Search results

1

Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w Oblinie, gm. Maciejowice, woj. mazowieckie

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Czarnecka K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2001

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vol. LIV

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issue 54

89-100

EN

A cemetery of the Przeworsk Culture at Oblin, site 5, gm. Maciejowice, woj. mazowieckie is located on a small elevation extended on N-S line, by the edge of the flood terrace of the old Vistula riverbed. It is possible that, in the time of use, bogs or floodwaters surrounded the cemetery. The cemetery is completely explored; 308 cremation graves, both pit and urn graves were found there. The earliest graves furnished with brooches type H, short brooches type B and type J can be dated to the phase A2 (Fig. 1–3). Very interesting is lack of the type K brooches, quite common in the other Przeworsk culture cemeteries of that time. Graves from the phase A3 produced vast amount of brooches type M (Fig. 4c). More significant finds from the Pre-Roman Period are swords, in a few cases found with ornamented scabbards (Fig. 5). Brooches type A.68 and A.236, shield grips with profiled rivet plates and shield bosses type J.6 (Fig. 7) and one-edged swords with narrow blade represent phase B1. Graves dated to that phase are not numerous, what suggests that on the cemetery in Oblin phase B1 lasted for relatively short time. Quite common for next phase B2, are iron trumpet-brooches with silver inlaid decoration (Fig. 9), and massive iron brooches of Almgren group V, with a crest. Very odd form presents an S-form brooch with an imitation of ahinged construction (Fig. 8a). Very significant for this cemetery is almost complete lack of bracelets and pendants; beads or melted glass clumps are also very rare. Weapon finds are, on the contrary, quite numerous. Most interesting among them is a an imported Roman sword ornamented with inlaid figure of Mars, and 3 unique barbed spearheads with extra barb on the edge of the socket. The latest finds – brooches of Almgren’s series 1, group V, variant 5 of trumpet brooches and Mazovian variant of Almgren’s group IV are connected with the very end of the phase B2 or perhaps phase B2/C1. Big, rectangular pits, even 2 m long, with very dark grave fill were atypical grave form in the phases A2 and A3. At the bottom often lays a layer of broken fragments of pottery. An urn, often covered with a bowl, or other big vessel, was usually placed in the corner. Pit graves were much more frequent then urn graves in phase B1, however, urn graves dominated in the phase B2. Grave pits are smaller, with brown, or light brown grave fill, sometimes even difficult to distinguish. Brown, coarse urns are much more frequent then black, polished 3-handle urns typical for the eastern zone of the Przeworsk Culture. Finds from Oblin, especially, from the early Roman Period differ from typical cemeteries of the eastern zone of the Przeworsk Culture such as Kamieńczyk or Nadkole and are closer to the finds known from the region on the other side of the Vistula river. It seems possible that the settlement of the people using the cemetery at Oblin could be placed on the western bank of the Vistula river.

2

Ramy chronologiczne osadnictwa kultury przeworskiej w południowo-wschodniej Polsce

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Kokowski A.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2001

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vol. LIV

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issue 54

109-128

EN

The state of researches on the Pre-Roman and Roman Period settlement in the south east of Poland is highly dissatisfying. More then 80 sites are known from this region (Table I), including 50 settlements, 24 cemeteries and 7 stray finds, however, comparably little number of them were excavated in a larger scale and a great deal of uncovered material still remains unpublished. The sites form three clear chronological groups (Table II). The first group consist of 8 sites from the Pre-Roman Period (Fig. 1), which make 4 settlement zones (Fig. 8). A group of the Jastorf Culture origin occupied the zone I, while material from the zone II is ascribed to the Pomeranian Culture. The zones IIIA and IIIC were settled by the Tarnobrzeg group of the Lusatian Culture, which in the zone IIIC could existed even till the end of the Pre-Roman Period; in the zone IIIA clear influences of the Tyniec group are evidenced there by the finds of Celtic pottery. In the zone IIIB on the uncertain cultural background appeared the Przeworsk Culture in its classic form. The second group form settlements and cemeteries of the Przeworsk Culture, which occupied the entire described area in the early Roman Period (Fig. 2). The earliest certain finds came from the phase B1b, the latest from the phase B2/C1–C1a. In the southern zone of the Przeworsk Culture settlement strong influenced of the Dacian cultures are observed, evidenced by many finds of the pottery showing affinities with, probably, the Lipica Culture. From the southeastern areas of the Przeworsk Culture, from Lublin Upland till the upper Dniester, single weapon graves are known, dated mostly to the phase C1a, but also to the phase C1b. The collapse of the Przeworsk Culture in the south east of Poland was due to the migration of the Gothic tribes, who settled the Hrubieszów Hollow already in the phase B2/C1. The Przeworsk Culture left this region in the beginning of the late Roman Period, most probably by the end of the phase C1a; a group of the Przeworsk Culture could survive longer only in the zone IIIA (Fig. 7). Sites with wheel-made pottery and large storage vessels (so-called Krausengefäße) make the third chronological group, which covers the entire late Roman Period. At that time the zone I was occupied by the Wielbark Culture, which in the phase C2 reached zone II. The Culture of Carpathian Barrows penetrated zone IIIB, while in the zone IIIC appeared materials similar to finds from upper Dniester. The mountain zone was occupied by groups connected with Dacian cultures.

