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PL
Opozycja prawy – lewy jest, od najdawniejszych czasów, wyrażana zarówno przez sztukę, jak i mitologię i rytualne systemy, zajmując ważne miejsce w światopoglądzie wszystkich narodów. W języku bułgarskim oraz w innych językach południowosłowiańskich istnieje opozycja desen – ljav (*desnъ – *lěvъ), w niektórych zaś regionach opozycja *prāvъ – *krivъ. Zwroty zawierające dèsen ‘prawy’, prav ‘prawy’, ‘sprawiedliwy, słuszny’, a szczególnie ljav ‘lewy’, kriv ‘krzywy’ z dzisiejszego punktu widzenia pozbawione są motywacji. Celem artykułu jest objaśnienie mitologicznych podstaw współczesnych użyć tych słów. Autorka rozpatruje trzy typy wyrażeń: (1) zawierające element lewy paralelnie do użyć krzywy; (2) wyrażenia, w których element ljav (lewy) odnosi się do strony mającej pierwszeństwo w praktykach magicznych i implikuje wieź z „drugim światem”; (3) wyrażenia z kriv (krzywy) o przypuszczalnym znaczeniu ljav (lewy), m.in.: krìvija vjàtyr ‘rodzaj zachodniego wiatru’ i krìva dùpka (krzywa dziurka) ‘tchawica’ – w przeciwstawieniu do przełyku.
EN
The opposition right – left is, since ancient times, expressed through art as well as mythology and ritual systems that occupy an important place in the worldview of all the nations. In the Bulgarian language and in other South Slavic languages there is an opposition desen – ljav (*desnъ – *lěvъ), whereas in other regions the opposition *prāvъ – *krivъ. Expressions which contain the words dèsen ‘prawy’ [right], prav ‘prawy’, ‘sprawiedliwy, słuszny’ [right, righteous, correct], and especially ljav ‘lewy’ [left], kriv ‘krzywy’[crooked/ skew] from the present day point of view seem to lack any motivation. The aim of this article is to delineate the mythical basis of current day use of these words. The author considers three types of expressions: (1) the ones containing the element lewy [left] parallel to the uses of krzywy [crooked/ curved]; (2) the ones in which the element ljav (lewy) [left] refers to the party that has priority in magical practices and implies the connection with the ‘other world’; (3) the ones containing kriv (krzywy) [crooked] with a presumed meaning of ljav (lewy) [left], e.g. krìvija vjàtyr ‘a kind of West wind’ and krìva dùpka [crooked hole] ‘tchawica’ [trachea] – as opposed to ‘przełyk’ [oesophagus].
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EN
A review of: Siedlecka, Sylwia. Złote piachy [Golden Dusts]. Wołowiec: Czarne, 2019. The author presents an overview of the separate texts in Siedlecka’s book on post-communist Bulgaria. While stating that the texts belong to nonfiction, the review questions the critical definitions of those texts as reports, suggesting further discussions on their genre.
PL
Recenzja książki: Siedlecka, Sylwia. Złote piachy. Wołowiec: Czarne, 2019.
EN
The article represents an attempt to reflect on the possible causes of a positive reception in Bulgaria for the painting entitled The Batak Massacre (1892) by a Polish artist, Antoni Piotrowski. This work is considered one of the most eloquent visualizations of the traumatic events of significance to Bulgarians that took place during the so-called anti-Turkish April uprising in 1876. Due to the entanglement of circumstances the massacre in Batak has grown to the status of a national myth. The artist, well acquainted with the current situation in the Balkans (which is documented in his autobiography), could not have, however, been fully aware of the semantic potential of the associations invoked by his painting. The topos of the “river of blood”, placed at the centre of attention, interpreted by Piotrowski in a manner differing from that in Southern Slavic folklore or Bulgarian literature, becomes the starting point for the author’s reflections on the repertoire of associations that this work could invoke in the recipient “initiated” into the meanders of their own culture, as was Ivan Vazov, the writer and apologist for the painting. The suggested research approach can be put in the realm of a particular imagology based on the reconstruction of possible strategies to negotiate meanings in intercultural relations.
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