, where only bowls of category I are noted), similarly as during the Bronze Age, the vessels in use represented types II/A (Fig. 9:d.h) and II/C (Fig. 10:c), and subtype II/B1 (Fig. 9:l.m.p.r), sometimes decorated, and sporadically featuring an omphalos, of a form classified to 1/b or 1/c (Table 19A, 20A, 21A, 34). Category I bowls were decorated very rarely (Fig. 5:k, 6:m, Table 34), and a few of them have a bulb – 2/c, modelled inside (Fig. 6:g). In the western zone, within the range of the Silesian Group, bowls of both categories occurred with a different frequency. In Kietrz (cat. 34; Table 19B), blackened vessels type I/B (Fig. 7:c, 8:d) tended to prevail over specimens classified to II/G (Fig. 11:a, 12:c.o.s), and in the Middle Obra Valley (Table 20B, 21B), forms I/A1 outnumber those classified to I/B1 (Fig. 8:a), I/B3 (Fig. 8:c), II/E (Fig. 10:k) and II/G1 (Fig. 11:l). In Central Silesia and in the western part of the Silesia-Greater Poland borderland, profiled forms were the most dominant (Table 22), mostly attributed to type II/G – in Silesia, a mixed selection, the majority blackened (Fig. 11:i.s.t.u, 12:f.g.i.k.n), in the borderland – with a higher frequency of coloured specimens, almost always belonging to subtype II/G1 (Fig. 11:b.c.f.g.o, 12:e). Specimens I/B1 were usually shallow, in Central Silesia – attractively decorated (Fig. 7:f.j). In the eastern part of the Silesia-Greater Poland borderland, bowls classified to category I – most of them deep, subtype I/B1, decorated with patterns of group V (Fig. 7:k.l), or knobs on the edge (Fig. 7:d.e, 8:e) – only in HaC1/2 were outnumbered by profiled specimens (Table 23). At this time and during HaC1, vessels classified to subtypes II/G2 and II/G3 are well represented, some of them decorated with a zone of grooving and painted motifs (Fig. 12:j.l.m.p.r). Some of the bowls had a characteristically thickened edge (Fig. 11:v, 12:b.d.g). Forms typical for the Silesia-Greater Poland borderland – a deep specimen classified to I/B1/1/a, and another classified to II/G2/1/a, with a thickened edge (Fig. 12:h) – were recovered in Gorszewice (cat. 22), in the Lake District of Poznań (Table 20B, 21B). The same cemetery also yielded vessels subtype II/G4 (Fig. 12:t.u.v) with an analogy in Kietrz (Fig. 12:s). In Greater Poland, we recorded also bowls type II/F – coloured (Fig. 10:n), and not blackened, as in Central Silesia and the borderland, and subtype II/G1 (Fig. 11:d.e.k.l), exceptionally, with an omphalos 1/b (Fig. 11:n). In a small group of unprofiled vessels, similarly as during the Bronze Age, we observed a bulb – rounded 2/a, or with a depression 2/c (Fig. 6:e). In the region on the Middle Odra, in the Białowice Group, the widespread form were bowls classified to category I (Table 24–26), some of them with an omphalos, form 1/b (Fig. 6:b) or 1/c. The decoration of specimens classified to I/B1/1/a (Fig. 7:h) and the form of the profiled vessels II/G1 (Fig. 11:j.m.r) and II/H (Fig. 12:y) from the Lower Silesian Wilderness have much in common with the pottery of the Silesian Group. Bowls forms in use in Lower Silesia and Lower Lusatia include types II/A (Fig. 9:b) and II/E (Fig. 10:l), and also, subtype II/B2, decorated with traditional motifs. At the earliest during the first half of Bronze Age III, profiled specimens with an omphalos occur in the eastern zone in Kietrz (Fig. 9:f, 10:b, 26, 27), lying at the approaches to the Moravian Gate, an important route of the influx to our territory of inspirations from the region to the south of the Carpathian range. At the transition from Bronze Age III and IV, bowls classified to category II found their way to the region around Cracow (Fig. 9:g), perhaps even during Bronze Age IV – to the upper Noteć River drainage (Fig. 9:c), in Bronze Age V to the Silesia-Cracow Upland (Fig. 9:a.e.j.n, 10:a) and to south-eastern Poland (Fig. 9:k). Chronologically the earliest, oblated globe specimens appeared during the first half of Bronze Age IV in the Lubusz Land, with a delay in comparison to the lands on the other bank of the Odra River (Fig. 13–16), where similar specimens were observed even during the older phase of Bronze Age III, coinciding with the onset of Fremdgruppenzeit – the period of foreign influences of Southern European origin. Starting from Bronze Age IV, bowls classified to category I were used in Lower Lusatia (Fig. 5:m, 8:b), on the western margin of the Silesia-Greater Poland borderland (Fig. 5:b.f, 6:d.h, 8:h) and in Greater Poland (Fig. 5:d.h.l, 6:f.i.j, 8:i). In the eastern zone, at the transition from Bronze Age IV to Bronze Age V, they were present in the Kalisz Heights (Fig. 5:g), noted during Bronze Age V in Kietrz (Fig. 5:e, 6:k), in the eastern part of the Silesia-Greater Poland borderland and, most of them reduced to a diminutive form, in the Silesia-Cracow Upland (Fig. 5:c, 6:a, 7:b), and, during the Early Iron Age – in south-eastern Poland. Hallstatt period bowls which have parallels across the Carpathian range have been discovered in Kietrz (Fig. 6:o, 12:s), Gorszewice (Fig. 12:t–v) and Komorowo (cat. 37; Fig. 9:p.r), found on the so-called Amber Road (Fig. 26, 29). Biconical specimens, subtype I/B3 (Fig. 24), appeared first in Kietrz and in the Silesia-Greater Poland borderland (Fig. 8:c), and later, in the Valley of the Middle Obra River (Fig. 8:e). The “Road also contributed to the spread of coloured or blackened luxury ceramics. Forms characteristic for the Silesia-Greater Poland borderland and for Central Silesia (Fig. 26–29) – types II/F (Fig. 10:m.o) and II/G (Fig. 11:b.c.f–j.l.p.s–v, 12:a.b.d–g.i–n.p.r), and also subtype II/B2 (Fig. 9:o.t–w) are observed also in the lake district belt in Greater Poland (Fig. 9:s, 10:n, 11:d.e.k.l.n). Bowls in which the omphalos is modelled at the centre of the flat base were manufactured during HaC in Central Silesia (Fig. 5:j, 12:i) and in the Silesia-Greater Poland borderland (Fig. 12:p), during HaD – in the upper Noteć River drainage (Fig. 9:d, 10:c) and in eastern Greater Poland (Fig. 5:i). In analysing the grave inventories we separated groups of pottery forms defined by us as selections, or recurring arrangements consisting of a bowl (or another bowl-like form, with or without an omphalos) and a vessel inserted into it: in selection A – a scoop or a handled cup, in selection B – a jug or a diminutive jug with a pointed base, in selection C – a basin or an amphora, in selection D – another bowl-like vessel, in selection E – a biconical vessel, in selection F – a jar. We refer to a bowl placed inside a scoop (or another vessel) as a reversed selection A–F. Specimens placed in the grave side by side, or one placed one over the other (also included here are cinerary urns covered with a bowl) are elements of a selection. A set is understood as a jar with a scoop, or a handled cup, placed inside it; these vessels, placed side by side, or covering one another, are elements of a set. Bowls were placed next to the burial, presumably so to have the dead individual join in the ritual being performed, and – specimens used in other ritual activities – were placed around the burial (understood here as between the vessels grouped next to it, or on the margin of such a cluster) and separately. The