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EN
The settlement of the Pomeranian culture in Odry, site 2 is located in the northern part of Bory Tucholskie. It was discovered by Józef Kostrzewski in 1926, but proper excavation works started in 1962 and were carried out by L. J. Łuka and A. Szymańska. During the excavations, the area of nearly 4 ares was examined and 89 features were registered. Most of them were associated with the Pomeranian culture – 79 features. Amongst them was determined the presence of these to which dwelling, economic or production function can be reasonably ascribed. The majority of artefacts consisted of pottery material – 1637 potsherds and 2 vessels fully preserved. Other finds included: clay spindle whorl, three stone grinders, animal bones and many fragments of scorched clay. The pottery of the Pomeranian culture was described and classified in both morphological, and technological ways. The first division was based on vessel profiles and basic proportions. As the result of applied parameters there were distinguished 5 basic typological groups: pots, vases, bowls, mugs and plates. Technological classification included two main groups which were determined on the grounds of the followings properties: wall thickness, surface treatment, and the size and quantity of temper. Ornamented potsherds constitute a small group of finds. Apart from the incised motif, which is the most recurrent, there were also recorded some stamps, short incisions, nail imprints, crimp and cordon. The Pomeranian settlement in Odry, site 2 is dated to the early and middle La Tène period. This chronology was established based on radiocarbon examination results and the analyses of vessel shapes. The data about environmental conditions were established based on research results concerning peat bog, which adheres directly to the hill where the Pomeranian settlement was located. It was the area where natural resources created good natural conditions for humans, and in this way facilitated them a more long-standing existence.
PL
Stanowisko 2 w Odrach, gm. Czersk, woj. pomorskie położone jest w północnej części Borów Tucholskich. Zostało odkryte przez Józefa Kostrzewskiego w 1926 roku, jednak systematyczne badania archeologiczne przeprowadzono tu dopiero 1962 roku pod kierunkiem L. J. Łuki oraz A. Szymańskiej. Na obszarze blisko 4 arów zarejestrowano 89 obiektów. Większość z nich jest identyfikowana z kulturą pomorską – 79 obiektów. Wśród nich stwierdzono obecność tych, którym z dużą dozą prawdopodobieństwa można przypisać funkcję mieszkalną, gospodarczą, czy produkcyjną. Oprócz wymienionych, na osadzie pojawiły się także paleniska, ogniska oraz dość liczne dołki posłupowe. W materialne przeważa ceramika naczyniowa, zachowana w typowym dla osad znacznym rozdrobnieniu. Zgromadzono 1637 fragmentów naczyń kultury pomorskiej. W całości zachowały się jedynie dwa naczynia: kubek i misa. Oprócz ceramiki odkryto także gliniany przęślik, 3 rozcieracze, kości zwierzęce oraz polepę. Ze względu na kształt, ogólne proporcje i przeznaczenie naczyń wyszczególniono pięć podstawowych grup – garnki, wazy, misy, kubki oraz talerze krążkowe. Inny podział przeprowadzono ze względu na takie cechy jak grubość ścianek, rodzaj powierzchni, wielkość oraz ilość domieszki schudzającej. Dla omawianego materiału autorka wydzieliła dwie główne grupy technologiczne. Do najczęściej spotykanych sposobów zdobienia naczyń należał ornament ryty. Oprócz niego pojawiły się także odciski stempelków, ornament paznokciowy, listwa plastyczna oraz nacinanie. Na podstawie badań radiowęglowych oraz ceramiki ustalono chronologię osady na wczesny i środkowy okres lateński. Bardzo cenne dla poznania i charakterystyki ówczesnych warunków środowiskowych okazały się wyniki badań palinologicznych profilu torfowiska bezpośrednio przylegającego do wzgórza na jakim została zlokalizowana osada. Była ona ulokowana na obszarze, którego zasoby naturalne stwarzały dogodne warunki egzystencjonalne dla ludzi i zapewne wpływały na długotrwały charakter osadnictwa. Słowa kluczowe: wczesna epoka żelaza, kultura pomorska, osadnictwo.
