Celem artykułu jest przeanalizowanie wpływu różnych instytucji rynku pracy na efektywność tego rynku w 25 krajach postsocjalistycznych w okresie transformacji systemowej i ustalenie, czy wpływ ten był taki sam jak w krajach UE-15. Zebrane dane wskazują, że instytucje rynku pracy w krajach transformacji (zwłaszcza w WNP) zapewniają raczej wyższy stopień elastyczności rynku pracy niż kraje UE-15. Testy Chowa pokazują przy tym, że wpływ instytucji rynku pracy na niektóre wskaźniki tego rynku jest zasadniczo odmienny w krajach transformacji niż w krajach UE-15. Co więcej, po wyłączeniu efektów stałych wyrażających specyfi kę danego kraju (za pomocą modelu fi xed effects) okazuje się, że tylko dwa wskaźniki charakteryzujące instytucje rynku pracy, a mianowicie wskaźnik EPL (wyrażający stopień ochrony prawnej pracowników) oraz wydatki państwa na aktywne programy rynku pracy (ALMP) mają znaczący wpływ na podstawowe parametry rynku pracy w krajach transformacji. Wzrost wskaźnika EPL przyczynia się do wzrostu bezrobocia wśród ludzi młodych i z niskim wykształceniem, a w rezultacie do spadku wskaźnika zatrudnienia; natomiast wzrost wydatków na ALMP sprzyja obniżeniu stopy bezrobocia.
EN
The goal of this study is to analyze the infl uence of labor market institutions on labor market performance in 25 post-socialist countries during the transition period and to determine whether this infl uence was the same as in the EU-15 countries. The collected data indicate that labor market institutions in transition countries (especially in CIS) ensure rather higher level of fl exibility of the labor market as compared to the institutions in the EU-15 economies. Moreover, the Chow tests show that the infl uence of labor market institutions on some indicators of labor market outcomes is signifi cantly different in the transition countries and in the EU-15 countries. Furthermore, the exclusion of country fi xed effects allowed us to fi nd that only two labor market institution indicators, i.e.: the EPL index and the expenditure on ALMP, have signifi cant infl uence on labor market outcomes in transition countries. The rise of the EPL index results in higher unemployment among young and the least-educated people and leads to a decrease in the employment to population ratio, whereas the ALMP helps in reducing the unemployment rate.
RU
Целью статьи является проведение анализа влияния различных институтов рынка труда на эффективность рынка труда в 25-ти постсоциалистических странах в период трансформации и сравнение со странами ЕС-15. Собранные данные указывают, что институты рынка труда в странах трансформации (особенно в СНГ) обеспечивают более высокую степень гибкости рынка труда по сравнению со странами ЕС-15. Кроме того, тесты Чоу указывают, что влияние институтов рынка труда на некоторые его показатели в странах трансформации коренным образом отличается от этого влияния в странах ЕС-15. Более того, после исключения постоянных эффектов, отражающих специфику данной страны, оказывается, что только два показателя: EPL (степень правовой защиты работников) и расходы государства на активные программы для рынка труда (ALMP), имеют значительное влияние на основные параметры рынка труда в странах трансформации. Увеличение показателя EPL вызывает рост безработицы среди молодых людей и людей с низким уровнем образования, зато рост расходов на ALMP способствует понижению нормы безработицы.