funerary pottery (except for cinerary urns) was recognized by as a service (set of dishes), consisting of containers – jars, or basin-like forms (basin, amphora, biconical vessel, broad-bodied vessel), vessels for scooping and pouring beverage (scoops, handled cups, jugs, diminutive jugs with a pointed base) and small bowls. A service was defined as non-standard if it did not include a bowl or a scoop-like form. We distinguished services with a jar-container (of a large form), with a basin-like container (at least of an intermediate size), a mixed service – with containers of both types, a pseudo-mixed service – with a container of one type and a small “model of the other type, a substitute service consisting of small sized “models of actual containers. Libation services (for performing a sacrifice) consist of bowls, smaller or larger (selections D, or elements of selections D), or bowl-like vessels and scoop-like vessels (selections A or B, reversed selections or their elements). In settlement contexts, small bowls have been found within the remains of built structures (Fig. 6:m, 9:p, cat. 112:1), storage and other utility features (cat. 112:2.3, 136:1), a refuse pit (Fig. 9:h) and pits serving an obscure function (cat. 35:1, 94:1, 108:1, 147:1.2). A few specimens were discovered within a hearth (cat. 123:1, 136:2, 148:1), in a votive offering (cat. 136:3), in a pit, together with other vessels belonging to a “pseudo-mixed service consisting of a container –an amphora (cat. 40:1). A small number of specimens – in a hearth (cat. 148:1), next to a semi-sunken pit dwelling (cat. 146:1) or within a symbolic feature (Fig. 9:g) – they formed part of a libation service. We analysed the pottery furnishings of 103 graves from the Bronze Age containing 144 omphalos bowls (Table 35–42), and 156 assemblages from the Early Iron Age – with 229 of the pottery forms under discussion (Table 43–57). Also taken into account were inventories which included bowls with a flat, a concave or a rounded base, used parallel with services containing omphalos bowls, and services with vessels provided with an omphalos recorded in features left out from a closer analysis due to incomplete data. During the Bronze Age, in the eastern zone (Fig. 55, Table 35–37) bowls (more often, without an omphalos) were usually placed next to the burial. The percentage of graves furnished with these vessels in Kietrz and Bachórz-Chodorówka (cat. 1), did not exceed 1.9%. In the eastern part of the Silesia-Greater Poland borderland, the corresponding value was ca. 6%, and in the Silesia-Cracow Upland – 4–16%. There was a large number of substitute services (73.5%), most of them consisting of a jar (57%) and including, as a standard, the selection A (Fig. 31). The more common form of container was the jar and not the basin-like vessel. Rituals involving the use of bowls performed when bidding farewell to the dead are documented for individuals of different ages suggesting that the high frequency of infant burials in Silesia-Cracow Upland may be uncharacteristic. A few vessels served as covers of a cinerary urn (Fig. 9:k, cat. 8:1) and a miniature basin (Fig. 5:e, 30), one served as a cinerary vessel (Fig. 10:b). In the western zone (Fig. 56, Table 38–32), small bowls with an omphalos predominated in Lower Lusatia (Białków – cat. 4; Jasień – cat. 30), in the western part of the Silesia-Greater Poland borderland (Przyborów – cat. 85), and in some sites in Greater Poland (Wartosław – cat. 121; Wieleń – cat. 125). In other cemeteries in Greater Poland, at Terespotockie (cat. 114), and Biernatki (cat. 5), they were outnumbered by specimens with a different type of base, and in Spławie (cat. 105), only forms with a flat base are recorded. The percentage of grave inventories including small bowls ranged from 8% in Biernatki and Kaliszany (cat. 32), to 54% at Białków. The largest percentage was represented by services with a container (58%), most often, a basin-like vessel, over 40% of them of the pseudo-mixed type; “suites containing a jar form the smallest group. Inventories with a basin-like container, at times of substantial size (Fig. 38, 39) may be seen to cluster on the Middle Odra. In this area, burials were furnished on occasion with two (Table 41:6, 42:2. 3.12.13.18) or even a larger number of services (Fig. 32:a, 38, Table 41:8). In graves with three to six “suites of vessels, some services did not include the small bowls (these presumably, had been “taken away, to be used in further ceremonies, and the used, no longer needed pottery was put away), in others the scooping vessel was missing (Fig. 36, Table 40:1, 41:3.12), used repreadly, as suggested by the archaeological context (Fig. 34, 35), until the backfilling of the burial. In Lower Lusatia and in the western part of the Silesia-Greater Poland borderland, where there is a domination of bowls with an omphalos and of services with containers, the funeral rituals seem to have had the nature of feasting. Their complexity is confirmed by the deposition of bowls not only next to the burials, but also around them, as well as separately. In other areas, the ceremonies were mostly limited to the act of libation, which sometimes preceded the deposition of the cinerary urn in the grave (Fig. 33). Use was made for this purpose of libation services and substitute services which most often were deposited next to the burial; the vessels were placed inverted, or on their side, in a position we can describe as “the offering has been made (Fig. 31, 32:b, 33–36, 38). Most often, the bowls formed a group with a scoop or a handled cup (Fig. 32:b, 37, 39), and with other bowl-like forms (Fig. 33, 34, 36, 37), more rarely, with basin-like vessels of a small size (Fig. 34, 38), jugs (Fig. 38) or with jars (Table 41:15, 42:11). A bowl could be used as a cover of a cinerary urn: a specimen classified to I/B1/2/b (Fig. 8:h, cat. 85:5), or serve as a cinerary urn – specimen I/B1/1/a with a narrow and high omphalos (cat. 84:4). The limited number of osteological data prevents analysis of the sex and age of burials furnished with the omphalos bowls. In Spławie, the small bowls were discovered in adult burials. During the Hallstatt Period, in the eastern zone (Fig. 57, Table 43) the frequency of assemblages provided with small bowls (between ca. 3% and 17–18%) was similar as in the Bronze Age. In the biritual cemeteries in the Silesia-Cracow Upland, the dominant form continues to be the substitute service with a jar. Libation services were recorded chiefly in south-eastern Poland, and services with containers – in eastern part of the Greater Poland (a mixed service with a fragment of a strainer found in Zalew II – cat. 137) and in the Kalisz Heights (a pseudo-mixed service without scoop-like vessels, Topola Wielka – cat. 115; Table 43:3). The burial in a small bowl-urn set over a zoomorphic figurine included among its furnishings a pair of scoops (Fig. 40), the same as this Late Bronze Age assemblage with a rattle (Fig. 34). In the western zone, within the range of the Silesian Group (Fig. 58, Table 44–51), the percentage of inventories featuring small bowls (most of them without an omphalos) was the following: in Kietrz – at 14% (ca. ⅓ found in imposing