EN
The State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw has in its collections a bronze ring from a pectoral attributed to the Pomeranian Culture found at Wola Pasikońska in a wet meadow lying on the edge of the Kampinos Forest (Fig. 1, 2). The ring is penannular, with tapering terminals, plano-convex of section at centre, round-sectioned near the terminals (Fig. 3, 4). Heavily worn in places, the ornament covers both sides of the artefact. On the upper face it consists of groups of oblique grooves, and short strokes arranged in a zigzag pattern, hemmed in here and there by lines; the latter pasttern is also known as a chevron motif. On the underside the decoration is less exposed, and consists of groups of transverse lines and pairs of hatched hourglasses, arranged base-to-base. Dimensions: diameter of the ring – 15.5–16.5 cm, maximum width at centre – 1.3 cm, thickness – 0.55 cm, diameter of terminals – 0.5 and 0.6 cm, space between the terminals – 6.7 cm, weight – 122.2 g. Pectorals are one of the most distinctive form of personal ornament in the Pomeranian Culture. They consist of 7–17 rings of different size, all of them with a specific ornament, individual for a given pectoral, and were fastened with a clasp. As a rule the decoration was only on the upper face of the ring; only in a handful of specimens it appears also on the lower face. Three such rings belong to hoards found in Greater Poland at Bojanowo Stare, Łuszkowo and Rudka. Rings decorated on both faces are presumably the effect of repairs. Imaginably, when a ring became damaged, or was lost for some reason, another would be added to the pectoral, taken from a different set, possibly broken up at an earlier date; in which case, the lower face of the ring lacking ornamentation was then decorated to match the other rings in the pectoral (M. Kamińska 1992, p. 17–19). The find from Wola Pasikońska does not diverge in its shape and ornamentation of its outer face from other specimens of its class. Rings decorated with the chevron motif are noted almost everywhere within the distribution range of pectorals with rings (Fig. 6) but vary in frequency depending on the region. Find sites cluster on the Lower Vistula River, in central Greater Poland, with some isolated specimens recorded in western Mazovia as well. Bifacially ornamented pectoral rings recovered so far had, on both their faces, designs typical for Pomeranian Culture pectorals. However, the decoration on the lower face of the specimen under discussion appear to have more in common with ornamentation seen on artefacts attributed to the Lusatian Culture. Motives engraved on it are similar in style to what is observed on ankle-rings type Stanomin, Mazovian variant, manufactured presumably in metallurgy workshops of Mazovia and Podlasie. The design of hatched hourglasses was observed present on other objects also attributed to these workshops, for example, spiral bracelets. Thus, the ornament on the underside of the ring is one that is well established in the ‘Lusatian’ style design. Pomeranian Culture pectorals and ankle-rings type Stanomin have the same dating – Hallstatt D, and this presumably is also the chronology of the ring from Wola Pasikońska (M. Kamińska 1992, p. 30–31; M. Mogielnicka-Urban 2008, p. 213). The most likely interpretation is that this specimen was created by recycling a ‘Lusatian’ pectoral or a rough cast of such a pectoral. Its central part was forged to produce a lenticular section, the undecorated face was covered with an ornament to match the decoration of the pectoral being repaired. The terminals were trimmed and given a stepped outline to make them fit into the clasp. The chemical composition of the bronze used in manufacturing the ring from Wola Pasikońska was analysed at the Bio- and Archeometric Laboratory of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw. Six points were tested (Table 1). The alloy sampled at points 2–5 was identified as tin bronze. At each point the alloy composition was slightly different, this is not unexpected – earlier studies show that samples taken from one prehistoric bronze object may have a dissimilar percentage content of individual elements. A less expected result was furnished by the analysis of alloy sampled at points 1 and 6. Here the surface of the ring retained a slender layer of tin. It has been suggested that originally, the whole ring had such a tin coating, giving it a silvery hue, one surviving at present on the surface of both faces of the ring in variously worn condition. Previous to our study we had no record on tinned objects attributed to the Pomeranian Culture, or to earlier archaeological cultures in Poland. It is agreed that the earliest tinned objects in Europe are axe finds from England and Scotland dated to the Early Bronze Age. Tinned artefacts become more frequent starting only around the 5th century BC, mostly in the Mediterranean region (N. D. Meeks 1986, p. 134). It is possible that the ring from Wola Pasikońska is the first tinned bronze of Hallstatt date to be recognized in Poland. As such it is an extremely interesting contribution to the study of bronze and other non-ferrous metals metallurgy of the younger phase of that period.
EN
In 2014, the Museum in Lębork was enriched with a bronze ornament of the Early Iron Age date, found accidentally in a meadow near the place where the the Sitnica river valley meets the Łeba river valley in Dziechlino-Leśnice (Figs. 1, 2), a few kilometers west of Lębork (Pomorskie voivodship, northern Poland). Surface survey carried out in the area did not reveal any other remains associated with this find, although archival data indicate that the area was occupied in the younger part of the Early Iron Age (Hallstatt D) (Fig. 8). The item under analysis is a ring that was probably the uppermost segment of a multi-part collar built from open rings and fastened with a wide clasp at the back, an ornament typical of the Pomeranian Culture. The ring is oval in top view and saddle-like in side view, and its cross-section changes from lenticular in the central part to oval at the ends, the latter provided with shafts for attaching the clasp (Fig. 3–5). The dimensions are 12.2×12.7 cm, with a thickness of up to 0.6 cm. The ring is made of tin-lead bronze (Table 1). Its upper surface is richly decorated with groups of transversal and diagonal lines, diagonal hatches, punched holes, and a pattern of arches filled with transversal hatches. Most of the motifs were made in the casting, but the last one was made using the cold punching technique (Fig. 6). The ornament of arches seems particularly typical for Pomerania (Fig. 7), although single rings bearing such decoration were occasionally discovered as far as southern Poland, or even in the Szentes-Vekerzug cemetery in Hungary. It seems that multi-part collars decorated with arches represent the older stage in the production and use of these ornaments (in the younger one, arches were more often replaced with chevron motifs – cf. A. Drzewicz 2017). The ring from Dziechlino-Leśnice should therefore be considered a local product (that such collars were used in the Łeba valley is confirmed by face urns with images of these decorations, e.g. from Leśnice – Fig. 8:b). It is difficult, however, to determine whether it originated from a larger deposit of metal objects, or – as a single ring – was the element of grave furnishing. The fact that the object has survived in a good condition argues against this latter possibility.