3

Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w Sochaczewie, woj. mazowieckie

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Opaszowska K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2001

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vol. LV

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issue 55

197-207

EN

The collection of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw contains a striking set of artifacts discovered by chance at Sochaczew, woj. mazowieckie (PMA, IV/9606) in a field known as “Poświętne” (Fig. 1, 2). The set in question includes: 1. A bottom of a bronze vessel, probably a bucket (Fig. 3c). 2. Three fragments of another bronze vessel (Fig. 3d). 3. A damaged bronze trumpet fibula with a support plate (Fig. 3b). 4. A bronze belt buckle in three fragments (Fig. 3a). 5. A bronze knife (Fig. 3g). 6. A bronze mount in the shape of an escutcheon with three rivets (Fig. 3f). 7. A fragment of a bronze wire twisted or folded from two elements, known only from an archival line drawing (Fig. 3e). The set reportedly contained another fibula, which did not survive. According to a spoken communication by the finders the described objects had been found in a vessel made of sheet bronze. Originally they probably were a part of an inventory of an urned grave. The same field “Poświętne also produced 37 fragments of Przeworsk Culture pottery (Fig. 5a–i). This supports an earlier information that cremation graves had been dug up on the site suggesting that Poświętne may have harboured a destroyed cemetery. The bronze fibula (Fig. 3b) represents type A.71 and is the principal dating element of the entire assemblage. Stylistic similarity of the fibula from Sochaczew to fibulae of type A.75 helps to date it to phase B1b, possibly, the very beginning of phase B2. The bronze belt buckle (Fig. 3a) corresponds to type AA10 acc. to R. Madyda-Legutko (1987) i.e., forms derived from elongated figure-of-eight buckles which occur in Central European Barbaricum in phase B1. Change of proportions seen in the buckle from Sochaczew as compared to other specimens of its type suggests that it may have a slightly later chronology (beginning of phase B2). Bronze knives similar in form to the specimen from Sochaczew (Fig. 3g) are known primarily from the western part of the Przeworsk Culture and from the area of present day Denmark. They are in evidence through the entire Roman Period, mainly in richly furnished graves. Their presence has been associated with high social and material status of the deceased; it is also possible that knives had a magical or religious function. The vessel, of which only fragments have survived (Fig. 3c), originally probably served as an urn. The diameter of the vessel bottom from Sochaczew indicates that it may have been a bucket or a cauldron; this is also true of fragments of the other bronze vessel (Fig. 3d). An exceptional object is the bronze mount in the form of an escutcheon (Fig. 3f). The only analogy known to the author is a loose find from the settlement at Jakuszowice, Little Poland (Małopolska) (Fig. 4). In case of both specimens there is no full certainty whether they are archaeological or historical finds. Analysis of the chemical composition of metal samples taken from individual items demonstrated that three: the fibula, belt buckle and knife were made of brass, almost identical in composition. The alloy used in the mounts from Sochaczew and Jakuszowice is a so-called lead bronze not used on Przeworsk Culture territory and neighbouring areas. The entire set of objects most of which probably were a part of an inventory of an urned cremation burial may be dated to phase B1b, at the latest the beginning of phase B2. Pottery fragments discovered in the field “Poświętne” (Fig. 5a–i) may be linked with the destroyed Przeworsk Culture cemetery, in use from the Late Pre-Roman Period until the Late Roman Period. Some 300 m to the south of the site numerous fragments of distinct pottery were discovered (Fig. 5j–p) indicating the presence of a settlement contemporary with the cemetery.

