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Kultura żywieniowa w turystyce na przykładzie Japonii

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PL
The article presents the characteristic of food culture in japanese cusine. Japanese cusine, rules of serving meals are described as well as cutlery used by serving the table are characrerised. Rules regulating food culture and types of meals prepared by Japanese people are presented. Finally, The Tea Cermony is characterised.
EN
Polish Otaku Culture Towards Japanese Sources Japanese otaku is a geek or nerd, who is strongly dependent on the products of Japanese pop culture from the circle of anime and manga. Such a unit subjugates all other areas of life to this passion, which means that he or she is willing to sacrifice everything for cultivating the interest, which from an ordinary hobby turned into a way of life. Japanese otaku has their own world, a virtual one, which often causes problems with establishing contacts with the real world. Polish otaku however is only a fan, a person who has a unique hobby. Such a person does not sacrifice everything to their hobby and only treats it as something you can do in your free time. He or she is able to reconcile reality with fiction without sacrificing any of them. Such great differences between the two subcultures of otaku are due to different mentality of their members and various understanding of the term otaku. This causes different treatment of themselves and ways in which both subcultures otaku manifest themselves. Furthermore, the lack of awareness about Japanese otaku subculture in the minds of the representatives of Polish otaku subculture results in the creation of the group completely different from its original.
4
51%
PL
Autorka nawiązuje do teorii aktów mowy Johna Austina i jej rozwinięcia w pracach Anny Wierzbickiej, która dowodziła, że zasady, na których opierają się akty mowy są różne w różnych kulturach. Teza Wierzbickiej, głosząca, że nie istnieją uniwersalne akty mowy, znajduje potwierdzenie w analizie porównawczej podziękowań i przeprosin w kulturze japońskiej i kulturze polskiej. Autorka przedstawia semantyczny opis trzech japońskich „gestów językowych”: arigato gozaimasu podziękowania, gomen nasai przeprosiny, oraz sumimasen przeprosiny lub podziękowania. Są one specyficznie interpretowane i realizowane w języku japońskim. Na tej podstawie autorka formułuje wniosek, że posługiwanie się tym językiem nie może polegać jedynie na opanowywaniu słownictwa i dostosowywaniu go do reguł użycia własnego języka, na zdobyciu kompetencji czysto językowej, ale wymaga od uczących się zdobywania także kompetencji komunikacyjnej i kulturowej.
EN
The article evokes John Austin’s theory of speech acts and its elaboration in the work of Anna Wierzbicka. The latter scholar proposes that the principles on which speech acts are based are different in different cultures, the claim being corroborated by a contrastive study of thanking and apologizing in the Japanese and Polish cultures. Semantic descriptions of three Japanese “linguistic gestures” are presented: arigato gozaimasu thanking, gomen nasai apologizing and sumimasen apologizing or thanking, realized and interpreted in Japanese in a culture-specific manner. Thus, the command of Japanese involves not only the knowledge of vocabulary applied in accordance with the rules of one’s own tongue (purely linguistic competence), but also requires acquisition of communicative and cultural competence.
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