chamber features or in features provided with a posted construction), in Central Silesia – between 35% and 60%, in the western part of the Silesia-Greater Poland borderland – 60%, and its eastern part – 32–36%, and only in Cieszków (cat. 10) – 80%. In Gorszewice, services with small bowls were recorded in 9.4% graves, in Spławie – in 40%. A popular form were “suites incorporating basin-like containers, and also mixed substitute services. In Kietrz, services with containers occurred three times more often than substitute services (Table 44). Imposing graves were furnished mostly with pseudo-mixed services (apparently, with the most sophisticated array of ritual pottery, often with large basin-containers, usually a single jar with a lid, and pottery in typical arrangements; Fig. 41), used in rituals alongside metal objects. In traditional graves mostly substitute services were deposited, furnished with a basin-like container (and no jar) or with a mixed service. In Central Silesia substitute services were more numerous than groups incorporating basin-like containers (Table 45). Often, the use of some container is confirmed by the presence in the grave of only a fragment of this vessel. It may be surmised therefore that at least some of the substitute inventories are the remains of services originally including a container, damaged during the ceremony or alternately, meant for multiple use, not deposited in the grave. On the western margin of the Silesia-Greater Poland borderland the number of services with basin-like containers is nearly equal to the number of substitute services (Table 46). In the eastern part of that region, as in Central Silesia, there was a slightly larger number of substitute services (Fig. 43–45, Table 47–50), and the basin-like containers were mostly found in pseudo-mixed services (Fig. 42, 45, 46). In HaC1/2 there was an increase in the number of “suites which incorporate special pottery, first of all, flask vessels (Fig. 43, 44), in HaC2 jars gain in importance, included in services and used as cinerary urns (Fig. 45). Analysis of the limited data from Greater Poland revealed a marked divergence in the selection of services in particular sites (Table 51). In the areas under discussion small bowls were mostly left behind in the area “around the burial. A small number served as lids (Table 44:7.14, 46:2, 50:2) or cinerary vessels (Fig. 11:a, 45). Similarly as during the Bronze Age, bowl-like forms are associated with scoops (Fig. 43, 44), jars, or vessel sets, next to which they stood (Table 44:4.6, 45:7.8, 46:6, 47:6–9.12), or formed an arrangement with them (Table 47:17, 48:1, 49:1.3, 50:1, 51:1.3), with basin-like forms (Fig. 41, 42, 47) or other bowls (Fig. 42, 43). They accompanied metal objects (Fig. 41, 46) or small stoves (Table 45:6, 47:1.12.15, 48:5.13). Found placed inside one of the small bowls was an iron knife (Table 47:17), in another, a flask vessel (Table 48:5). Osteological determinations available at present confirm no definite relationship between the age or sex of the deceased and the type of grave or the pottery service found inside. Some men were apparently singled out by rituals which called for the use of a larger number of services (Table 46:4, 47:3.14). In Kunice (cat. 41), there is an observable domination of burials of women, and in sites in Greater Poland (Gorszewice, Spławie, Poznań-Psarskie) an almost entire lack of infant graves furnished with small bowls. In the Białowice Group (Fig. 59, Table 52–56), in the Lower Silesian Wilderness in Żagań-Kolonia (cat. 141), small bowls (almost all of them with an omphalos) were found in nearly a half of the inventories. In Lower Silesia, in Trzebule (cat. 117), these forms (most of them with an omphalos) were present in 38% graves, and in Stary Kisielin (cat. 106), in 52% (mostly, forms with a different form of base). In the Western Sudetes Foothills region, in Rakowice Wielkie (cat. 86), small bowls (as a rule, without an omphalos) were recorded in 41% assemblages. In Żagań-Kolonia, small bowls come into use during the Hallstatt Period (Table 52–54). Nearly a half of the services were pseudo-mixed forms with a basin-like container (Fig. 48), with substitute services, mostly of a mixed type accounting for 36% (Fig. 49), and libation services – for 15% (Fig. 51). In HaC the most dominant form are pseudo-mixed inventories, in HaD1 – substitute services. Bowls evidently were popular and are found next to the burials, and starting from HaC2, also around the burial. Many services include a small stove, some of them accompanied during HaC1 by a flat dish. In HaC2 more often than flat dishes, double vessels were used, which in HaD1 occurred interchangeably with small stoves (Fig. 51). In Lower Silesia (Table 55, 56) services incorporating small bowls (most often, placed in the area around the burial) were noted only in HaC2, a period dominated by substitute inventories. In HaD the prevailing form are “suites with basin-like containers, complete with pseudo-mixed services not observed previously (Fig. 52). A substantial number of furnishings included a flat dish and a small stove, more rarely, a double vessel. It does not follow from the analysis of human skeletal remains found at Trzebule that there was any correspondence between the age and the sex of the dead individual and the type of the pottery vessel service offered to him or her. In the Western Sudetes Foothils region (Table 57:6), during HaC1, bowls formed part of substitute services (mostly together with amphorae), during HaC2 – provided with basin-like containers, some of them pseudo-mixed in their composition. In sites found in Lower Lusatia we identified, for the most part, substitute services dating to the late Hallstatt period, mixed, or containing amphorae (Table 57:1). A small number of bowls had been used as covers of cinerary urns (Fig. 53, Table 52:4.12, 55:13, 56:10), one contained a rattle (Table 52:6), most of them classified to category I. Bowls with an omphalos (cat. 141:15), and larger bowls, were in an arrangement with jars (Table 52:11, 54:5), standing next to them, or to sets of vessels (Fig. 48, 52, Table 53:4.9, 55:11, 56:6), and also, next to typically ritual forms, like small stoves (Fig. 48, 50, Table 52:1.2.12, 53:4.5.10, 54:2, 55:2.3, 56:3) and double vessels (Fig. 51). Standard in cemeteries of the Białowice Groups, selections B containing impractical diminutive jugs with a pointed base (Fig. 49, 50, 52, 53) presumably were used when performing the libation. In the Silesian Group, a similar function may have been served by eg, flask vessels, equally often placed on their side (after the offering was made), right on the ground, or inside a small bowl. Imaginably, one element of the ritual feasting, performed using a service with a container, was to “make an offering. This was done also, similarly as during the Bronze Age, using substitute “suites, and libation services, later left behind next to the burials. The cemetery of the Górzyca Group in Sękowice 8 (cat. 95), where small bowls (most of them lacking an omphalos) were found in 12% graves, is set apart by the near absence of substitute services (Fig. 59, Table 59:3.4). Similarly as in Kunice in Central Silesia there was