EN
There is a relationship between the interpretation of an artefact and the worldview. The fate of face urn from Grabowo Bobowskie was influenced by political and historical worldviews, dependent on the adopted civilisations: Latin by the Polish nation and Byzantine by the German nation. German scientists, supported by the state administration, studied the Germanic settlement on Polish territory, tracing it already in prehistory. In this way, they justified the political belonging of these lands to the Prussian state, and after the unification of Germany - to the German state. The views on the ‘cultural superiority’ of the Germanic peoples, and thus their heirs - the Germans, and the German contempt for other nations, created a corresponding social and political life. At that moment the urn from Grabowo Bobowskie was transferred to the museum in Poznań. At the end of the 20th century the search for ethnos belonging to an archaeological culture was abandoned. As a result politics ceased to influence scientific research. Aesthetic worldviews concerning the urn developed as a result of interpretations based on research methods taken from the history of art. Researchers considered face urns to be creations that evoke aesthetic values characteristic of works of art. The researchers considered face urns to be products which evoke the aesthetic value characteristic of works of art.
EN
The article presents results of the archaeological excavations conducted at a Pomeranian culture cemetery in Żakowo, site 3, Sulęczyno commune, Pomeranian Voivodship in 2014–2015. During this time, three barrows and two stone structures were excavated. Barrow V/2014 had the most elaborate form. Its base consisted of a four-layered stone rim 5.8 meters in diameter. Cremation burial of two people was found inside.
EN
During the rescue research carried out in 1987, a box grave of Pomeranian culture dating back to the Hallstatt D. Found in it, in addition to numerous attachments and lids 36 large vessels, including 23 typical, referred to as urns. Bone remains were preserved only in 21 vessels. Anthropological analysis has shown that human bones come from 21 people, that is, 11 children (under 6 years), 2 children in infans II age (6–14 years), 7 adults (3 men, 3 women and one adult). Only in four cases, lesions were observed.
PL
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EN
Ryte wyobrażenie konia na glinianym naczyniu kultury pucharów lejkowatych z Gródka nad Bugiem można uznać za najstarszy wizerunek tego zwierzęcia we wschodniej części Europy Środkowej (Ryc. 1–4). Jego wykonawca mógł inspirować się wizerunkami zwierząt na naczyniach kultury Cucuteni-Tripolie. Stylizowane wyobrażenie konia pojawiało się też na naczyniach w epoce brązu, ale najczęściej występuje we wczesnej epoce żelaza. Zestawiono tu 227 takich wyobrażeń, z czego 55 uznano za dyskusyjne (Katalog, Tab. 1). Kilkanaście dalszych pochodzi z okresu rzymskiego. Dla wszystkich wspólna jest uproszczona stylistyka, niezmienna od neolitu.
EN
The author of the paper presents and analysis an issue of occurrence art in the prehistory. In the paper archaeological knowledge is combined with theories of art history. The author wanted to show that interpretation of appearance of an art in prehistory by scholarsmight be abuse. Nowadays we do not have any social context so there is a risk that the idea of presence of an art in prehistory is incorrect. Absolutly we should not ruled out the opportunity that prehistoric population made art things, but cannot say that they were aware of it. The author based her concept on the example of Pomeranian face urns, because this is a category of objects which may be assigned a function of medium image. In summary, the author wrote ‘pros’ and ‘cons’ for occurrence of art. in prehistory.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowane i przeanalizowane zostało zagadnienie występowania sztuki w pradziejach. Archeologiczna wiedza wzbogacona została o koncepcje z zakresu historii sztuki. Przedstawiono także stanowisko autorki pracy na omawiany temat oraz argumentację, że współcześnie termin ten jest nadużywany przez archeologów. Współczesna definicja pojęcia sztuka odniesiona została do okresu pradziejowego, by udowodnić niepełną słuszność nazywania większości zabytków archeologicznych tym mianem. Brak kontekstu ówczesnego odbioru społecznego sprawia, że dzisiejsze poglądy badaczy na zabytki archeologiczne jako dzieła sztuki, nie w pełni odzwierciedlają rzeczywistość. Absolutnie nie należy wykluczać możliwości, że ludność w pradziejach wyrabiała przedmioty, które koncepcyjnie odpowiadałyby dzisiejszemu pojęciu sztuki, ale powinno się przyjąć, że były przez nich inaczej określane. Rozważania oparte zostaną na konkretnym przykładzie – pomorskich urn twarzowych. Wybór popielnic pomorskich nie jest przypadkowy. Są kategorią zabytków, którym można przypisać rolę nośnika obrazowego. W podsumowaniu zebrano argumenty przemawiające ,,za” i ,,przeciw” obecności sztuki w pradziejach. Archeolodzy interpretując zabytki archeologiczne jako dzieła sztuki, rekonstruują przeszłość w oparciu o współczesne kryteria percepcji, tym samym przypisując jej znaczenie, jakie sami jej obecnie nadali.