Research background: Various and complicated reasons for belonging to the NEET category (not in education, employment or training), resulting largely from young people's personal and family circumstances, cause that the activation programmes undertaken by public employment services, both in the professional and educational sphere, prove inadequate. Despite the fact that labour market instruments dedicated to young people represent a wide range of possibilities for supporting them in combating professional and educational inactivity, the background of their problems requires new actions that should be undertaken by labour market institutions and their partners. Purpose of the article: Taking the above into consideration, the aim of this study is to identify the challenges faced by the public employment services and other labour market institutions in the area of activating youth experiencing the most difficult situation in the labour market. Methods: The article is based partly on the results of quantitative and qualitative research, conducted in the framework of the project implemented by the Provincial Labour Office in Bialystok Podlasie open to young people, financed by Operational Programme Knowledge Education Development (PO WER). Findings & Value added: The results of the study have led to the identification of necessary actions which should be undertaken by labour market institutions to support young people representing the NEET generation. These actions can be classified into different categories. They include preventing inclusion into the NEET group, developing the most effective solutions in the area of getting in touch with this group of young people and supporting them as well as creating a culture of cooperation for their benefit. The study has also revealed the need to carry out in-depth research of the NEET population.
Celem niniejszego artykułu była ocena wpływu instytucji rynku pracy na funkcjonowanie polskiego rynku pracy w latach 2000–2011. Analiza rozważań teoretycznych oraz wyniki badań empirycznych przeprowadzanych zarówno w poszczególnych krajach jak i grupach krajów wykazały, że instytucje rynku pracy mają istotne znaczenie dla funkcjonowania rynku pracy i efektów jego działania. Wyniki analizy empirycznej przeprowadzonej dla Polski zdają się potwierdzać płynącą z literatury konkluzję. W badanym okresie stwierdzono statystycznie istotny wpływ na polski rynek pracy instytucji takich jak: wydatki państwa na programy aktywnej polityki na rynku pracy, obciążenia podatkowe oraz płace minimalne. Przy czym wydatki państwa przyczyniały się do redukcji stopy bezrobocia wśród osób młodych oraz bezrobocia długoterminowego, a dwie pozostałe instytucje negatywnie oddziaływały na wszystkie efekty jego działania.
EN
The main goal of this study was to analyze the role of the labor market institutions on labor market performance in Poland in 2000–2011. Literature review and also the results of empirical studies, conducted for particular countries and groups of countries, indicate that the impact of labor market institutions on outcomes is significant. The empirical results obtained for Poland seem to confirm theoretical conclusions. Results indicate that in the analyzed period, institutions such as expenditures on active labor market policy programs, tax wedge and minimum wage had significant impact on labor market performance. The obtained results show that expenditures on ALMP had positive impact on the Youth Unemployment rate and the Long-term unemployment and the latter institutions had negative impact on all labor market outcomes.
The fi rst aim of this paper is to analyze the changes in the labor market institutions in 25 transition countries with the use of the set of 14 chosen labor market institutions indicators. The second aim is to answer the question whether an increase in the level of the product market competition in analyzed countries led the labor market institutions to be more protective (i. e. increase in the EPL index, increase in the level of unemployment benefi ts or increase in the ALMP to GDP ratio). Conducted analysis shows that the general characteristic of the labor market institutions in the transition economies is their heterogeneity, both in time and especially in space. However the empirical results confirmed the relationship between the level of the product market competition and the level of workers protection arising from the labor market institutions only in the case of the EPL index.
The aim of this research was to identify the determinants of the employment protection legislation reforms in the global perspective. The study was based on the Labor Freedom index published by the Heritage Foundation, which allowed to include 179 countries in the research that were observed in the period 2003–2013. The conducted study has indicated that changes in GDP and the level of employment in industry may induce the introduction of labor reforms. The changes in the labor law also occurred to be correlated with the number of the nearly excluded from the labor market (the long-term unemployed and youth not in education, employment or training) and also with changes in the government expenditure. However, all these factors may lead to substantially various reform programs in particular countries due to the heterogeneous political pressure of the labor market interest groups and different governmental determination in introduction of the reforms.
