The model of labor market policy is closely related to the form and structure of the socio-economic model operating in a given country at a given time. It has undergone numer- ous transformations in the course of the development of capitalism. Its doctrine mainly origi- nated from the trends of classical, and then neo-classical economics. In the 20th century, the US market economy was frequently influenced by interventionist concepts, though. Owing to the New Deal and Keynesian policy, the US model of a labor mar- ket has become more redistributive, less flexible and subject to various forms of state influ- ence. Interventionist policies implemented during World War II and over the following twenty years led to ‘full employment’ accompanied by the curbing of income disparities in so- ciety. The worsened situation of the labor market during the period of stagflation of the 1970s re- sulted in the victory of a fiscal neo-conservatist concept, represented by the Republicans with Ronald Reagan. The years of the Reagan administration marked the restoration of liberal solutions in labor market policy. Reaganomics limited workers’ rights, improving the situation of employers and significantly reducing labor costs. These changes stabilized the situation in terms of the balance between the supply and demand for labor, simultaneously strongly increasing the in- come polarization of US society and negatively affecting employment standards.
Globalizacja, przyspieszony postęp techniczny i przemiany demograficzne stanowią obecnie ogromne wyzwanie dla gospodarki światowej. Efektem zachodzących zmian jest proces uelastycznienia rynków pracy, który z jednej strony zwiększa konkurencyjność przedsiębiorstw, a z drugiej strony pojawia się potrzeba socjalnego zabezpieczenia osób zatrudnionych w ramach elastycznych form pracy. Odpowiedzią na pytanie, jak jednocześnie pogodzić ze sobą utrzymanie wysokiej konkurencyjności z zabezpieczeniem socjalnym jest model flexicurity, który stanowi zintegrowaną strategię równoczesnego zwiększania elastyczności i bezpieczeństwa. W artykule zaprezentowano model flexicurity w świetle teorii i praktyki Unii Europejskiej. Część pierwsza artykułu stanowi wprowadzenie do problematyki flexicurity. Wyjaśniono w niej podstawowe założenia koncepcji oraz wskazano korzyści płynące z jej wprowadzania. Następnie omówiono rodzaje elastyczności i bezpieczeństwa w powiązaniu z flexicurity. W dalszej części przedstawiono ścieżki flexicurity zgodne z dokumentami programowymi UE oraz wybrane modele tej koncepcji funkcjonujące w Europie. W zakończeniu przedmiotem rozważań jest polski rynek pracy z punktu widzenia możliwości realizacji idei flexicurity.
EN
Globalization, accelerated technical progress and demographic changes currently pose a huge challenge to the world economy. The result of occurring changes is the process of labor market flexibilization that on one hand increases competitiveness of enterprises, on the other, a need of social security of the persons employed within flexible forms of work arises. The answer to the question of how to concurrently reconcile keeping high level of competitiveness and social security is the flexicurity model that constitutes an integrated strategy of simultaneous increase of flexibility and security. In this article, the flexicurity model in the light of theory and practice of the European Union was presented. The first part of the article constitutes an introduction to flexicurity issues. ln this part, the basic assumptions of the concept where explained and benefits of its implementation were indicated. Next, the types of flexibility and security in connection with flexicurity were discussed. In the later part, flexicurity pathways consistent with the EU policy papers and chosen models of this concept functioning in Europe were presented. In the conclusion, the subject of deliberation was the Polish labor market from the point of view of possibility of implementation of the idea of flexicurity.