EN
Amongst urns associated with the Pomorska culture there is a small number of those with representations of carts, mounted steeds, horses and footsoldiers. Those atypical representations made on items of huge eschatological significance seem to play an important role in their makers’ religious system. Some of narrative scenes shown on them suggest, that they are images of funeral games – horse, cart or foot races and fight competitions, which we know from historical and literary sources describing various Indo-European societies. It shows, that similar rituals were propably performed by people of the Pomorska culture. By putting their images on urns used in funeral, their makers, people with mythical perception of reality implemented their effects without performing them in physical way.
EN
The article presents materials associated with the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age settlement in the coastal zone of Central Pomerania. The discovery was made in 2018 during the field walking included in the project The Cultural Images of Life and Death – A Non-Invasive Research on the Prehistoric Settlement in Bagicz Forest.
EN
This article discusses the unique ornamentation of a vessel from a grave assemblage discovered in unspecified circumstances in the village of Anusin in Kujawy before World War II. The vessel, most probably of the Cloche Grave Culture, can be dated to the Early Iron Age. This globular cinerary urn is decorated with a grid of cord-like impressions. The pattern is most similar to the ornaments known from the face urns of the Pomeranian Culture. The false cord impressions were probably made with a tool resembling a hoop earring wrapped in coiled wire. Such items of adornment, with Eastern references, were popular in the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian Culture (e.g. Trzęsówka type coils) and are also found in Kujawy. The vessel from Anusin is therefore an example of an object combining various pottery and ornamental traditions of the communities settled in Kujawy around the middle of the 1st millennium BC.
EN
The Warszawa-Wilanów “Powsin” cemetery was discovered in the spring of 1990 during a field survey conducted as part of the Archaeological Record of Poland. The abundant pottery found on the surface and the devastation of the site area with hollows and rubbish dumps led to a rescue excavation in the summer of the same year, carried out under the supervision of Maria Kulisiewicz-Kubielas on behalf of The Polish Studios for Conservation of Cultural Property (Fig. 1, 2). During the excavations, which covered an area of 286 m2, twenty-three features related to the functioning of an early Iron Age cemetery were discovered (Fig. 3). It was not until 2006 when the next discovery was made at the cemetery during archaeological monitoring ahead of a construction work. The site is now completely built over, as confirmed by surface surveys in 2019. The results of the exploration of the site were not published after the end of the excavations in 1990, and the fate of the documentation taken was unknown. The present study was made possible by the discovery of a folder in the legacy of Maria Kulisiewicz-Kubielas, which contained a report manuscript, field photographs, a description of the artefacts with their inventory numbers, a sketch of the are grid with excavation trenches, a list of features and their contents, scientific notes and illustrations of the artefacts. The documentation did not include drawings, photographs or descriptions of pits and graves. Despite the absence of some of the data, an analysis of the surviving archival documents made it possible to restore 80% of the original information base. The material from the excavations, after several changes in storage locations, is now kept in the collection of the Faculty of Archaeology of the University of Warsaw. Of the discovered features, one was identified as a quasi-cist grave (Fig. 8, 12), four as cloche graves (Fig. 4, 5), three as urned graves (Fig. 9−11) and six as presumed pit graves. The remaining nine features were deemed to be pits of undetermined function (Fig. 6, 7). The most interesting in terms of funeral rites and grave goods was the quasi-cist feature no. 10. In a rectangular pit measuring 2.2×1.2 m, it contained burnt bones of a man and a woman deposited on a lining of pottery sherds. The remains were accompanied by six accessory vessels, arranged in a row (Fig. 12). Of the nine vessels identified in the feature, four were thin-walled, blackened pots and jars (Pl. II), and the rest were forms with thicker walls, smoothed surface and, exceptionally, with a roughened body (Pl. III). Non-ceramic grave goods consisted of bronze tongs, a bronze crescent-shaped object and an iron pin. An urned grave of a child (feature 18) was dug into the north-eastern corner of the feature under discussion (Fig. 9). Feature 10 exhibits characteristics of funerary rites typical of the Pomeranian culture, including the rectangular shape of the burial pit and the orderly, linear arrangement of the vessels in the grave. Some of the grave goods – thin-walled black pots and jars with low-set bodies – are also characteristic of the culture in question. The elements that deviate from “Pomeranian” patterns include the absence of a stone structure, the deposition of the bones on the pottery-lined bottom of the pit, numerous accessory vessels and the presence of earthenware with traits