Discrimination means a breach of the principle of equality, which orders equal treatment "uniform" people. The purpose of this article is attempting to identify specific types of discrimination against women in the context of the selected criteria, with particular emphasis on labour market context. In article emphasized the following criteria of gender discrimination: a discriminatory person, preferences of a discriminatory person, transparency, degree of connection persons with the labour market and guaranteed the rights of women.
The paper compares a set of health and labour market outcomes for three populations from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). We analyse differences between the Polish aged 50+ and the respective German population divided into those who prior to the unification in 1989 lived in the East and West Germany. In terms of most analysed outcomes we find a \"West-East gradient\" with the most favourable statistics found for the west German population and the worst for Poland. The unfavourable situation on the labour market in Poland goes along poor health and lifestyle outcomes on most measures, and it seems that employment and health-related policies should be designed in combination to address the problems. The East–West divide in Germany still seems to present a policy challenge. We find important differences in such outcomes as labour market arrangements and such health outcomes as incidence of high blood pressure and diabetes. The East–West gradient is also found in the so-called underused capacity, i.e. the proportion of healthy individuals aged 50–65 who are not employed. The main factor behind this in Poland is retirement, while the difference in Germany is largely caused by higher levels of unemployment in the east
The article aims to analyze the age as the main correlate of fixed-term employment, the situation of young Poles on the labour market, and attitudes of young Poles at risk of precarity. The author discusses the defining characteristics and generational situation of young people on the labour market in the context of employment stability, household’ situation, attitudes related to family planning and the importance of education. The analysis refers to the hypothetical characteristics of the Precariat as a separate social category. Author uses existing data, and qualitative data of the research project titled "Underemployment: economic and social consequences " collected in 2010 and 2011.
The precariat is a notion and a phenomenon that has drawn special attention of economists since the turn of 20th and 21st centuries. The article is based on the assumption that the precariat involves unwanted and long-term insecurity and uncertainty, a highly changeable situation on the labour market and many other negative consequences. The paper advances the thesis according to which the phenomenon in ques-tion will escalate and be experienced by a growing number of people who have reached pre-retirement age and are no longer mobile in occupational terms. The article is aimed at presenting reasons of possible growth of the problem under discussion, as well as the consequences faced by people who deal with it. Last but not least, potential ways of fighting precarity will be discussed. The analysis will be based on the literature on the subject, data derived from Central Statistical Office of Poland (GUS) and Eurostat, as well as research con-ducted by the author.
Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja konsekwencji społeczno-ekonomicznych przemian zachodzących na rynkach pracy, w wybranych małych miastach województwa śląskiego. Porównywane miasta Imielin i Szczekociny reprezentują tak pozytywne, jak i negatywne przykłady przekształceń na rynku pracy. Prześledzono zmianę liczby miejsc pracy w obu ośrodkach, a także wpływ tych procesów na podstawy dochodowe samorządu terytorialnego oraz poziom aktywności gospodarczej. Artykuł prezentuje również konsekwencje społeczno-demograficzne, wyrażone zmianą salda migracji izniekształceniami w strukturze wieku i płci mieszkańców. Podjęto również próbę identyfikacji tych efektów na lokalnym rynku nieruchomości. Określono przyczyny różnic zachodzących procesów w obu miastach oraz potencjalne dalsze kierunki zmian.
EN
The aim of the article is to identify consequences of socioeconomic transformation of labour market in two selected small towns in the Silesian Voivodeship. In the analysed towns, Imielin and Szczekociny, positive and negative xamples of transformations can be observed. Changes in the number of work places in both towns and the impact of these processes on the basis of local income and the level of economic activity were taken into account. The article also presents socio-demographic changes according to migration, age and gender structure of the population. In the analysed small towns the relationship between the real estate market and the local labour market were noted. The reasons of differences in the processes occurring in both towns and potential future directions of changes were presented.
The paper deals with the features of the labour market in Russia. The Russian labour market is neither quantitatively nor qualitatively balanced, there are significant disparities in pay for various categories of employee and regional labour markets differs significantly from each other. The labour market is developing in the context of the general crisis, marked by recession, structural deformities, a gap of commercial and technological linkages, over employment, illegal migration, depopulation, poor infrastructure of the labour market and a large share of the shadow economy. All these features are discussed in detail.