Młodzież na rynku pracy, w tym zagrożona wykluczeniem społecznym, stanowi grupę objętą specjalnymi działaniami instytucjonalnymi. Wśród aktywnych instrumentów ograniczających bezrobocie młodzieży znajdują się projekty realizowane z funduszy unijnych. Kontynuacja stosowania rozwiązań proponowanych w takich projektach powinna być potwierdzana m.in. za pomocą tzw. kalkulatora kosztów zaniechania umożliwiającego określenie wysokości kosztów społecznych, jakie trzeba będzie ponieść w przypadku zaniechania działań aktywizujących osoby bezrobotne. Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie istoty takiego kalkulatora oraz wskazanie jego przydatności do uzasadnienia stosowania nowych narzędzi prozatrudnieniowych na przykładzie projektu zrealizowanego w województwie zachodniopomorskim. W opracowaniu wykorzystano metody desk research i KKZ, który umożliwił potwierdzenie efektywności i skuteczności innowacyjnego modelu wsparcia młodzieży na rynku pracy.
EN
Young people in the labor market, including the risk of social exclusion, a group under special institutional activities. Among the active measures aimed at reducing unemployment of youth are projects from EU funds. The continued use of the solutions proposed in such projects should be confirmed, among others, by means of so-called. cost calculator omission. The aim of the article is to present the essence of such a calculator and an indication of its suitability to justify the use of new tools for pro-employment on the example of a project implemented in Western Pomerania. The study methods were used desk research and CCD, which made it possible to confirm the effectiveness and efficiency of an innovative model of support for young people on the labor market.
The aim of our research is to identify determinants influencing wages in Poland in the years 2001, 2003, 2006 and 2009. We want to find out if there is any changes in time and if gender can be considered as significant factor influencing wages. Investigation is provided on the basis of data from the Polish Labor Force Survey, applying ordered logit models.
The key objective of the study is to depict unemployment among young people in the provice Silesia in 2011–2016. As a thesis, it was assumed that in recent years unemployment among people who enter the labor market is falling. On the basis of analyzes of industry materials, this thesis has been proved. At the same time, we can talk about a slower decline in the level of unemployment among university graduates, rather than considering the total number of unemployed people
Lack of work and high unemployment have been the most important socio-economic problems in Warmia and Mazury for years. This region is one of the least developed and poorest regions of the European Union and the labor market is in a difficult position both in terms of demand and labor supply. The unem-ployed – especially the unemployed youth – are the most unfavorable group to emerge on the labor market. The problem of the excessive inactivity in the young group is of particular importance in the context of forecasts for the coming years pointing to declining labor supply in Warmia and Mazury. The thematic scope of the article is to show the scale and structure of the unemployment among the youth registered in the region.
The aim of this study is to present certain aspects related to the situation of unemployment of young people (under 25 years old), living in the Podkarpackie voivodeship and to provide the statistical data and the results of the empirical research refers to the subject. The basis for the publication are presented analysis of unemployment in terms of the situation of individual districts as well as the factors such as: professional qualifications, professional experience, the period of employment and the duration of unemployment. The following part includes the additionally specified situation of young, unemployed women. All conducted consideration ends up with synthetic summary.
The aim of our research is to identify determinants influencing wages in Poland in the years 2005 and 2009, and to find out if wages obtained by men and women depend on the same factors. Investigation is provided on the basis of data from the Polish Labor Force Survey, employing ordered multinomial logit models and exponential regression.
The aim of presented research is to identify factors that determine wages in Poland and to find out if gender pay gap exists, applying classification trees. For the grouping variable i.e. net income from the main place of employment we construct clusters of respondents that are created due to such features as: gender, education, employment contract, economic, occupation, additional job, size of enterprise, measured by the number of employees, age and job seniority in years. Investigation is provided applying data from the Polish Labor Force Survey in the years 2003, 2006 and 2009.
This article refers to unemployment as a social phenomenon constituting a threat to the development of the labor market in Poland. Professional activity recently was associated with social security and stability in life. Currently, for the ever-growing group of people, labor market participation is associated with a constant threat of poverty, uncertainty about the future or the inability to establishment and maintenance of the family. The reason is not only lack of work, but also the disappearance of the typical forms of employment in favor of flexible forms of employment which are consisted of poor quality. As it turns out, not always any job is always better than no job, which means that the quality of employment is now becoming a social issue whose solution or mitigation its results are beyond the scope of the free market and the modern country. The labor market is a social institution but also the problems associated with the changes of production and employment (labor demand) require a response from the social adjustment. In the interests of society, giving sufficient earnings and enabling development of their own free time ought to be done for an individual to gain market through decent work.