a predomination of burials of women. It does not seem that the idea of the omphalos could have been adopted from the Mediterranean region along with the small bowl form. The only apparent exception are shallow or flat specimens classified to category I, in use primarily during the Bronze Age (Fig. 5:b, 6:h.i, 8:h), which both in their proportions and the character of their decoration resemble the ritual phiale, and forms provided with a high protuberance in the vessel base, or with a special omphalos of either variant, found in graves, often in a prominent place (Fig. 33, 38, 52). Manufactured en masse, the moderately high and the low omphaloi are more likely to have had a practical purpose: they made it easier to grip the vessel and ensured stability when the vessel was put down. Presumably, small plastic artwork or a small vessel with a convex base was placed over protuberances with a dimple, form 1/b, and depressions, forms 1/c and 2/c, and over bulbs 2/a, 2/b and omphaloi with a flattened apex (Fig. 5:n) – articles with a broad, recessed bottom. The figurines could have been secured inside some of the depressions in the omphaloi (Fig. 6:c.e) using pins. The plastic artwork and other objects placed onto the omphaloi presumably were meant to be above the level of the liquid with filling the vessel. Flat, circular impressions with a central knob, variant 1/d, seem to convey the idea of the omphalos bowl – a circular form with a central protuberance on its bottom. A symbolic significance has been ascribed to groups of irregular grooves (Fig. 9:e), and also to crosses and “rays observed during the Bronze Age (Fig. 5:e.m, 6:j, 8:i.j) and the Hallstatt period (Fig. 5:k.o.n, 7:g, 10:h, 27:s), and to Early Iron Age designs based on the motif of a star (Fig. 7:f.i–l, 8:g, 9:w.z), triskeles (Fig. 27:i.w), triangles (Fig. 11:h–j.w, 12:a.h.p), diagonal crosses (Fig. 10:g), zig-zag (Fig. 9:z), Embleme (Fig. 11:f.j, 12:b.x) and hour-glasses (Fig. 11:m, 12:n). Some of these decorations (interpreted in terms of Sun and fire worship) were found inside the bowls, suggesting that during the ceremony they must have been held the right side up. The dimples placed during the Bronze Age on the vessel base around the omphalos (Sun image?) were visible when the vessel was held upside down. Presumably, also the knobs on the edges of the bowls had a special meaning, this is suggested by circumstances of discovery of vessels decorated in this way. The co-occurrence in the western zone, both during the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, of jars, bowl-like vessels and scoop-like forms (three main vessels in use in the eastern zone since Bronze Age III) shows that the funeral ceremonies requiring the presence of bowls had evolved from a common substrate. This is suggested also by the persistence of specific arrangements of pottery present in graves (first of all, selections A, sets and their elements) for almost ten centuries. The varied rituals making use of pottery services incorporating small bowls would have been only one fragment of ceremonies practiced by the Lusatian Culture communities.
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Technika produkcji młotków rogowych z osiedla obronnego kultury łużyckiej w Biskupinie

75%
Drzewicz A.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2005
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vol. LVII
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issue 57
33-39
EN
The antler inventory recovered at the fortified settlement of Lusatian culture people at Biskupin, distr. Żnin, woj. kujawsko-pomorskie, dated to Hallstatt C, is one of the richest assemblages of worked antler recorded in Poland. The entire set consist of 416 finished pieces and some 220 fragments of raw antler. This impressive group includes no less than 22 antler hammers type I (Fig. 1), their fragments and roughouts, all fashioned from the lower section of red deer antler beam (Fig. 2), found directly next to the bony core. The form of the butt suggests that only shed antler was used. From the surviving finished specimens, cast-offs, and roughouts it has been possible to reconstruct the sequence of production of antler hammers: 1) Softening the antler by treating with organic acids to facilitate its splitting up and subsequent working. 2) Severing an antler fragment of required size from the main beam. 3) Cutting off the brow tine and shaving away the knot left after this removal. The fragment of antler obtained in the described way had roughly the shape of the future hammer (Fig. 3). The above sequence applies only to situations where antler was being worked with a knife. If a saw was used antler was softened only after cutting off the fragment of the beam and removing the brow tine. 4) Working the hammer face, fashioned from the base of the antler beam, built of a layer of tough substantia compacta. The rounded form of the hammer face (Fig. 4c) was obtained by removing the burr (Fig. 4a) and carefully whittling away all the irregularities (Fig. 4b). 5) Working the hammer peen, fashioned from the surface obtained by cutting across the stem of the main beam. Work started by levelling the slightly protruding surface left by the truncation (Fig. 5a). The substantia spongiosa, relatively friable and soft, fashioned the main part of the peen’s surface, would have detracted from the efficient performance of the peen. Because of this, the spongy substance was removed and the additional reinforcement was provided by driving an antler tenon into a mortise formed by removing the spongy substance (Fig. 5b). The tenon was fashioned from the cut off end of an antler tine, built of tough substantia compacta (Fig. 5c). 6) Chiselling the rectangular shaft-hole, usually at mid-length of the tool, at the point originally occupied by the brow tine. The hole, given the substantial thickness of the hammers, was produced by drilling from opposite sides (Fig. 6). 7) Smoothing the hammer surface by whittling away the remaining pearls (Fig. 7a.b). Some of the specimens were subsequently also ground and polished (Fig. 7c). The dimensions of hammers from Biskupin are the following: L. 11,0–19,0 cm, butt D. 4.0–6.5 cm, peen D. – 3.0–5.5 cm, rectangular shaft-hole 3.0–5.0 to 4.0–6.5 cm. As has been noted the process of production involved using several different techniques of antler working: sawing, transverse cutting, breaking, chopping, shaving, chiselling, grinding and polishing. Macroscopic analysis of production traces which survive on the surface of roughout and finished hammers indicates that the Biskupin antlerworkers used knives (flint and metal), axes, adzes, serrated flint tools (saws), chisels as well as grindstones and stone polishers. Similar antler hammers were recovered at other Lusatian culture sites (eg Izdebno and Sobiejuchy, distr. Żnin), dated to the close of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. As yet, the function of these tools is not entirely clear. On the basis of traces of use-wear seen on the hammer butts (minute and shallow dents surrounded by a web of similarly shallow cracks) it has been suggested that they may have been used as mallets, eg for hammering wooden wedges, propelling chisels, etc.