In the years 2010 – 2012, the number of unemployed persons over the age of 50 grew systematically, and the dynamics of this growth was higher than in the case of other groups whose situation on the labour market was special. The Supreme Audit Office has audited the way in which the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy and selected 24 local labour offices implement programmes for professional activation of the unemployed at the age over 50. The audit covered the years 2010 – 2012 and the year 2013 with regard to the effects of activation forms. The authors of the article present the details of the results of this audit.
This paper contains an analysis of neoclassical theories of discrimination, that are based on the assumption of non-competitive labour markets. These theories are presented within the mathematical framework, used in original works of their respective authors. Each theory has been subjected to a brief analysis. The author also assessed factors that could be determined as discriminatory and has examined their actual impact on the phenomenon of discrimination against women on the labour market.
In 1990 a successful economic development of East Germany after the unification was generally predicted. Nevertheless, the real economic development has been a big disappointment. Especially the East German labour market is one of the most problematic areas and since the unification has made hardly any progress. The unemployment rate is high; too many people are working in public sector and too little in the manufacturing industry. The wages and labour productivity are at 75 % of the West German value. The aim of the paper is to describe the East German labour market development and provide explanation of its long-term failure. The first chapter has an analytical character and shows the main indicators of East German labour market in two past decades. The second chapter refers to the circumstances of the arguable transition of East Germany. The third chapter discusses the concrete causes of labour market failure. The main cause is the long-term adverse relationship between labour productivity and real wages. This problem had already been created at the beginning of the transition.
The article discusses the flexible labour market, with particular emphasis on the application of unusual employment contracts. Flexible forms of employment are detailed by the Polish labour code, many of which, however, are still not used widely. This may be attributed to employers lacking information on the topic, as well as employees’ concerns about job security. While unusual employment contracts result in individuals earning less social security, more people are able to secure employment. Fixed-term contracts are the most commonly used form of unusual employment. They enable work from home thanks to the use of IT. This type of unusual employment is used still to a minor degree, but represents the future for many occupations and types of production and services. It has therefore been focused on here to a larger extent.
Sytuacja na rynku pracy stanowi zasadnicze uwarunkowanie przeobrażeń zachodzących w poziomie i strukturze konsumpcji. W artykule pokazano jak kształtowało się to w Polsce w okresie spowolnienia gospodarki. Przedstawiono więc zmiany zachodzące w tym czasie na rynku pracy oraz podstawowe makroekonomiczne czynniki warunkujące te zmiany. Na tym tle ukazano przemiany zachodzące w poziomie konsumpcji podstawowych grup towarów i usług w polskich gospodarstwach domowych. Podstawę zaprezentowanej charakterystyki i ocen stanowiły dane statystyczne GUS.
EN
The situation in the labour market is a principal condition of transformations taking place in the level and pattern of consumption. In her article, the author presents how it was shaped in Poland in the period of economic slowdown. Therefore, she presents the changes occurring over that time in the labour market and the basic macroeconomic factors determining those changes. Against this background, there are presented the transformations taking place in the level of consumption of the basic groups of goods and services in Polish households. The CSO statistical data are the basis for the presented description and evaluations.
The article undertakes an important interdisciplinary topic placed on the boundary between sociological and economic analysis. The author discusses Turkish immigrant work force settled in Austria. The role and place these immigrants occupy in the local social and economic structure reflects on the subjectivity of an individual and on their capability to directly and indirectly impact their environment. Conclusions presented at the end of the article indicate a surprising correlation or interdependence: a long tradition of migration, and extensive historical and cultural links do not translate into a strong position on the labour market. The author tries to answer the question why.
In this study has been appeared the role of education in the modern society from theory and practice views. Social effects of structural changes on the turn of XX and XXI century in Poland depend on essential increase of youth interesting in education in secondary-up and in high schools and taking over the learning costs by families from the state. Development of public and non-public schools on the all levels, affect increase of families expenses on education. Society appeared as main investor in education of youth in Poland. This article refers so problems as: 1) differentiation of families expenses for education depending demographic, social and economic factors; 2) children’s and youth access to all levels of education from kindergarden to tertiary school; 3) youth’s access to employment.