Przemiany zachodzące na współczesnym rynku pracy sprawiły, że praca zawodowa stała się wartością, która przez dużą część społeczeństwa będącego w okresie aktywności zawodowej ceniona jest niemal na równi z życiem rodzinnym, bądź innymi wartościami uznanymi w naszej narodowej kulturze. Stanowi ona dla człowieka wartość tym bardziej cenioną, im trudniej można ją pozyskać. To nowe spojrzenie na wartości przypisane pracy zawodowej w warunkach wolnego rynku sytuuje człowieka będącego w roli pracownika w centrum wszelkiej działalności, czyniąc głównie jego odpowiedzialnym za decyzje, zachowania, wybory, a przez to pracy zawodowej nadaje upodmiotowiony charakter. Problematyka przemian rynku pracy będąca w istocie podstawową kwestią przemian samej pracy pracowników funkcjonujących na współczesnym wolnym rynku pracy oraz wynikające z tego tytułu problemy, które przychodzi rozwiązywać zarówno pracodawcom, jak i pracownikom stanowi treść tego opracowania.
EN
The changes that are taking place in today’s labor market made professional work almost as value as a family life or other important values of our national culture for large part of society, which is being active on a labor market. More difficult it is to achieve, more valuable it becomes in a human life. This new look on attributes of professional work on the open market, places human worker at the center of all activities, making its largely responsible for the decisions, behavior, choices, and thus work gives it a subjective character. The issue of changes in the labor market, which is in fact an essential change to employees functioning in today’s open labor market and the consequent problems for that when comes to solve both employers and employees is the contents of this document.
Koncepcji LLL – całożyciowego uczenia się, nie można rozpatrywać w oderwaniu od pracy człowieka. Zjawiska wykluczenia społecznego są dzisiaj realnym zagrożeniem dla każdego człowieka i w każdym wieku. Przed systemem edukacji stoją bardzo poważne wyzwania, do których należy przeciwdziałanie skutkom rozwoju cywilizacyjnego – marginalizacji społecznej.
EN
The LLL conception – a lifelong learning, we can’t consider in isolation from people’s work. Nowadays the social exclusion is a real threat to every person and every age. The education system has very serious challenges, which include countering the effects of civilization development – social marginalization.
Global Migration – a flow of people across borders – is of great importance both for the development of international relations and economic growth as well as labor market and poverty reduction. Little attention is paid to the fact that it affects countries, traditionally produced migration, and destination. The article is based on the latest statistics and social research on Polish emigration. According to the definition of the American Dream by James Truslow Adams: life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement regardless of social class or circumstances of birth, Poles like to emigrate to the United States. The author focuses on: Polish emigrants to the United States of America – the country most desired by all immigrants in the world. In the article special attention is given to the context of sociological and economic emigration. The picture of Polish diaspora in the United States is changing rapidly. New Polish emigrants are more educated and more focused on their career in the United States. They are also better adapted to the needs of professionals seeking jobs in the U.S. labor market.
The aim of this paper is presenting the situation of the labor market in the European Union after the crisis in 2008 and the comparison of the labor market situation in Kosovo in 2014. In the light of modern economic crisis, it is worth to analyze the development of the situation on the labor markets in the EU and in selected countries of the world since 2008. This allows to examine changes in the level of employment under the influence of both the dynamics of the recession and the antirecession policies used. The level of unemployment is closely linked to the dynamics of GDP. Recorded in the EU and in other countries of the world, increase of the unemployment rate from 2008 confirms the strong interdependence of these indicators. To sum up the situation on the European labor market, it is worth noting that the progressive process of increasing the flexibility of the labor market favors the competitiveness of the economies of the European Union. This does not mean, however, that as a result of the changes observed do not appear negative effects (e.g. Spain). It therefore appears necessary to further reduce barriers to movement of labor and services within the European Union and the use clearly positive experiences of labor market reforms.