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Prehistoryczna transformacja rzeźby na stanowisku archeologicznym Rychnowo V w zlewni górnej Drwęcy

63%
Kalicki T., Chrabąszcz M., Maciszewski I., Przepióra P.
Acta Geographica Lodziensia
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2018
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vol. 107
11-23
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań geoarcheologicznych i archeologicznych na stanowisku Rychnowo V położonym na wysoczyźnie morenowej pomiędzy dwoma rynnami subglacjalnymi odwadnianymi współcześnie przez górną Drwęcę i Grabiczek. Rzeźbę wysoczyzny urozmaicają zagłębienia po oczkach polodowcowych, o różnej wielkości i stopniu wypełnienia. Jeziorka te powstały w późnym glacjale i były zapełniane w holocenie przez osady organiczne i klastyczne. Na stanowisku archeologicznym stwierdzono kilka faz osadniczych związanych z kulturami łużycką (największa), wielbarską, a także wczesno- i późnośredniowieczną oraz nowożytną. Osadnictwo nie miało charakteru stałej osady, lecz raczej krótkotrwałych obozowisk. Najliczniejsze są artefakty kultury łużyckiej, których analiza sugeruje kilkukrotne powroty ludności na ten obszar w stosunkowo krótkim czasie (homogeniczna ceramika). Działalność ludności tej kultury (związana raczej nie z uprawą, lecz wypasem) doprowadziła na początku subatlantyku do erozji na stoku i fosylizacji gleby w bezodpływowej depresji.
EN
The results of geoarchaeological and archaeological research at the Rychnowo V site are presented. The archaeological site is located on the moraine plateau between two subglacial tunnel valleys currently drained by the upper Drwęca and Grabiczek Rivers. Relief of the moraine plateau is varied by hollows on post-glacial depressions of varying size and degree of filling. These lakes were formed in the Late Glacial and were filled in the Holocene by organic and clastic deposits. At the archaeological site, several settlement phases have been identified related to the Lusatian (main phase) and Wielbark cultures, Early and Late Medieval and Modern periods. Not found in the site permanent or long-term settlement. The site should be considered as group of rather short-lived camps. The most numerous traces of Lusatian culture are not a single phase, but rather multiple returns to the same area at short intervals (the homogeneous ceramics). The activity of the people of Lusatian culture (connected not with cultivation but grazing) at the beginning of the Subatlantic led to slope erosion and soil fossilization in endorheic depression.
14

Wędzidło z Browiny, pow. toruński. Kolejny na ziemiach polskich ślad wschodniego oporządzenia jeździeckiego z wczesnej epoki żelaza

63%
Gackowski J., Garbacz-Klempka A.
Pomorania Antiqua
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2020
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vol. Tom XXIX
s. 39-56
EN
The presented fragment of a metal horse bit was accidentally discovered during agricultural works carried out in Browina, Toruń district. Currently, it is impossible to associate this find with a specific archaeological site, but it can be assumed that this object (as a complete one) appeared in the early Iron Age in the local environment of the Lusatian culture, in the so-called ‘Grzywna’ microregion, one of a dozen or so, which together form the settlement space of the ‘Chełmża and Kamionki trough’ mesoregion. The discovered artefact should be associated with type of the so-called common horse bit, singly bent, originally consisting of two almost identical elements (slightly arched shafts) intertwined with smaller holes (loop links). The aforementioned horse bit rings were connected with the rest of the bridle. Only two similar metal horse bits are known from the territory of Poland. One, completely preserved, comes from the defensive settlement of the Lusatian culture in Gzin, Bydgoszcz district, while the second one, similarly incomplete as the specimen from Browina, was accidentally found in Gródek, Hrubieszów district. All three, due to the contexts of their occurrence and the available analogies, are associated with the steppe or forest steppe production of eastern European environments. The analysis of the chemical composition shows that the Browina horse bit is made of brass, i.e. copper alloy with a clear, intentional admixture of zinc. In the local cultural and settlement environment, a similar material was found in the zoomorphic pommel of a Scythian dagger (acinaces) from Płonczynek, Lipno district. The formal resemblance of the latter to a specimen found long ago in Bodzanowo, Radziejów district is clear. Based on the assessment of the zoomorphic style of these two items, their west Siberian origin is assumed. However, bearing in mind the noticeable presence in the Bydgoszcz-Toruń bend of the Vistula River (in Kuyavia and Chełmno-Dobrzyń Lake District) of various artefacts of similar, eastern provenance (bronze and iron militaria and jewellery, but also pottery), some of these product categories can be currently considered as products which could have been produced locally (apart from pottery, also some groups of bronze objects, e.g. trilobe arrowheads). Therefore, it is justified to further explore the problem of assessing the scope of adaptation of cultural patterns, alien to the ‘Lusatian’ environment in the early Iron Age. To date, as a rule, there has been a tendency to interpret these finds as traces of military actions of Scythian groups penetrating the area of southern Poland and reaching the aforementioned bend of the Vistula River. The complexity of the problem is therefore large, and it undoubtedly requires further archaeological and archaeometallurgical research. Nevertheless, it may be much better exposed in the near future, because after publication of the expected results of the prospection conducted within the so-called Chotyniec agglomeration, it will be possible to gain access to new source data, showing the scope and direction of the transmission of eastern cultural patterns.
15

Pozostałości obozowiska ludności kultury łużyckiej w Browinie (stan. 4), pow. toruński

63%
Połeć H.
Pomorania Antiqua
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2023
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vol. Tom XXXII
65–82
EN
Multicultural site no. 4 in Browina is located approx. 20 km north of Toruń and approx. 0.5 km south-west of Chełmża, in the Chełmża Plain, which is an area rich in remains of prehistoric settlement. It was discovered in the 1980s as part of the AZP programme (Archaeological Picture of Poland). In 2007, verifications were carried out to examine an area of 483 m2 during three research seasons (2014, 2015 and 2019). Sixteen cultural features of the Lusatian culture were documented, including one hearth and 14 features of undetermined function, as well as one posthole. There were obtained 504 fragments of pottery vessels, the analysis of which indicates that they date back to the early period of the Iron Age. The lack of traces of permanent dwelling structures on the site indicates that it was used for economic or agricultural purposes for a short time. The low degree of exploration of the area in excavations terms makes further interpretation much more difficult. Seasonal and ad hoc sites supplementing the settlement network of local communities are not well researched, but they can be a valuable source of data for analysing the ways of exploiting the space of micro regions by the Lusatian culture population.
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Próba interpretacji wyników badań wykopaliskowych na stanowisku kultury łużyckiej w Sypniewie, gm. Jastrowie

63%
Rola J.
Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
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2016
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vol. 12
149-160
EN
Abstract: The article presents the archaeological material from site 16 in Sypniewo, Złotów district, from a short-term settlement phase of the Lusatian culture from IV- the first half of V period of the Bronze Age. The nearest analogies to features discovered on the site provided results of excavations in Pomerania, on burial grounds linked to so-called Lusatian-Pomeranian-Jastorf circle.
17
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Osada ludności kultury łużyckiej w Deszcznie, pow. Gorzów Wielkopolski

63%
Kozłowska D.
Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
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2012
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vol. 9
51-100
EN
Materials presented in this article are the result of two seasons of excavations. At the outset, it is worth noting that the location of the settlement in Deszczno, in the so-called contact zone, makes it interesting from a sources aspect and from a ‘Pomeranian perspective.’ The site 11/13 in Deszczno belongs to the open settlement type. All features recorded there were below ground ones. Amongst them pits of unrecognized function (118) and postholes (70) dominate. Furthermore, 65 oval and circular pits, rectangular or trapezoidal in section were recorded, which hypothetically are the remains of cellars or proper storage pits. Hearths occurred in the settlement in question only rarely. Despite excavating a large area of the settlement its spatial organization is not clear. Unfortunately, the poor state of the features’ preservation does not allow for a more detailed interpretation of their functions. Remains of probable dwellings, which are one of basic elements in distinguishing hypothetical farms’ boundaries, were recorded occasionally. It can be assumed that large, irregular features are only the sunken parts of larger overground buildings. Unfortunately, it was impossible to find any evident remains of this type of construction linked with dwellings. It is also difficult to perceive a division of space into separate zones, such as residential and agricultural or production and agricultural ones. Production and agricultural features were scattered within the entire excavated area. Numerous and chronologically diverse materials discovered on the site indicate the long-term use of the place, at least from the late Bronze Age to the Middle Ages. The settlement in question, related to communities of the Lusatian culture, was present here as early as from period IV of the Bronze Age. This is indicated by infrequent but evident elements of the Uradz style of pottery decoration. Its small number on the site seems to match the general trend in the occurrence of this type of pottery in Greater Poland and the Lubusz Land region. According to M. Kaczmarek, it may indicate that the phenomenon of the Uradz style was of slightly shorter duration than was assumed and covered only a part of period IV of the Bronze Age. Perceptible settlement activity occurred on the site during the next stage dated to the turn of period V of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. This period also marks the beginning of phenomena associated with the development of settlement of the Górzycka group of the Lusatian culture encompassing areas on both sides of the lower Warta and Noteć River basins as well as the middle and lower Odra River. The increased activity of this group in the aforementioned zone is confirmed by discoveries of numerous sites.
18
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Transformacja ciała ludzkiego jako wyraz świadomości i istnienia duchowości w kulturze łużyckiej

63%
Żychlińska J.
Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
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2015
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vol. 11
33-44
EN
Abstract: The human body and its theoretical possibilities of change or transformation have not yet been discussed in publications. Assuming that the source of information about a person can both be their remains and iconography, this article attempts to approach this issue based on two sources: a graphical representation of the object that could be used to transform the human body - i.e. a wand and the narrative scene representing the transformation. On the vessel from Smuszewo, Wągrowiec district, there is the figure of a man holding a wand in his right hand. He is surrounded by many small holes - it is highly probable that they are a graphical representation of the human transformation when touching the wand (Fig. 1B). For the Nadziejewo vessel, Środa Wielkopolska district, Greater Poland Voivodeship, another interpretation is proposed other than the published one (Mikłaszewska-Balcer 1973, Fig. 1). This interpretation assumes that the first person is the man responsible for the ritual of body change, and on right the ritual wand is depicted. Other figures visible on the left side of the picture show the transformation of the body - at the beginning the change is in the legs (from none to three), and at the end the evident transformation of the entire body. What is the most important is that the last of the three figures are connected by a line of holes which emphasis the most important stage of transformation, i.e. obtaining a new state (Fig. 1A). The scene was explained as a graphical presentation of the transition of the human body to the world of the sacrum. This is further evidence and support for including the Lusatian Culture into the orbit of a pan-European system of a mythological axial era. One of the characteristics of this sphere was a focus on the world of values, which were needed to protect against negative external factors, and was realised inter alia through magical acts.
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Odkrycia archeologiczne w Pilicy

63%
Andrzejowska M., Karczmarek Ł., Gan P.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2021
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vol. LXXII
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issue 72
117-143
EN
In July 2019, a bronze spiral bracelet and an ancient potsherd were discovered by chance in the bed of the Pilica River, near its confluence with the Vistula. The artefacts were recovered from the bottom of the river, by the southern bank of a small sandy island located between the villages of Pilica (Warka Commune, Grójec County) and Boguszków (Magnuszew Commune, Kozienice County) (Fig. 1, 2). As a result of a professional archaeological investigation, carried out with the help of a team of underwater archaeologists, ten more sherds from ancient earthenware vessels were obtained from the immediate vicinity of the original find (Fig. 3). The potsherd assemblage consists of two bases, two base sherds, six body sherds and one sherd of either a disc-shaped plate or a massive base (Fig. 4–6). Most sherds show signs of a long-term stay in an aquatic environment. One sherd has been identified as modern, the rest should be associated with the Lusatian culture from a period covering the later phases of the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. Of note is the strongly smoothed lower part of a vessel with thickened base (Fig. 4:b, 5:b, 6:b). It may be a fragment of a so-called Ulwówek beaker/mug, a ceramic form known mainly from sites located to the east of the Middle Vistula, in the basin of the rivers Wieprz and Bug. The closest finds of vessels identified as the Ulwówek type are known from the Lusatian culture settlement and cemetery at Maciejowice, Garwolin County, and from the cemetery at Radom Wośniki. Ulwówek type beakers/mugs are commonly dated to Bronze Age IV, although some specimens (e.g., from Radom), due to certain specificity of their form and decoration, may be dated to Bronze Age V and later. The remaining sherds mostly come from roughened, medium- and thick-walled vessels, made from a clay body with ample coarse-grained mineral temper, often white and pink in colour (Fig. 4). They present features of the Lusatian culture earthenware from the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age. At present, it is not possible to clearly indicate