4

Materiały z cmentarzyska płaskiego w Łęgu Piekarskim, woj. wielkopolskie w zbiorach PMA

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Czarnecka K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2001

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vol. LV

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issue 55

209-218

EN

The collection of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw contains materials from a cemetery at Łęg Piekarski, Great Poland (Wielkopolska), originating both from chance finds as well as from brief but methodical research conducted in 1936 by Z. Durczewski. Unfortunately, substantial gaps in the documentation, loss of many of the original labels and the fact that grave inventories may have been mixed up when already in storage seriously hinder the reconstruction of the original grave assemblages. Establishing the actual number of graves is additionally made difficult by the fact that a cemetery of the Cloche Grave culture was also found on the same site, as confirmed also by 1975–77 investigation by K. Jażdżewski. In his publication E. Petersen listed - apart from finds originating from a “princely” grave – an Early Roman Period urned grave labelled as no. 1, and only a part of material originating from other cremation graves in storage at the State Archaeological Museum (E. Petersen 1940, 50, 51). Petersen nowhere explains what principles guided his selection of material for publication. At present the State Archaeological Museum collection contains the following materials: 1. Fragments of a Cloche Grave Culture urn defined as belonging to grave 1 (original label); 2. Finds identified as inventory of grave 2 (according to labels copied in the 1970s) include: an urn (Fig. 1a), a bowl (Fig. 1e), a cup (Fig. 1f), a vessel (Fig. 1g), an iron fibula similar to type A.76 (Fig. 1b), an iron single-edged sword (Fig. 2f), a fragment of an iron scabbard (Fig. 2k), an iron spur, so-called Stuhlsporn (Fig. 1d), two iron lance-points (Fig. 2c,d), a fragment of another iron point (Fig. 2e), an iron knife with a bronze hilt plate (Fig. 1c), two fragments of iron shears (Fig. 2b), two fragments of an iron mounting (Fig. 2i,j), two iron rivets (Fig. 2g,h), a frame of a bronze buckle, slightly deformed in fire (Fig. 1h), a fragment of an iron fitting (Fig. 2a) and numerous fragments of considerably damaged iron objects; 3. Grave 3 (original label) is represented only by lumps of melted bronze. The “princely” grave, labelled as grave IIa, contained fragments of a cup (Fig. 5a) and of glossy black vessels (Fig. 5b–e, 6a,b,f,h,i). Several score uncharacteristic pottery fragments, including a Cloche Grave Culture vessel, had been recovered, according to the labels, from ditches 1–4 and 8–10 (Fig. 6c–e,g). Artifacts originating from undetermined finds included two iron scabbard clasps (Fig. 3i, j), iron shears (Fig. 3a), a spike of an iron spur (Fig. 3h), a fragment of a bottom of a bronze vessel, mouth fragment of a bronze vessel (Fig. 3b), a fragment of a sheet bronze hoop (Fig. 3c), fragments of a bronze vessel damaged in fire, two ornamental bronze discs (Fig. 3d,e), two bronze rivets, presumably belonging to the ornamental discs (Fig. 3f), fragment of an iron tendril fibula (Fig. 3g) and a Marcus Aurelius denarius (A. Kietlińska 1957, 282). Moreover, the State Archaeological Museum contains materials from a flat cemetery published by E. Petersen (labels copied in the 1970s). To summarise, it may be said that the site at Łęg Piekarski included a Cloche Grave Culture cemetery and a burial ground of the Przeworsk Culture but the number of graves in the cemetery in question remains virtually unknown. K. Jażdżewski also identified several graves during his investigation of the site (K. Jażdżewski 1978, 128). The material from cremation graves is dated almost without exception to phases B1 and B2 of the Roman Period. This makes them contemporary with “princely” graves. Finds dating from the Pre-Roman Period are not in evidence even among stray finds recovered from trial trenches. This suggests the lack of continuity between the cemetery of the Cloche Grave Culture and that of the Przeworsk Culture. The latest material includes a bronze fibula type A.162 dated to phase C1b–C2 and a fragment of an iron tendril fibula, which may be dated generally to the Late Roman Period.

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Niepublikowane materiały z Grodziska, pow. węgrowski, ze zbiorów Państwowego Muzeum Archeologicznego w Warszawie

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Kordowska M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2014