typical of the Cloche Grave Culture pottery. Therefore, feature 10 displays a “mixed” Pomeranian-Cloche Grave culture character, specific to areas settled by people of the Pomeranian culture in the later phases of its development. The closest analogy to the feature in question is grave 80 from the Brześć Kujawski cemetery, Włocławek County. The cloche and urned burials were deposited in pure sand or in faintly outlined, grey pits. The vessels in the cloche graves were found in a classic arrangement – a cinerary urn filled with bones was covered with a bowl and shielded with a cloche. The urned burials, mostly child graves, were found in the vicinity of the cloche graves and the quasi-cist feature. The pit graves, about which no detailed information is available, contained small numbers of bones. The archaeological material from the site is dominated by pottery. Of the 34 vessels recovered, 26 were preserved to the extent that allowed them to be classified as per the typology developed by Teresa Węgrzynowicz in 1988. 16 vessels were attributed to the pot subgroup (A1), three were identified as jars (subgroup A2) and seven as bowls (subgroup B1). They were further divided into types (according to the presence or absence of a neck and the finish of the outer surface) and variants (according to the location of the maximum body circumference). The vessels from Warszawa-Wilanów “Powsin” are counted among forms commonly found at early Iron Age cemeteries in Mazovia and Podlachia. The decorations on two cloches reference ornamentation found on pottery of the Mazovian and Tarnobrzeg-Lusatian Urnfield Culture. Namely, the adornments in question are four holes (three only partially pierced through) under the edge of a pot from feature 1 and a short, notched strip of clay applied on the upper body part of a pot from a grave discovered in 2006. Metal artefacts were recorded in graves 1, 2, 10 and 18. In features 1 and 2, these were fragments of a bronze wire and an iron wire respectively, probably parts of small decorations. In grave 10, found among the burnt bones of the pair of adults, there were their daily-use objects: an iron pin with a swan neck and looped head, a bronze crescent-shaped object and a pair of bronze tongs (Pl. III/10:1−3). An analogous iron pin found in the urned child burial 18 was probably a special grave gift (Pl. V/18:1). Pin specimens shaped similarly to those uncovered at Powsin (gently bent neck, head facing downward) represent the latest type of pins with swan necks and looped heads, found in the later phases of the Pomeranian-Cloche Grave cultural circle in Mazovia and central Poland (Fig. 13). Like pins with hooked necks and so-called “gullets”, they are dated to the early pre-Roman period (Fig. 14). The only analogies to the bronze crescent-shaped strip are found in graves of the Pomeranian Culture in Lower Silesia. The presence of such objects in women's graves suggests that they were either used to adorn the body (earrings) or were sewn onto clothing to reinforce it at the insertion point of a pin or brooch needle. The bronze tongs have narrow, triangular paddles not separated from the body, which was made from a rod of a semi-circular cross-section and looped at the bend. Formally, they belong to the East Pomeranian type with narrow paddles, distinguished by Marek Gedl. Artefacts analogous to the Powsin specimen are found in large numbers in Greater Poland and rarely in Mazovia and Podlachia. None of the analysed metal artefacts are sensitive chronological markers, but their particular traits and indicated analogies likely attribute them to the Early Pre-Roman Period. The Warszawa-Wilanów “Powsin” cemetery belongs to the third category of “mixed” Pomeranian-Cloche Grave sites distinguished by Mirosława Andrzejowska, where quasi-cist features occur alongside graves characteristic of the Cloche Grave culture. Quasi-cist feature 10 from Powsin was most likely the oldest grave at the cemetery. Its furnishings, especially the iron pins with swan necks and the bronze crescent-shaped strip, which find analogies at other cemeteries from the later phases of the Pomeranian-Cloche Grave cultural circle, prove that the burial in question was probably deposited already in the Early Pre-Roman Period. Feature 15, with grave goods consisting of vessels typical of the latest phase of Cloche Grave Culture cemeteries in Mazovia and Podlachia, is the youngest. The Powsin cemetery was used by a community whose funeral rite and grave goods exhibit characteristics of three cultural zones, i.e., the “local” Mazovian-Podlachian Cloche Grave culture, the Pomeranian Culture and the Tarnobrzeg-Lusatian Urnfield Culture, which acted as an intermediary to the spread of so-called “eastern elements” in the Polish lands. Similar “mixed” traits are found at the cemeteries at Dziecinów and Warszawa-Grochów “ul. Górników”; thus, they may have functioned at the same time as the Powsin site. In order to verify the relative chronology of the cemetery, 14C dating of a fragment of a cremated bone from feature 10 was obtained. The 14C date – 2400±30 BP – was within the range of 544−397 BCE after calibration at the 95.4% probability level and within the range of 494−405 BCE at the 68.3% probability level (Fig. 15). The result falls within the boundaries of the LTA and early LTB phases according to Michael Trachsel’s dating corrections. Therefore, the cemetery was in operation in the 5th century BCE.