the place (or places) from which the pottery was washed away and transported by the current. Among the Lusatian culture sites located along the river, the settlement at Michałów-Parcele, Warka Commune (Fig. 7), situated on a sand-and-gravel elevation occasionally undercut by the river, should be foremost considered. The site, excavated in the 1970s, has yet to be analysed and published. The ten-coil bracelet was made from a plano-convex bronze strip with round wire terminals (Fig. 8, 9). It is decorated with repeating alternating motifs of wide bands composed of narrow transverse grooves and oblique crosses, some of which have a circled dot symbol punched at the point where the arms intersect (Fig. 10). The form and decoration of the bracelet resemble in style the adornments of the “Stanomin type”, considered products of a Lusatian culture metallurgical centre from Hallstatt period D, located in Kuyavia. The most typical “Stanominian” decorative element of the Pilica bracelet is the recumbent cross motif, encountered in different variants on the adornments regarded as “Kuyavian ornaments”, throughout the entire range of bracelets in particular (Fig. 12:a–e.j–m). However, the number of coils, strip parameters and type of terminals distinguish this specimen from both the “short” and “tall” bracelets in J. Kostrzewski’s classification (1954), recently modified by M. Maciejewski (2019). In these particular features, the Pilica bracelet resembles three, likewise atypical, decorations discovered at Zabieżki, Otwock County, and near Słupia (Nowa?), Kielce County (Fig. 12:m), which were accompanied by “Kuyavian” ankle- and neck-rings as well as Stanomin type ankle-rings of the Mazovian variant in the classification by M. Mogielnicka-Urban (2008). The metal strips they were made of were more massive than in the case of the other “tall” bracelets decorated with crosses. Their terminal coils, in the form of smooth, round wires, find no analogy among other similarly decorated specimens. Such a shape of terminals is characteristic of tall, specifically decorated bracelets consisting of over a dozen coils, made from a not overly broad strip of roughly triangular cross-section, discovered (also together with “Kuyavian” items) in eastern Mazovia and Podlachia (Fig. 12:p). The four bracelets were probably made in workshops located in the area where the canons of craftsmanship and decorative arts, represented by the “classic” Kuyavian products, intermingled with designs valued by the local market. The chemical composition of the alloy of which the Pilica bracelet was made is characteristic of the majority of goods from the Hallstatt period (Appendix 1). Due to the absence of signs of bronze manufacturing in the area in question, attempting to locate the workshops is not possible. A few other finds of “Kuyavian bronzes” are known from the Lower Pilica region; they were found on their own or as parts of multi-component hoards (Fig. 7). Their characteristics and the context in which they occurred indicate wide-ranging connections of this area and various cultural zones, especially those in southern and south-eastern Europe.
PL
W lipcu 2019 roku w korycie rzeki Pilicy, niedaleko jej ujścia do Wisły, przypadkowo odkryto spiralną bransoletę brązową i ułamek starożytnego naczynia glinianego. Zabytki wydobyto z dna rzeki, przy południowym brzegu niewielkiej piaszczystej wysepki, położonej pomiędzy wsiami Pilica, gm. Warka, pow. grójecki i Boguszków, gm. Magnuszew, pow. kozienicki (Ryc. 1, 2). W wyniku profesjonalnych badań archeologicznych, przeprowadzonych z udziałem ekipy nurków-archeologów, w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie pierwszego znaleziska pozyskano jeszcze dziesięć fragmentów starożytnych naczyń glinianych (Ryc. 3). Zbiór ułamków ceramiki składa się z dwóch den, dwóch fragmentów przydennych partii naczyń, sześciu fragmentów brzuśców i jednego fragmentu talerza krążkowego, względnie masywnego dna (Ryc. 4, 5). Większość skorup nosi ślady długotrwałego przebywania w środowisku mokrym. Jeden ułamek uznano za nowożytny, pozostałe należy łączyć z kulturą łużycką z przedziału czasowego obejmującego młodsze fazy epoki brązu i wczesną epokę żelaza. Wyróżnia się dolna część silnie gładzonego naczynia o pogrubionym dnie (Ryc. 4:b, 5:b, 6:b). Może być to fragment tzw. pucharka/ kubka ulwóweckiego, formy ceramicznej znanej przede wszystkim ze stanowisk ulokowanych na wschód od środkowej Wiały, w dorzeczach Wieprza i Bugu. Najbliższe znaleziska naczyń zaliczanych do typu ulwóweckiego znane są z osady i cmentarzyska kultury łużyckiej w Maciejowicach, pow. garwoliński i z cmentarzyska w Radomiu-Wośnikach. Pucharki/ kubki ulwóweckie powszechnie datowane są na IV okres epoki brązu, jednak niektóre okazy (np. z Radomia), ze względu na pewną swoistość formy i ornamentu, mogą być datowane na V okres epoki brązu i później. Pozostałe fragmenty w większości pochodzą z naczyń średnio- lub grubościennych, chropowaconych, wykonanych z masy ceramicznej z obfitą domieszką mineralną o dużych ziarnach często barwy białej i różowej (Ryc. 4:i). Noszą cechy warsztatu ceramicznego kultury łużyckiej z końca epoki brązu i wczesnej epoki żelaza. Obecnie niemożliwe jest jednoznaczne wskazanie miejsca (lub miejsc), z których materiały ceramiczne zostały wypłukane i przeniesione przez wodę. Z położonych wzdłuż rzeki stanowisk kultury łużyckiej należy przede wszystkim brać pod uwagę osadę w Michałowie-Parcelach, gm. Warka (Ryc. 7), leżącą na piaszczysto-żwirowym wyniesieniu okresowo podmywanym przez rzekę. Badane w latach 70. XX wieku stanowisko nie zostało dotąd opracowane i opublikowane. Dziesięciozwojowa bransoleta wykonana została z płasko-wypukłej taśmy brązowej z końcami w kształcie okrągłych drutów (Ryc. 8, 9). Zdobiona jest powtarzającymi się na przemian motywami szerokich pasów złożonych z poprzecznych wąskich żłobków oraz skośnych krzyży, z których część ma na skrzyżowaniu ramion wybity symbol kółka z zaznaczonym środkiem (Ryc. 10). Forma i ornamentyka bransolety bliskie są stylistyce ozdób „typu stanomińskiego”, uznawanych za produkty lokowanego na Kujawach ośrodka metalurgicznego kultury łużyckiej, datowanego na okres halsztacki D. Najbardziej typowym „stanomińskim” elementem zdobniczym bransolety z Pilicy jest motyw leżącego krzyża, spotykany w różnych wersjach na wyrobach zaliczanych do kategorii „ozdób kujawskich”, a zwłaszcza na bransoletach w całym ich zasięgu (Ryc. 12:a–e.j–m). Liczba zwojów, parametry taśmy i rodzaj zakończeń różnią jednak ten egzemplarz zarówno od „niskich” jak też od „wysokich” bransolet w klasyfikacji J. Kostrzewskiego (1954), ostatnio zmodyfikowanej przez M. Maciejewskiego (2019). Swoiste cechy upodobniają bransoletę z Pilicy do trzech, również nietypowych ozdób odkrytych w Zabieżkach, pow. otwocki i w okolicach Słupi (Nowej?), pow. kielecki (Ryc. 12:m), które wystąpiły w towarzystwie nagolenników i naszyjników „kujawskich”, oraz nagolenników typu stanomińskiego wersji mazowieckiej wg klasyfikacji M. Mogielnickiej-Urban (2008). Wykonane zostały z bardziej masywnych pasów metalu niż pozostałe „wysokie” bransolety zdobione krzyżami. Ich końcowe zwoje,w postaci gładkich, okrągłych drutów, nie mają analogii w pozostałych, podobnie ornamentowanych okazach. Taki kształt zakończeń jest natomiast charakterystyczny dla wysokich, kilkunastozwojowych, specyficznie zdobionych bransolet zwiniętych z niezbyt szerokiej taśmy o daszkowatym przekroju, odkrywanych(także w zespołach z wyrobami „kujawskimi”) na wschodnim Mazowszu i Podlasiu (Ryc. 12:p). Te cztery bransolety powstały zapewne w pracowniach ulokowanych w strefie mieszania się kanonów sztuki rzemieślniczej i zdobniczej reprezentowanej przez wyroby uważane za „klasyczne” kujawskie, z wzorami cenionymi na miejscowym rynku zbytu. Skład chemiczny stopu, z którego wykonano bransoletę z Pilicy jest charakterystyczny dla większości wyrobów z okresu halsztackiego (Aneks1). Brak śladów wytwórczości brązowniczej na omawianym terenie uniemożliwia próby lokalizacji warsztatów. Z rejonu dolnej Pilicy znanych jest jeszcze kilka znalezisk „brązów kujawskich”, znajdowanych pojedynczo i w wieloskładnikowych skarbach (Ryc. 7). Ich charakterystyka i kontekst, w jakim wystąpiły, świadczą o szerokich powiazaniach tego obszaru z różnymi strefami kulturowymi, zwłaszcza południowej i południowo-wschodniej Europy.