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vol. LXV

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issue 65

236-250

EN

A group of unpublished finds now in keeping of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw was discovered at Grodzisk, Węgrów County, some 80 km east of Warsaw (Fig. 1). It falls into two groups – a pottery assemblage collected in 1937 by Anoni Brzezik, inhabitant of Grodzisk, and finds from a surface survey of site 4 at Grodzisk made in 2009 by Mateusz Bogucki. The artefacts from site 4 fall into two groups. The first group is attributable to Younger Pre-Roman Period and the Roman Period occupation, with individual finds dated to the period lasting form the mature phase A1, possibly, onset of phase A2 until stadium C2b. The second group are artefacts from late 6th and early 7th century associated with the earliest phase of Slav settlement in Mazovia. The assemblage of finds with the earlier dating consists of the following: a copper alloy neckring with cylindrical terminals (Fig. 3:1), an iron brooch with a crest on the head decorated with impressed silver foil (Fig. 3:2), a denarius of Hadrian (RIC 141b) (Fig. 3:3), a copper alloy brooch, type Almgren 168 (Fig. 3:4) and a fragment of a bronze spring from a brooch (Fig. 3:5). Given their chronology these artefacts may be attributed to two culture units recorded in the Liwiec River valley: Przeworsk culture and Wielbark culture. The neckring of a form typical for Jastorf culture would be one more find of this culture recovered in a zone of the earliest phase of Przeworsk culture settlement. The character of finds from site 4 suggests that they originate from a bi-cultural, long-lived cemetery. However, because of its partial investigation it is unclear whether or not the cemetery was used without a break, like many cemeteries known from the eastern zone of the Przeworsk culture. The younger group of artefacts includes a fragment of a copper alloy radiate-headed brooch (Fig. 3:6) with a reduced ornamentation and a fragment of an openwork object, also in copper alloy (Fig. 3:7), possibly a belt mount of a type encountered during the late Migration Period on Balt territory. Chronologically, both these finds may be safely attributed to the earliest period of Slav settlement in eastern Poland, although it is also possible that their presence in our region is the result of exchange with Balt peoples. Another find from site 4 is a blue glass bead, type bisier (Fig. 3:8). The rather broad chronology of these beads precludes a more conclusive dating of this specimen. It is possible nevertheless that it has a connection to the nearby hill-fort (cf. Fig. 1) which has its first phase dated to the 10th century. The other segment of the assemblage from Grodzisk is a group of more than 170 pottery fragments collected in 1937 (Fig. 4). Their exact find-site is unknown – presumably, they were discovered in the garden of the farm of A. Brzezik, which was found within site 43C. The heavily burnt condition of most of these pottery fragments prevented reconstruction of a complete vessel. Where a partial reconstruction was possible the vessels had a form recorded in the Przeworsk culture during phases B2 and B2/C1 (Fig. 4). The preservation of the pottery fragments establishes their provenance from a funerary context. Consequently, we have to assume the presence at Grodzisk of two cemeteries (Przeworsk, or Przeworsk-Wielbark) separated by a small distance (c. 700 m). More finds from the same period have been recovered at Grodzisk. The remains of a Przeworsk culture settlement dated to phases A2–B1) were identified during the investigation of the interior of the early medieval hill-fort. From a farm lying in an area recorded as site 43C adjacent to the former “garden of A. Brzezik” comes a find of a copper alloy brooch, type Almgren 128, and a small quantity of pottery attributed to the Przeworsk culture. This could mean that, similarly as the cemetery in site 44, the cemetery in site 43C was used both by the Przeworsk and the Wielbark people.

6

Gajew, pow. kutnowski – nowe stanowisko kultury przeworskiej w dorzeczu Bzury

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Kowalska K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2014