PL
Cmentarzysko w Warszawie-Powsinie odkryte zostało wiosną 1990 roku w trakcie badań powierzchniowych Archeologicznego Zdjęcia Polski. Licznie występująca ceramika na powierzchni i ślady zniszczeń spowodowały, że latem tego samego roku przeprowadzone zostały ratownicze badania wykopaliskowe kierowane przez Marię Kulisiewicz-Kubielas z ramienia Polskich Państwowych Pracowni Konserwacji (Ryc. 1; 2). Pracami wykopaliskowymi objęto obszar 286m2 i odkryto 23 obiekty związane z funkcjonowaniem cmentarzyska z wczesnej epoki żelaza (Ryc. 3). Po zakończeniu badań nie powstało opracowanie stanowiska, zaś losy dokumentacji z badań pozostały nieznane. Ponownych i ostatnich odkryć na cmentarzysku dokonano w 2006 roku podczas nadzoru archeologicznego, wykonywanego podczas budowy domów mieszkalnych. Obecnie stanowisko jest całkowicie zabudowane i kontynuacja badań jest niemożliwa, co potwierdziły badania powierzchniowe prowadzone w 2019 roku. Niniejsze opracowanie było możliwe dzięki odnalezieniu w zbiorach prywatnych ś. p. Marii Kulisiewicz teczki z materiałem z badań, zawierającej najważniejsze dane, opisujące zawartość obiektów i zabytki oraz ich dokumentację ilustracyjną. Braki danych, wynikające z niekompletności dokumentacji z badań dotyczyły wyłącznie jam i grobów jamowych, dla których nie zachowały się rysunki, zdjęcia i opisy. Pomimo trudności analiza zachowanych dokumentów archiwalnych pozwoliła w 80% na odzyskanie pierwotnej bazy informacji. Materiały z badań, po kilku zmianach miejsc magazynowania, przechowywane są obecnie w zbiorach Wydziału Archeologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. Wśród 23 trzech obiektów, jeden określono jako zbiorowy grób bezpopielnicowy (Ryc. 8; 12), jeden jako podwójny grób popielnicowy (Ryc. 10; 11), cztery jako groby kloszowe (Ryc. 4; 5), dwa jako groby popielnicowe (Ryc. 9) , sześć jako domniemane groby jamowe oraz pozostałe dziewięć jako jamy o nieokreślonej funkcji (Ryc. 6; 7). Najciekawszym pod względem obrządku pogrzebowego i zawartości był obiekt 10. W prostokątnej jamie o wymiarach 2,2 x 1,2 m złożono przepalone kości kobiety i mężczyzny na podkładce wykonanej z ceramiki. Szczątkom towarzyszyło sześć przystawek, ułożonych w rzędzie (Ryc. 12). Na wyposażenie obiektu łącznie składało się 9 naczyń, spośród których cztery to cienkościenne, czernione garnki i dzbanki, pozostałe to formy o grubszych ściankach i powierzchniach wygładzonych i lekko chropowaconych (Tabl. II; III). Wyposażenie nieceramiczne zawierało szczypce brązowe, brązowy przedmiot półksiężycowaty oraz żelazną szpilę. W północno-wschodni narożnik obiektu wkopano popielnicę 18 z kośćmi dziecka. Analiza obrządku pogrzebowego wykazała, że obiekt posiadał wiele cech obrządku pogrzebowego typowego dla kultury pomorskiej, m. in. „wielopopielnicowość”; uporządkowany, rzędowy układ naczyń w grobie; prostokątny kształt jamy grobowej; niektóre elementy wyposażenia – cienkościenne, czarne garnki i dzbanki z nisko osadzonymi brzuścami. Nie pasujące do klasycznego modelu tej kultury wymieniono cechy: brak jakiejkolwiek konstrukcji kamiennej; wysypanie kości na wyłożone ceramiką dno jamy; liczne przystawki grobowe; występowanie naczyń o znamionach kultury grobów kloszowych. Najbliższą analogię do omawianego obiektu stanowił grób 80 z cmentarzyska w Brześciu Kujawskim. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że obiekt ma charakter „mieszany” pomorsko-kloszowy, charakterystyczny dla obszarów allochtonicznych i młodszych faz kultury pomorskiej. Groby kloszowe oraz popielnicowe składane były w czystym piasku, lub w szarych, słabo rysujących się jamach. Wszystkie z grobów kloszowych złożone były z trzech naczyń – popielnicy, przykrywki oraz klosza. Groby popielnicowe występowały w sąsiedztwie grobów kloszowych i zbiorowych i chowano w nich kości dzieci. Groby jamowe zawierały niewielkie porcje kości. Ich zarysy oraz opisy nie są znane. Wśród materiałów zabytkowych największą grupę stanowi ceramika. Z 34 