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Groby w skrzyniach kamiennych na cmentarzysku kultury łużyckiej z Cichowa, pow. przasnyski

63%
Orlińska G.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2016
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vol. LXVII
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issue 67
131-146
EN
The cremation cemetery at Cichowo, Przasnysz County in NE Poland (Fig. 1) yielded close to 300 features – graves and pits (Fig. 2) – attributed to the Lusatian Culture. Most of them, of a widely different form and inventory, had been provided with settings of a varying complexity built of locally sourced stone. In some areas of the cemetery were found the remains of raised structures, recognized recently as earth mounds, rather than pavements, as previously thought. Found underneath these structures were urned burials, the human remains deposited in a pottery vessel or an organic container, a much smaller number of pit burials, as well as some pits with a dark fill containing a minor quantity of burnt human bones, or none at all. The top of the settings in these deeply buried features was mostly on the level of the base of the earth mound, the location of what were mostly collective graves containing pottery cinerary urns, usually accompanied by small-sized accessory vessels. Three stone cists (features 261, 269 and 349) – lined with stones, and presumably, originally also buried under a layer of stones – were found in the central area of the cemetery, underneath the raised structures (Fig. 3). The building material of the cists was stone, selected with care to be of the same size, or split into slabs, usually placed with the flat side to face inside the chamber; the northern walls were of rough stones. Two smaller cists had a W-E orientation. In feature 261 the construction, surviving to the height of 34 cm, with maximum dimensions of 65×87 cm, was lined lower down with closely packed slabs (Fig. 4–7). Inside was an organic container holding the burial of a man of early maturus age furnished with two scaled flakes of Baltic erratic flint. In feature 349, a roughly square chamber with a maximum length of its side of ca. 55 cm and surviving height of ca. 30 cm, still retained five of its slabs, resting in situ, forming the walls of the chamber, and a sixth slab at bottom (Fig. 14, 15). The cist held a burial of an adultus–maturus individual, deposited in an organic container together with three scaled flakes of Baltic erratic flint. A large feature 269, oriented NW-SE, had maximum dimensions of 87×177 cm and a surviving length of ca. 50 cm. Its bottom, lined with a dozen-odd flat stones, measured 70×155 cm. Found inside the chamber, standing in a row, partly set about with stones, were four pottery urns and some cremated remains originally deposited inside an organic container (Fig. 8–12). The urns were plain vase-shaped vessels with surfaces affected by fire (Fig. 13). Urn 1 held a burial of an infans I child, urn 2 – of a maturus male, urn 3 – of an early adultus male and an infans I (4–5 years old), urn 4 – of a late infans I (ca. 6 years old), the organic container – an adultus female burial. According to earlier analyses of archaeological material, the cemetery at Cichowo was in use mostly in EB IV; this is also the dating of the cist features. Stratigraphic relationships between them and the graves found nearby indicate that the cists were the first to be constructed (Fig. 3) presumably, during the older phase of the cemetery. The pits with the dark fill appear to have an equally early dating. No stone cists are recorded in other cemeteries in northern Mazowsze but a distinct concentration of similar structures is noted in Gdańsk Pomerania, in barrow cemeteries dating mostly to EB IV (J. Kostrzewski 1958, list 32; T. Malinowski 1962, p. 21 ff., map IV). In that region, cists and pits with traces of burning similar to those found at Cichowo had rested under earth mounds and had an earlier dating than other burials. The chambers at Cichowo resemble features known from Pomerania by their size, orientation to the points of the compass and construction details. Similarly as at Cichowo, stone cists recorded in Pomerania mostly held adult burials. The modest body of evidence now available does not confirm the correlation between the cist grave form on the one hand and age or sex of the burials on the other. Vase-shaped vessels analogous to those found in the large cist at Cichowo are observed during EB IV across much of Poland, also in Pomerania, eg, in cist graves. Some of the vessels found in them were biconical – a form widespread in northern Mazowsze. Some of the urns found in Pomerania had cup style lids of a form which is recorded in collective graves in northern Mazowsze and in the Płock Region. Stone constructions have been recorded in central Poland in cemeteries with ‘grooved pottery’ at Tkaczew, Zgierz County. Cists and traces of burning recognized at Cichowo apparently date to the early phase of this cemetery. This would be the period when the culture inventory of the investigated grave-field appears to display more similarity to the materials of north-eastern groups, East Pomeranian (Kashubian) Group in particular, than to the Eastern Group of the Lusatian Culture (M. Gedl 1989, map 30, 31). At Cichowo, the latest dating was established for collective graves deposited under piles of stones. They contained, besides the prevalent biconical vessels, tureen forms, often decorated by fluting, mugs, jugs and beakers. Similar ‘grooved pottery’ occurred in cemeteries of the Central Polish Group which, similarly as those in northern Mazowsze, had stones on their surface. This suggests that during its younger phase the cemetery at Cichowo displays a more marked similarity to southern materials.
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