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vol. LXV

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issue 65

222-235

EN

The group of finds under discussion comes from a series of random discoveries made in 2007–2010 on the farmland on the eastern margin of the village Gajew, Kutno County. This locality lies in western Mazovia, c. 1 km west of the Słudwia, left-bank tributary of the Middle Bzura (Fig. 1). The group includes objects made of copper alloy, fragments of pottery and daub. Almost all the artefacts from Gajew can be tied to Przeworsk culture occupation. Their chronological range extends from the end of the Younger Pre-Roman period until the Early Migration Period. One of the earliest finds are a facetted rim sherd from a pottery basin (Fig. 7:37) and a very small fragment of a brooch, type A.2b or A.18b (Fig. 3:1). Most of the finds date from the Early Roman Period, e.g., brooches from groups A.II (Fig. 3:7), A.III (Fig. 3:4–9) and A.IV (Fig. 3:10–15), as well as a profiled strap-end (Fig. 4:24), a fragment of a rod bracelet Fig. 4:27), a dress pin with a biconical head (Fig. 4:29), and possibly, also a denarius of Trajan (Fig. 6). This situation corresponds to the period of the most intensive Przeworsk culture settlement in the Bzura drainage basin. Phase B2/C1 is represented by two brooches, Mazovian variant (Fig. 3:16.17) and a cylinder from a brooch, group A.IV or group A.V (Fig. 4:18). The Late Roman Period is represented by only two fragments of brooches from groups A.VI (Fig. 4:19) and A. VII (Fig. 4:20), as well as a denarius of Septimius Severus (Fig. 5), minted presumably in 193–197. For other finds, i.e. fragments of keys (Fig. 4:32.33), a closer dating is unfeasible. The mostly uncharacteristic fragments of Przeworsk culture pottery recovered at Gajew (Fig. 7:38–42) can be dated only broadly to the Roman Period. The youngest artefact that we can attribute to Przeworsk culture settlement is an oval belt buckle with a thickened frame, type H15 (Fig. 4:25). A find that documents later, “post-Przeworsk” occupation by largely anonymous Germanic groups is a sword scabbard pendant of a form similar to type Hemmingen-Pleidelsheim (Fig. 4:31). It is the first of its kind to be discovered in Poland. Pendants of this form are mostly recorded in the west of Europe, in assemblages from the Early Merovingian Period. Germanic artefacts from the 5th-6th century have been often recorded increasingly often in Central Poland – with, more notably, a larger number discovered recently in Kuyavia. At the current stage of investigation it is too early to say whether the site at Gajew is a settlement or a cemetery. The former interpretation is supported by the marks of distortion caused by high temperatures observed on almost all the metal objects and also on the pottery. Cemeteries of a similarly extended duration are frequent in the Bzura drainage basin, e.g., recorded at Żdżarów, Sochaczew County, at Komorów and at Wólka Łasiecka, both in Skierniewice County. The only doubts are raised by the presence of daub. With no information about the spatial relationship of the pottery and the metal finds discovered at Gajew the relationship of the daub to the rest of the finds is problematic. The origin of the artefacts can only be resolved by making a test excavation. Whatever may be the case, we have gained new important evidence on Przeworsk culture occupation from the previously only poorly investigated Bzura drainage basin.

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Nieznane zabytki okresu wpływów rzymskich z Muzeum Regionalnego im. Hieronima Ławniczaka w Krotoszynie

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Żyto K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2015

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vol. LXVI

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issue 66

332-334

EN

The Regional Museum in Krotoszyn has in its collections four archaeological objects dated to the Roman Period: a copper alloy brooch, type A.166 (Fig. 1:1, two iron spearheads, types XV and XXIII/1 according to Piotr Kaczanowski (Fig. 1:2.3), and an iron knife (Fig. 1:4). The provenance of these artefacts is unknown. They may have been offered to the museum by Dionizy Kosiński PhD, qualified archaeologist and history teacher at the secondary school in Krotoszyn who in late 1960s and early 70s excavated a number of sites in his local area (now Krotoszyn County). This conclusion is supported by the brooch, type A.166, variant Retkinia – brooches of this form cluster in the western part of the Przeworsk Culture territory. Marks of a fire patina observed on the spearheads suggest they were recovered from a grave-field.

8

Nieznane materiały z cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej w Wólce Domaniowskiej, w pow. radomskim

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Czarnecka K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2005

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vol. LVII

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issue 57

67-72

EN

Material from the cemetery of the Przeworsk culture at Wólka Domaniowska (M. Olędzki 2000) held by the J. Malczewski Museum in Radom includes a number of previously unpublished items: 2 fragments of an iron shield-grip, type J. 6 (Fig. 1a); 2 small damaged iron spearheads with blunted edges (Fig. 1b.c); 7 damaged iron scabbard fittings (Fig. 2d); a bronze rivet from a sword hilt (Fig. 2c), iron buckle, Madyda-Legutko type D1 (Fig. 2a), iron knife, flexed twice (Fig. 2b). Discovered inside a flattened shield-boss (Fig. 1d) the objects most probably belong to grave 66, which produced the rest of the shield-grip (Fig. 3c) as well as a one-edged sword (Fig. 3b). Another previously unpublished item in the Museum collection – iron shears (Fig.3a) – very likely belongs to the same grave inventory. The practice of depositing smaller objects inside shield-bosses is well known across the Przeworsk culture area. Deliberate disfigurement of grave goods, weapons mostly, is also quite common, unlike intentional blunting of spearhead edges, which is recorded at a much smaller number of sites, eg Wymysłowo, distr. Gostyń, grave 85 (S. Jasnosz 1952, fig. 62:1), Domaradzice, distr. Rawicz, grave 44 (B. Kostrzewski 1954, fig. 166:40) and Velatice, grave 4, Moravia (J. Tejral 1977, fig. 10:3). Blunted edges are noted also on a few spearheads from random finds, dated, similarly as grave 66 from Wólka Domaniowska, to phase B1. Evidence of the same custom is seen on spearhead finds from the Late Roman period, from eg Scandinavia and the Przeworsk culture area.