odkrytych naczyń, 26 ze względu na stan zachowania przyporządkowano do kategorii typologicznych wg klasyfikacji T. Węgrzynowicz. Wyróżniono naczynia następujących typów: A1Ia (Tabl. I/Ob.3:2; II/Ob. 10:1), A1Ib (Tabl. I/Ob. 1:2; II/4; III/4; V/ob. 18/1), A1Ic (Tabl. I/Ob. 2:1), A1IIb (Tabl. III/Ob. 10:6; IV/Ob. 15:3), A1IVc (Tabl. I/Ob.1:1; I/Ob. 3:1; IV/Ob./19:1); A1Vb (Tabl. III/Ob. 10:5; IV/Ob. 19:2; V/Ob. 20:1), A2Ia (Tabl. II/Ob. 10:2,3), A2IIa (Tabl. IV/Ob. 15:5), B1Id (Tabl. I/Ob. 1:3; I/Ob. 3:3; IV/Ob. 15:4), B1IId (Tabl. III/Ob. 10:7; IV/Ob. 15:2; V/Ob. 18:2; V/Ob. 20:2). Naczynia należą do form powszechnie występujących na cmentarzyskach z wczesnej epoki żelaza z Mazowsza i Podlasia. Pod względem zastosowanych technik zdobniczych wyróżniają się dwa naczynia z dość rzadkimi elementami, mającymi odniesienia w mazowieckich i tarnobrzeskich łużyckich polach popielnicowych. Są to przykrawędne dziurki zaobserwowane na kloszu z ob. 1 oraz listwa naklejona w górnej partii brzuśca na naczyniu odkrytym w trakcie nadzoru archeologicznego w 2006 roku. Zabytki metalowe odnotowano w grobach 1, 2, 10 i 18. W 1 i 2 były to grudki brązu i fragment żelaza, pierwotnie stanowiące zapewne drobne ozdoby. W grobie 10 pośród skupiska przepalonych kości pary dorosłych osób znaleziono ich osobiste wyposażenie: żelazną szpilę z łabędzią szyjką i główką zwiniętą w uszko, brązową blaszkę półksiężycowatą oraz szczypce brązowe (Tabl. III:1-3). W grobie 18 wśród szczątek kostnych dziecka znaleziono analogiczną szpilę żelazną – zapewne dar grobowy (Tabl. V/ob. 18:1). Szpile żelazne należą do bardzo powszechnie rejestrowanego typu w pomorsko-kloszowym kręgu kulturowym. Specyficznie uformowanie szyjek (łagodne zagięcia, główka skierowana ku dołowi) reprezentuje najmłodszy typologicznie rodzaj szpil z łabędzimi szyjkami i główkami zwiniętymi w uszko, rozpowszechniony w młodszych omawianej jednostki kulturowej. Tak ukształtowane zabytki rejestruje się na Mazowszu i w Polsce środkowej (Ryc. 13). Obok szpil z haczykowatymi szyjkami, oraz z wolem należą do najmłodszych odmian szpil z główkami rozklepanymi i zwiniętymi w uszko, typowych dla starszego okresu przedrzymskiego (Ryc. 14). Półksiężycowata blaszka żelazna odnajduje jedyne analogie w grobach kultury pomorskiej na terenie Dolnego Śląska. Ich występowanie w grobach kobiecych sugeruje, że były to ozdoby ciała (kolczyki) lub odzieży. Szczypce brązowe cechują się trójkątnymi, wąskimi łopatkami niewyodrębnionymi od kabłąka, wykonanego z sztabki o półkolistym przekroju, uformowanego pętlowato na zgięciu. Formalnie należą do wyróżnionego przez Marka Gedla typu wschodniopomorskiego z wąskimi łopatkami. Okaz z Powsina najwięcej analogii odnajduje na terenie Wielkopolski, zaś na terenie Mazowsza i Podlasia znajduje jedynie kilka analogii. Wszystkie analizowane zabytki metalowe nie były czułymi wyznacznikami chronologicznymi. Analiza ich poszczególnych elementów, rozprzestrzenienie, wskazały, że datowane były raczej na starszy okres przedrzymski. Cmentarzysko w Warszawie-Powsinie należało do trzeciej kategorii „mieszanych” obiektów pomorsko-kloszowych. Z analizy rozplanowania cmentarzyska wynika, że jednym pierwszych obiektem na nekropolii był oznaczony nr 10, wokół którego dołożone zostały dalsze groby. Inwentarz obiektu, zwłaszcza żelazne szpile z łabędzimi szyjkami oraz półksiężycowata blaszka brązowa, mające analogie na innych cmentarzyskach młodszych faz pomorsko-kloszowego kręgu kulturowego, dowodzą, że obiekt założony został zapewne już w starszym okresie przedrzymskim. Najmłodszą pozycję mógł mieć obiekt 15, które inwentarz tworzyły formy ceramiczne, typowe dla najmłodszej fazy cmentarzysk kloszowych Mazowsza i Podlasia. Nekropola w Warszawie-Powsinie użytkowana było przez niewielką grupę ludności, wykazującej w materiale i obrządku tradycje typowe dla trzech stref kulturowych: „miejscowej” mazowiecko-podlaskiej kultury grobów kloszowych, kultury pomorskiej oraz odniesień ze wschodnich terytoriów łużyckich pól popielnicowych. Cmentarzysko posiadało najwięcej wspólnych cech z „mieszanymi” cmentarzyskami w Dziecinowie oraz Warszawie-Grochowie „ul. Górników”, może być świadectwem, że funkcjonowała w tym samym czasie, co wyżej wymienione cmentarzyska. Analiza materiałów i obrządku pogrzebowego wykazała, że cmentarzysko w Warszawie-Powsinie użytkowane było w fazie LTA i początku LTB. Datowanie względne materiałów zweryfikowano datą 14C (544-397 BC), wykonaną dla próbki kości ciałopalnej z obiektu 10, która potwierdziła, że stanowisko funkcjonowało w V w. p. n. e (Ryc. 15).
