Search results

1

Evaluation of the impact of economic openness on labour productivity in EU countries

100%

Cibulskene D., Maciulyte-Sniukiene A.

Central and Eastern European Journal of Management and Economics (CEEJME)

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2014

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vol. 2

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issue 4

225-253

EN

With the growing economic integration, globalization, international openness and regionalization, more and more significance is given to competitiveness improvements not only of individual countries but also of groups of countries as a unit. Ability to identify issues of competitiveness improvement in a country or group of countries, approaches of solving such issues and a level of settlement of these issues contribute in the social and economic rate of a region and living standards of its population. One of the most relevant indicators reflecting competitiveness of national or regional economy is productivity. However, labour productivity is among those quantities that have a negative impact on the competitiveness of the EU as a group of countries. To ensure the growth of average labour productivity in EU, it is essential to look for methods and tools helping to prompt productivity in the countries demonstrating low labour productivity. In the light of globalization, one of the factors causing changes in labour productivity of both EU and other countries could be economic openness. Therefore, the aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of economic openness on labour productivity of EU-28 countries. To achieve the objective, this article reveals the concept of economic openness, identifies indices reflecting economic openness at the theoretical level, and presents the theoretical model of the impact of economic openness on productivity. Having analysed the existing approaches to economic openness, the study is conducted from the perspective of the most popular one stating that economic openness involves trade openness and financial openness. If the presumption that the impact of economic openness on labour productivity may differ in countries of different productivity is accepted, then EU countries can be distributed into two clusters: relatively high and relatively low labour productivity. Afterwards, EU countries are divided into clusters based on indices of trade intensity and FDI intensity. The comparison of the countries falling into the clusters revealed denies the presumption that the countries with higher economic openness are more open. This theory also fails when the countries are ranked according to indicators of labour productivity and economic openness; however, after composing the multiple regression model and introducing pseudo variables, it is established that the impact of FDI intensity on labour productivity is statistically significant, and is observed both in the cluster of relatively high labour productivity and in the cluster of relatively low labour productivity. The impact of trade openness on labour productivity of EU countries has not been confirmed; thus, to achieve growth of labour productivity, financial openness shall be prompted in EU countries.

2

Kształtowanie wydajności pracy w Polsce na początku XXI wieku

100%

Sawicki L.

Przedsiębiorstwo i Region

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2015

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issue 7

93-104

EN

Labour productivity is a key factor of economic growth and change in living standards and plays an important role as a measure of the competitiveness of countries. Both the increase and decrease in productivity affects the functioning of all forms of economic activity. The lack of awareness of this fact may have a negative effect on the fate of investments. This is particularly evident in the case of industrial companies. The purpose of this article was to examine the external and internal determinants defining performance in Poland and the analysis and evaluation of selected countries. The period under research was 2001–2014, although at times this time period was extended to earlier years or shortened, depending on the availability of data. Analysis of theoretical and empirical research results both for EU and OECD countries has shown that awareness of the direction in which productivity is moving, is essential for the functioning of national economies. Productivity can be moulded, so it is important to understand that it is dependent on the conditions offered by the employer. It is difficult to explicitly specify its degree of impact. Any change positive or negative experienced by employees will have a larger or smaller effect on productivity. In the analysed period, it was found that there is a high productivity in Poland; however, this is not equivalent to high value of goods produced by workers. Despite the apparent significant improvement in the indicators since 1989, Poland has a long way to go before levelling with the richest countries in the European Union and the OECD

3

Application of Kernel Estimation in Analysis of Labour Productivity of the Largest Polish Firms in 2004-2008

100%

Batóg B., Batóg J., Mojsiewicz M.

Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia

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2009

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vol. 8

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issue 1

126-139

EN

The parametric methods of statistical and econometric analysis are not always useful in examination of labour productivity of economic entities. In previous works the Authors found that the labour productivity is characterized by the lack of stable regularities in the range of structure and interdependency. In that case it is possible to apply non-parametric methods. In the paper the Authors tried to model the distributions of the labour productivity in time by means of kernel estimation using classical approaches (Epanechnikov, Rosenblatt) and the new proposition called kernel B. It seems that proposed approach is a useful merger of the statistical modeling theory and economic practice which allows to analyze the changes in the labour productivity - the essential factor for long-term economic growth and the welfare of society. The empirical results show that the labour productivity in the largest Polish companies had increased in 2004-2008 but the growths had not the same dynamics in different economic sectors.

4

Knowledge-Intensive Services in Slovakia from the Viewpoint of Innovation and Labour Productivity

100%

Lattová D.

Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia

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2011

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vol. 4

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issue 16

571-580

EN

The article deals with current issues of innovation and labour productivity in knowledge-intensive services in Slovakia compared to less knowledge-intensive services. The aim of the article is to identify innovation activity of enterprises in selected branches of service sector as one of the key factors affecting labour productivity which influences competitiveness of individual enterprises as well as competitiveness of the national economy as a whole.

5

Labour Productivity, Ict and Complementary Factors in the CEE Region

100%

Skorupińska A., Arendt Ł.