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Chronologia cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej z młodszego i późnego okresu rzymskiego oraz z wczesnej fazy wędrówek ludów w Mokrej na Śląsku

88%

Biborski M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2010

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vol. LXI

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issue 61

137-151

EN

The cemetery at Mokra, district Kłobuck in Silesia, lies on a small wooded elevation. Discovered with the help of a metal detector and penetrated for some years by robbers the site came under excavation in 1995 and was investigated on a regular basis until 2004. Next to 476 funerary features the cemetery contained 3 features interpreted as sites where cremation was performed. Two concentrations of graves were distinguished: northern concentration dominated by burials dated to phase C1, and southern concentration, dated to phases C2–D (Fig. 1). These two zones apparently were divided by a ca. 5–10 m wide strip of empty ground which ran SW-NE. It is likely that the older area of the cemetery had been abandoned and younger graves were established deliberately at a certain distance from it. In the northern area of the cemetery a well-defined western boundary of the graves was detected suggesting the existence of some an at present intangible fencing. The southern burial zone extends along the W-E axis over an area of almost 110 m, with an observable grave concentration at centre. Also in this area there was a well-defined almost linear boundary of the extent of the graves The cemetery at Mokra is distinguished by the diversity of funerary traditions practiced. Among over a hundred urn graves most were without a discernible grave pit and only a small number contained the remains of the cremation pyre. Pit graves were much more numerous, but only a dozen-odd contained also the remains of the pyre. The western outlying area of the southern zone yielded a grooved feature (439), dated to the Migration Period, and a second, destroyed feature, possibly of the same type (M. Biborski 2004b, p. 134, fig. 8; 2006a, p. 129). Also identified in the cemetery were the remains of layered burial similar to features of Dobrodzień type (J. Szydłowski 1964), datable already to phase C2. Basing on the content of grave inventories and findings from planigraphy five chronological phases of utilisation of the cemetery at Mokra were identified. The oldest, phase I graves occupied the central area in the northern concentration. Diagnostic forms of this phase are shield-bosses type J.7a (type 3c acc. to Ilkjær 1993) and bosses with a pseudo-spike, U-shaped shield-grips with indistinct trapeze-shaped rivet-plates type J.9 (Ilkjær type 5a), spear points type XV acc. to Kaczanowski (1995), as well as type A.158 brooches with a stepped catchplate, and group A.VII brooches. Moreover, female graves contained brooches from group V (A.129) and II (A.41). On this basis the chronology of the discussed phase of the cemetery may be defined as phase C1a. Graves with weapons (e.g., grave 56 – fig. 2, 3) correspond to group 5, dated to the second half of the 2nd century AD (K. Godłowski 1992, p. 72). Presumably the oldest phase of utilisation of the cemetery at Mokra partly overlaps with phase I of the cemetery at Opatów, from which it is slightly younger. Forms characteristic for phase II at Mokra are grave inventories with hemispherical shield-bosses (Ilkjær type 5b) and bosses with a knob (Ilkjær type 5bc), grips with short indistinct trapeze-shaped rivet-plates type J.9 (close to type Ilkjær 5c), spear points type XI and XIX, swords type Folkeslunda-Zaspy, variant 2 (M. Biborski 2004c, p. 555; M. Biborski, J. Ilkjær 2006a, p. 193–200, fig. 132, 133) and tendril brooches, similar to type A.158. The grave goods in male burials from phase II may be classified to groups 6 and 7 (7a) of weapon graves (K. Godłowski 1992, p. 72–73, fig. 3; 1994, p. 170) datable to the close of phase C1a and greater part of phase C1b. This phase should be synchronised with phase II of the cemetery at Opatów and dated to the period starting from late 2nd through to mid-3rd century. Graves from this phase, e.g., grave 54 (Fig. 4) and grave 