The article presents the possibility of applying the method of portfolio analysis to assess the situation on the voivodeship labour markets, and then to use its results in the allocation of the Labour Fund in the active labour market programs. The analysis was based on four diagnostic variables, namely, the registered unemployment rate, the ratio of unemployed to the population working outside agriculture, the proportion of long-term unemployed and the employment ratio. Used in the analysis of figures from reporting the current Policy, the Labour Force Survey and the Labour Fund's financial plan. Obtained by analysis and evaluation of proposals are of great value for the practice of cognitive conduct proper labour market policies and indicate the desirability of its spread in the work of employment services.
The aim of this article is to show the role of EFS as an instrument of human capital projects’ funding as an important factor of local labour markets stimulation. The European Social Fund (ESF) has a key role in supporting of all EU- countries societies. The ESF is one of the best instruments the EU has at its disposal to help Europeans improve their employability and adaptability, and to reap the benefits of their new commercial activity. 35-44
The article presents the changes in size and structure of the local labour markets in me-dium-sized towns of the Podkarpackie Province in the years 1995–2015. The group of midsize towns is represented by nine cities with a population between 20–100 thousand inhabitants. Together, the population of these towns represents over a half of the urban popu-lation in the region of Podkarpackie. In this context, the role of medium towns – as cores of the local labour markets – is often overlooked. The recent situation of examined towns – in terms of the size of labour markets – has deteriorated compare to the 1995. Over the past two decades, the total number of employees decreased by more than 12%. The changes concerns also the employment structure by gender and economic sectors (especially the development of the service sector).
The article aims to show the major labour market problems connected to economic and social changes which happened in Poland at the end of the 20th and at the beginning of the 21th century, and their practical implications for educational purposes. Their results are difficult to estimate as they are still in process. However, they are inarguably long-termed and long-lasting. The question emerges about the nature of radical changes in Poland in the last decade and their consequences. The diagnosis of these changes constitutes an important research subject as well as the theoretical reflection for sociologists, economists, pedagogues, psychologies as practical programs implemented in the educational policies of the country depend on its accuracy. The long-awaited membership in the European Union has transformed Poland into a new European-global dimension. It is marked with hypercompetition, free flow of human resources, new, flexible forms of employment, high unemployment rates in Europe, therefore a need for the scientists, practitioners and politicians to reflect on these in an attempt to find the solutions, not only to form questions. It is felt that a social debate as well as institutions and non-government organizations should play a vital role in adjusting to the new labour market. Similarly to other European countries, they should become an active partner in unemployment prevention programs.
„To change the world, one has to change the ways of making the world, that is, the vision of the world and the practical operations by which groups are produced and reproduced” (Pierre Bourdieu). Recently, gender relation on a labour market is a widely discussed problem. In my work I focused on a few elements connected with gender relations on the labour market. I investigated the issue of women’s discrimination from a perspective of women who decided to enter into self-employment. I discussed push and pull factors that decided why women wanted to become self-employed, barriers they need to faced, benefi ts connected with being self-employed and relations between entrepreneurs. Main goal was to describe the phenomenon of self- employment, taking into consideration its ability to change unequal access to economic power on the labour market and, as a result, in the whole social order.
The article is a comparison between Polish and Spanish labour markets as well as the policies developed in both countries. These issues are presented with consideration of the employment tendencies in 2000-2009. Conducted analysis involves employment rate and structure by sex, age and education level. A detailed presentation of the unemployment factors and main problems of the labour markets in Poland and Spain, including the consequences of the last economic crisis is given. Furthermore the article describes different labour market policy measures undertaken in both countries, as well as the contribution of structural funds to the unemployment reduction.
This article presents immigration as an important issue discussed within European Union (EU). The author shows some statistics on international migration, population stocks of national and foreign (non-national) citizens. In destination countries, international migration may be used as a tool to solve specific labour market shortages. At the same time though, international migration alone will almost certainly not reverse the ongoing trend of population ageing experienced in many parts of the EU.The main aim of this paper is to show that immigration is one of the most efficient objects of interest to European Union citizens and leaders. In the interest of the EU and its Member States is therefore to show that they are developing an overall strategy for managing migration for the benefit of all stakeholders: the European Union, its citizens, migrants and the source countries of migration.Migration policies within the EU are increasingly concerned with attracting a particular migrant profile, often in an attempt to alleviate specific skills shortages. Besides policies to encourage labour recruitment, immigration policy is often focused on two areas: preventing irregular migration and the illegal employment of migrants who are not permitted to work, and promoting the integration of immigrants into society. In the EU, significant resources have been mobilised to fight people smuggling and trafficking networks.
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