Research background: The literature indicates that labor market institutions are determined by cultural, political and economic factors, but does not give explicit conclusions which of these vast group of factors dominates. Purpose of the article: The goal of this study is to empirically assess whether cultural and political factors dominate over economic factors in shaping the labor market institutional framework in the OECD and post-socialist countries. Methods: This framework can be measured by a vast group of indicators. We use 10 such variables that describe the group of 47 post-socialist and OECD countries (that did not experience economic transition) in the years 2005?2009. These indicators allow to construct one Employment Efficiency Index which explains almost 47% of the employment rate heterogeneity in the years 2010?2015. In the second step, the Employment Efficiency Index is regressed on 7 uncorrelated and standardized components that describe the cultural, political and economic characteristics of the analyzed countries in the years 1995?2004 and the Chow test is conducted in order to determine whether they influence the Index with the same strength in post-socialist and non-transition OECD countries. Findings & Value added: The obtained results show that cultural and political factors have a stronger influence on labor market institutions. Moreover, the estimates reveal that the countries which experienced weak labor market performance in the period 1995?2004 did not make their institutional framework more pro-employment in the following years and, in consequence, also recorded low values of the employment rate in the period 2010?2015. Such result suggests that economic factors occurred to be on average an insufficient trigger for labor market reforms in the group of analyzed countries. Finally, the Chow test revealed that this conclusion is applicable to both post-socialist and non-transition OECD countries.
The article is concerned with the problem of employment protection legislation (EPL) and its impact on the labor market, especially on employment and unemployment. The purpose of the discussion is to determine the nature and scope of employment protection legislation and to examine its influence on labor markets in OECD countries. Employment protection is a set of standards and procedures governing the dismissal of workers and, as such, it has an influence on employment, unemployment and wages. The impact of employment protection legislation on the labor market is transmitted by two major mechanisms: a direct weakening of fluctuations in employment and unemployment and falling profits, a factor that reduces demand for labor. The authors hypothesize that there is a U-shaped relationship between the level of employment protection and employment/unemployment. The hypothesis that employment protection legislation has an impact the labor market was tested empirically using data for 26 OECD countries from the 2008-2011 period. The results show that it is reasonable to expect major declines in employment (accompanied by increases in unemployment) during a crisis in countries where employment protection legislation is either relatively weak or relatively strong. The smallest decreases in employment (increases in unemployment) during the crisis can be expected in countries in which the EPL indicator is close to 2.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest prawna ochrona zatrudnienia i jej wpływ na rynek pracy, zwłaszcza na zatrudnienie i bezrobocie. Celem rozważań jest określenie istoty i zakresu prawnej ochrony zatrudnienia, ustalenie teoretycznych mechanizmów wpływu tej instytucji na sytuację na rynku pracy oraz próba weryfikacji empirycznej wpływu prawnej ochrony zatrudnienia na rynek pracy krajów OECD. Prawna ochrona zatrudnienia, oznaczająca zestaw norm i procedur regulujących zwalnianie z pracy pracowników, jest instytucją wywierającą wpływ na kształtowanie się zatrudnienia, bezrobocia i płac. Jej wpływ na sytuację na rynku pracy dokonuje się za pośrednictwem dwóch mechanizmów: bezpośredniego osłabienia wahań zatrudnienia i bezrobocia oraz mechanizmu spadających zysków osłabiających popyt na pracę, co skłania do wysunięcia hipotezy o U-kształtnej zależności pomiędzy poziomem ochrony zatrudnienia a zatrudnieniem (bezrobociem). Podjęto próbę empirycznej weryfikacji wysuniętej hipotezy o wpływie prawnej ochrony zatrudnienia na sytuację na rynku pracy, w warunkach wystąpienia negatywnego szoku ekonomicznego, w oparciu o dane dla 26 krajów OECD z lat 2008-2011. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, iż uzasadnione jest oczekiwanie w okresie kryzysu większych spadków zatrudnienia (i wzrostów bezrobocia) w krajach, w których regulacje prawnej ochrony zatrudnienia są stosunkowo słabe i stosunkowo silne. Najmniejszych spadków zatrudnienia (i wzrostów bezrobocia) w okresie kryzysu możemy się natomiast spodziewać w krajach o poziomie EPL bliskim 2.
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.