323, are situated in the western area of the northern concentration. Phase III at Mokra is synchronous with phase III of the cemetery at Opatów. Burials from this age clustered in the north-eastern zone of the cemetery as well as on the northern margin of the younger southern concentration, e.g., graves 126c (Fig. 5), 235 and 361 (M. Biborski 2000, p. 101–104, fig. 3; 2001, p. 131, fig. 2, 24). Diagnostic for this phase are hemispherical shield-bosses with concave collar and similar bosses with a wide collar (similar to Ilkjær type 7), shield-grips continue to be represented by type J.9 (similar to Ilkjær type 5c) and younger forms with more thickset lightly expanded rivet-plates (similar to Ilkjær type 5cx), spear points type XX and XXV, swords type Ejsbøl-Sarry (M. Biborski 2004c, p. 559; M. Biborski, J. Ilkjær 2006a, p. 259–271) and brooches similar to type A.166. Grave inventories with this set of weapons resemble group 7 of weapon graves known in Przeworsk Culture dated to the close of phase C1b and to phase C2, without including younger burials which occur within the framework of group 7b, dated to phase C3 (K. Godłowski 1992, p. 74, fig. 4; 1994, p. 170). The next, fourth phase of the cemetery Mokra is less well legible owing to the steady decline in the richness of grave inventories, e.g., there is no evidence of full sets of weapons. In graves from this phase we encounter e.g., shield-bosses type 8ad and 8bd, and shield-grips Ilkjær 5cx and 5e, spear points type XXIII and XXV, younger variants of A.VI tendril brooches, including specimens with metope ornament on the foot, and also buckles type H11 and H13 acc. to Madyda-Legutko (1987). Weapon graves from phase IV at Mokra correspond to the youngest assemblages in group 7b (K. Godłowski 1994, p. 170), and some even to group 8. At the current stage of research we may conclude that graves from phase IV mostly lie in the central younger zone of the southern area of the cemetery, where they cluster over just a few score square metres (e.g., graves 294, 282 and 225 – fig. 6). Phase IV of the gravefield at Mokra may be dated to the close of phase C2 through to phase C3, possibly, including the onset of phase D, i.e., the period from around the beginning of the 4th until just the beginning of the second half of that century. This phase would correspond to phase IV and presumably, also to phase V of the cemetery at Opatów. For graves of the youngest phase V at Mokra characteristic are weapons which correspond to group 8 of weapon graves from the close of the Roman and onset of the Migration Period (K. Godłowski 1992, p. 74; 1994, p. 178, fig. 1). In graves from this phase we encounter e.g., shield-bosses with a pointed spike similar to type Horgos (see e.g., E. Istvánovits, V. Kulcsár 1992, p. 50–51; M. Biborski, P. Kaczanowski 2001, p. 242, fig. 4) and late conical forms with a wide collar close to type Misery (H. W. Böhme 1974, p. 112, 323, pl. 128:6), thickset flattened shield-grips with indistinct rivet-plates, spear points type XXII and XXV, buckles type Strzegocice-Tiszaladány-Kerch, variant Tanais (A. Koch 1999, p. 171–172, fig. 11), tongue-shaped strap ends type Szczedrzyk, so-called long variants of tendril brooches (K. Godłowski 1970, p. 26), brooches decorated with a stamped ornament similar to Untersiebenbrunn-Sösdala style with the foot of a shape resembling brooches type Wiesbaden, and also, buckles type H16 and H25. In this phase belong e.g., graves 371, 398, 401, 439 and finds scattered in the later Dobrodzień type layered feature (Fig. 7) in the younger, southern part of the gravefield, and also, the grooved features in the western area of the cemetery. Phase V at Mokra coincides with phase D1, possibly, partly even with phase D2 (shield-boss type Horgos). This probably corresponds to the period from the final decades of the 4th through to the first decades of the 5th century. This phase corresponds only in part to phase V of the cemetery at Opatów where there is a lack of later chronological diagnostic forms, e.g. finds decorated in Untersiebenbrunn-Sösdala style, brooches type Strzegocice, so-called long tendril brooches and weapon forms characteristic for group 8 of graves with weapons from the area of Przeworsk Culture.