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Dress fasteners with no known analogies in other cultural units appeared in the Pomeranian Culture at the end of Hallstatt Period D. Only their most impressive examples (brooches of the Tłukomy and Wymysłowo-Wróblewo types) drew the attention of researches and were further examined. Other regional forms of brooches and pins remain undescribed, including pins with iron shafts and bronze conical heads with concave bases and side surfaces decorated with transverse grooves. I refer to such objects as pins of the Sadłowo type. There are four known examples of pins of this type: from Sadłowo, Rypin County (Fig. 1, 2, 3:3), Kalisz-Majków, Kalisz County (Fig. 3:1), Nowe Borówko, Kościan County (Fig. 3:2), and Krusze-Osiek, Świecie County (Fig. 4). Three of them have been uncovered as a result of a search queries in the museums in Poznań, Płock and Warsaw (Fig. 3). The fourth pin, previously stored in the collection of the then Westpreußisches Provinzial-Museum in Gdańsk, was lost during the WWII. It has been identified thanks to the drawings preserved in the archives of Carl-Axel Moberg (Fig. 4:1) and Józef Kostrzewski (Fig. 4:2). Finds of the Sadłowo-type pins are scattered on the edges of the range of occurrence of bimetallic pins with conical heads (Fig. 5). The pins differ in secondary features. The specimens from Sadłowo and Krusze-Osiek have smaller heads with distinct tops. The heads of the pins from Nowe Borówko and Kalisz-Majków are larger, and their tops are not expanded; they also have clearer grooves on lateral surfaces. The differences may indicate that the pins were manufactured in workshops of two different groups of the Pomeranian Culture population. Based on the examination of contexts of the finds and stylistic analysis, the pin from Nowe Borówko should be considered the oldest example of Sadłowo-type pins. It was discovered in a multi-urn grave, which also contained fragments of pins of the Mrowino type and fragments of pectoral rings, i.e., elements of objects typical of phase HaD. The remaining pins are probably younger – they were found at cemeteries from which pins characteristic of the Late Pre-Roman Period are also known41.49. The shape of the heads of Sadłowo-type pins, resembling tutuli, finds numerous analogies in dress fasteners from the Early Iron Age in Central Europe53.54.61.62. In particular, it applies to feet of brooches of Grabonóg-Grzmiąca64 and Wymysłowo-Wróblewo67.68 types from the early LTA phase, characteristic of the Pomeranian Culture. Knobs of similar shape can also be found on a brooch with cross-shaped bow from Konin69 and a pin from Janowiec Wielkopolski66, dated to the end of phase HaD and the beginning of the Late Pre-Roman Period. Ultimately, it can be assumed that the Sadłowo-type pins from Nowe Borówko and Kalisz-Majków date to the transition between phases HaD and LTA, while pins from Sadłowo and Krusze-Osiek date to LTA. Sadłowo-type pins belong to a group of original dress fasteners, which appeared in the areas covered by the expansion of the Pomeranian culture people at the end of phase HaD. It can be explained by a strong desire of this group to emphasise their distinctiveness. Similar phenomenon is known from the Jastorf culture, characterised by the same ‘migratory’ cultural model.
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