The main aim of the article was to analyses of the opportunities and barriers to the development of individual entrepreneurship among rural youth. At first, was presented the theoretical concept of entrepreneurship. Next presented possibilities and risks of individual business development based on the results of their research conducted among the population of interest in 2009 in West Pomerania.
In this paper there are presented the results of investigation of the various factors impact on the level of male and female wages inequality. These factors are as follows: level of wages in employees group in comparison to the national average wages, the proportion of women in the group of employees, women labor market activity in the states, and variables such as the age, job seniority, level of education of the employees, type of employment contract, occupation (ISCO88), branch where the enterprises operate (NACE rev. 1.1), size of the company and collective pay agreement.
The issue of migration is a growing phenomenon. It has its source in mundane social causes, working conditions, personal as well as political circumstances. After joining the European Union and the Schengen area, new labor markets were opened for the Poles. This raises many opportunities, but also challenges and threats for emigrants and citizens of the countries to which they go. Trends in the world and in Europe represent the majority of seasonal or time trips. Poland is also becoming an increasingly attractive country for paid work, especially for the citizens from the eastern border of the country. Migration is an important aspect of the European integration, which has a huge impact on economic development, primarily reflected in the labor market.
The purpose of this paper is to provide the impact of mobility labour market in social and economic aspects. Labor market flexibility is defined in different ways by different authors. Some define flexibility as the speed at which the labor market can act as a regulatory agent in response to an economic shock. Others identify flexible labor market as a mechanism that helps in establishing a stable equilibrium, with a low degree of structural unemployment. Increasing labor market flexibility also occurs through the distribution of the labor force, between employers, countries or different tasks. This can be achieved through the promotion of geographical mobility of labor across regions and across borders. This article makes clear how the geographical mobility of labor is a regulation mechanism in the economy, which helps him adjust to economic shocks.
The article is the issue of the functioning of the Y generation in the labor market in the Polish conditions. Article is made up of two parts: theoretical, in which the authoress present a comprehensive overview of the literature and empirical research containing a description of the methods and obtained from the use of research results. The results of tests conducted using a validated questionnaire on a group of 112 representatives of generation Y have shown that for the representatives of this generation work is important in so far as is consistent with their preferences, competences and enables the interests of outside professional. As a result, the study found that women (in accordance with the established procedure of research) and to persons born after 1987 years people (to a greater extent than others) appreciate the predictability at work and "minimal sense of security". Loyalty to the employer and the desire to maintain jobs is not their forte. In my work they want to stay as long as the work will meet their expectations. A permanent contract of employment is important for them however, when more favorable financial agreement is a civil legal, they prefer to contract civil law. Young women on the other hand, and "the older part of the generation Y" to a greater extent than civil law contracts, appreciate the employment contract.
Artykuł nawiązuje do funkcji uczelni społecznie zaangażowanej i teorii interesariuszy. Prezentuje przykład dobrych praktyk realizowanych pomiędzy Legnicką Specjalną Strefą Ekonomiczną (LSSE) a uczelniami Podregionu Legnicko-Głogowskiego. W dobie poszukiwania nowych, efektywniejszych modeli kształcenia zawodowego na poziomie wyższym, prezentowany przypadek może być inspiracją do współpracy na rzecz rozwijania lokalnego rynku pracy.
EN
The abstract refers to the functions of the universities socially involved and to the stakeholders’ theories. It presents the example of best practice carried out between the Legnica Special Business Zone and the universities of the Legnica-Głogów sub-region. In the period of searching new, more efficient models of professional education at the higher level, the case specified here may become the inspiration to commence the cooperation for the local labour market development.
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