75%

Piotrowska M., Czarnecka K., Smółka-Antkowiak E.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2022

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vol. LXXIII

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issue 73

253-263

EN

The artefact which is the subject of this article is an enigmatic object – a piece of sophisticated fitting that has no analogies in the materials of the Przeworsk culture. Due to the lack of exact analogies, a clear determination of its function seems not easy, but it is possible that the artefact represents an element of the metal lock for a wooden casket. The find comes from an amateur research conducted by Seweryn Tymieniecki at Kwiatków, Turek County, at the end of the 19th century. It is a stray find collected from the area of the cemetery. The archival illustrations show the artefact in its entirety – its both parts are connected with rivets (Fig. 2, 3). Unfortunately, its state of preservation has dramatically deteriorated over time (Fig. 4). The dimensions of the rectangular elements of the alleged lock mounting are 5.5×4.5 cm. One of the plates has a centrally located, square hole measuring 1.5×1 cm. At the shorter edge of the other plate, there are two holes with a diameter of about 0.3 cm (spacing – 0.7 cm). According to the preserved archival illustrations, the plate was fitted (probably by welding or soldering) with a small “pocket” (slide) made of iron sheet bent twice at right angles. It is open at one end, flattened and closed at the other. It resembles lock with barbed bolt. The double barb bolt was inserted vertically through the opening in the lid into a groove, with the barbs directed to the wall. The edge of the plate above the holes is folded over about 2 mm (Fig. 4). Slightly tilted barbs blocked on the fold, preventing the lid from being moved. The key had to be bent in such a way that, when inserted through the square hole in the outer fitting, it could reach the holes in the inner fitting with its teeth and through them it pressed the barbs against the bolt. This released the lock allowing the bolt to be pulled out and the box to be opened (Fig. 5). The lock for the Kwiatków casket could be a kind of hybrid – a variant of the Kietrz lock with some elements characteristic of the Wetzendorf lock (Fig. 7). The effectiveness of the proposed method of operation of the discussed mechanism was confirmed in the reconstruction of the box with such a lock. The materials from Kwiatków represent random, stray finds and they do not include a bolt or a key that could be an element of the analysed lock. However, keys of a shape corresponding to the hypothetical reconstruction of the lock were found in the cemeteries from Gronówko, Leszno County, and from Wiktorów, Zgierz County (Fig. 9). The lack of context for the discovery of the artefact as well as the lack of straight parallels make it difficult to draw conclusions concerning its dating. Its chronological determination is possible within the framework of the entire collection of artefacts obtained from the cemetery at Kwiatków, which is dated to phases B1–C2, however, most of the finds came from phase B2/C1 of the Roman Period.

PL

Zabytek będący przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu to zagadkowy przedmiot – skomplikowane okucie nie mające analogii w materiałach kultury przeworskiej. Brak ścisłych analogii powoduje, że określenie jego funkcji nie jest oczywiste, ale wydaje się, że mógł to być element mechanizmu zamykającego drewniana skrzynkę. Znalezisko pochodzi z amatorskich badań prowadzonych w Kwiatkowie, pow. Turek, przez Seweryna Tymienieckiego pod koniec XIX wieku. Jest to znalezisko luźne z powierzchni cmentarzyska. Na archiwalnych rycinach zabytek przedstawiony jest jeszcze w całości – obie jego części połączone są nitami. Obecnie jego stan zachowania jest znacznie gorszy. Wymiary prostokątnych elementów domniemanego okucia zamka to 5,5 x 4,5 cm. Jedna z płytek posiada centralnie umieszczony, czworokątny otwór o wymiarach 1,5 x 1 cm, Przy krótszej krawędzi drugiej płytki znajdują się dwa otworki o średnicy około 0,3 cm (rozstaw – 0,4 cm). Według zachowanych ilustracji archiwalnych na tej blaszce była przymocowana, zapewne za pomocą zgrzewania albo lutowania, „kieszonka” wykonana z zagiętej dwukrotnie pod kątem prostym blachy żelaznej. Na jednym końcu jest otwarta, a spłaszczona i zamknięta przy drugim. Byłby to zamek zaciskowy. Rygiel z podwójnym wąsem wprowadzony był pionowo przez otwór w wieku do rynienki, wąsami do ścianki. Krawędź blaszki nad otworkami jest zagięta na około 2 mm. Lekko odchylone wąsy blokowały się na tym zagięciu uniemożliwiając przesunięcie wieka. Klucz musiał być wygięty w taki sposób, żeby po wprowadzeniu przez kwadratowy otwór w okuciu zewnętrznym, mógł dosięgnąć zębami otworków w wewnętrznym okuciu i poprzez nie docisnąć wąsy do trzpienia. To powodowało zwolnienie blokady umożliwiając wyciągnięcie rygla i otworzenie skrzynki. Zamek skrzynki z Kwiatkowa mógł być swoistą hybrydą – odmianą zamka typu Kietrz z pewnymi elementami charakterystycznymi dla zamka typu Wetzendorf. Skuteczność zaproponowanego sposobu działania omawianego mechanizmu została potwierdzona w wykonanej przez W. Rutkowskiego rekonstrukcji skrzynki z takim zamkiem. Materiały z Kwiatkowa to znaleziska luźne, zbierane dość przypadkowo i nie ma wśród nich ani rygla ani klucza, które mogłyby być elementami omawianego zamka. Klucze o kształcie odpowiadającym hipotetycznej rekonstrukcji zostały znalezione na cmentarzyskach w Gronówku, pow. leszczyński oraz w Wiktorowie, pow. zgierski. Brak kontekstu odkrycia zabytku oraz analogii utrudnia wyciągnięcie wniosków na temat jego datowania. Określenie chronologii możliwe jest w ramach całości materiału zabytkowego pozyskanego z cmentarzyska w Kwiatkowie, którego chronologia przypada głównie na fazy B1, B2 i C1 okresu rzymskiego.

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