Olsztyn Economic Journal

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2016

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vol. 11

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issue 4

385-397

EN

The paper discusses the role of Information and Communication Technologies for labour productivity in the Central and Eastern European countries, taking into account the consequences of the latest global economic crisis. It focuses on the factors (ICT complementarities) influencing the ICT diffusion trajectories, and thus having impact on labour productivity. The fixed effects models and least squares dummy variable (LSDV) regression was implemented with the use of panel data for 21 European Union member countries. The analysis revealed that only some complementary factors to ICT investments appeared significant to affect labour productivity in the CEE Region. It also showed that sources of labour productivity are sensitive to cyclical changes in the economy.

6

Employment and Labour Productivity vs Economic Development of Polish Regions (2000–2013)

100%

Jarmołowicz W., Kuźmar S.

Olsztyn Economic Journal

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2017

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vol. 12

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issue 3

233-245

EN

The main goal of the present article is to identify the main determinants and mechanisms through which the level and growth rate of labour productivity as well as selected aspects of employment influence the economic development of Polish regions over the 2000–2013 period. The conducted analysis suggests that among such productivity and employment-related factors as hourly labour productivity, total hourly work time per person employed, effectiveness of labour market, level of participation rate and demographic structure, of greatest importance for the economic development of Polish regions is their inner effectiveness reflected by the level of hourly labour productivity.

7

A proposal of an aggregate index of labour productivity

100%

Białek J., Uniwersytet Łódzki; Wydział Ekonomiczno-Socjologiczny; Instytut Statystyki i Demografii

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica

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2011

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vol. 255

PL

W pracy zaproponowano konstrukcje agregatowego indeksu wydajności pracy. Proponowane systemy wag wynikają z teoretycznych rozważań nad sytuacją, gdy liczba obserwacji pochodzących od któregoś z analizowanych przedsiębiorstw jest niewystarczająca. Rozważania koncentrujemy na przypadku, gdy chcemy zmierzyć przeciętną, jednookresową dynamikę wydajności pracy posiadając dane pochodzące z T>2 okresów.

8

Spatial Analysis Of Human Capital Structures

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Gajdos A.

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2014

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vol. 17

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issue 4

43-54

EN

The main purpose of this paper is to analyse the interdependence between labour productivity and the occupational structure of human capital in a spatial cross-section. Research indicates (see Fischer 2009) the possibility to assess the impact of the quality of human capital (measured by means of the level of education) on labour productivity in a spatial cross-section. This study attempts to thoroughly analyse the issue, assuming that apart from the level of education, the course of education (occupation) can also be a significant factor determining labour productivity in a spatial cross-section. The data used in this paper concerning labour force structure in major occupational groups in a regional cross-section comes from a Labour Force Survey. The data source specificity enables the assessment of labour force occupational specialisation at the regional level and the estimation of this specialisation at the subregional or county level. An in-depth analysis of the occupational structure of the labour market in a spatial cross-section is an important theoretical and practical area of study necessary for the development of effective labour market policies and the education system.

9

Sektorowa dekompozycja wzrostu wydajności pracy w krajach Unii Europejskiej

100%

Grodzicki M., Katedra Ekonomii Matematycznej Instytutu Ekonomii i Zarządzania U. J.

Gospodarka w Praktyce i Teorii

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2014

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vol. 1(34)

EN

In the paper the results of the shift-share decomposition analysis of labour productivity growth in the European Union in 19970–2007 were presented. Making use of data from the EU-KLEMS and the GGDC Productivity Database, the role of productivity growth in 5 major economic sectors and of the employment shifts between these sectors for total productivity growth were analysed. Then, using the nonparametric method (LOWESS) dominant development patterns were distinguished. It was demonstrated that nearly 90% of productivity growth in the sample can be accounted to within effects and about 11% – to changes in employment structure. Employment shifts had on average a direction into more productive sectors, but also to less dynamic ones. Industry and services had the biggest contribution to productivity growth, on all development levels. Productivity dynamics is the highest on the lower development level of the economy. With development, it is becoming more and more difficult to enhance productivity – either by within effects or by changes in employment structure.

PL

W artykule zostały zaprezentowane wyniki analiz wzrostu wydajności pracy w 14 krajach Unii Europejskiej w latach 1970–2007, wykonanych techniką dekompozycji sektorowej shift-share. Przy wykorzystaniu danych z baz EU-KLEMS i GGDC Productivity Database zbadano rolę zmian wydajności pracy w 5 sektorach gospodarki oraz przesunięć w zatrudnieniu pomiędzy tymi sektorami dla dynamiki wydajności na całym obszarze gospodarczym. Następnie przy wykorzystaniu metody nieparametrycznej (ważonej regresji lokalnej) zostały wyszczególnione dominujące wzorce rozwojowe. Okazuje się, że średnio blisko 90% wzrostu wydajności pracy w badanej próbie można przypisać wewnątrzsektorowej dynamice wydajności, a ok. 11% zmianom w strukturze zatrudnienia. Przesunięcia pracowników przebiegały zazwyczaj w kierunku sektorów o wyższej wydajności, lecz o niższej stopie wzrostu tej zmiennej. Największy wkład do wzrostu wydajności, na każdym poziomie rozwoju gospodarczego, mają sektory przemysłu i usług rynkowych. Dynamika wydajności jest najwyższa na niskim poziomie rozwoju, a wraz z jej wzrostem coraz trudniejsze staje się odnoszenie korzyści – zarówno wewnątrzsektorowych, jak i tych wynikających ze zmian w strukturze zatrudnienia.

10

Zarządzanie firmą poprzez koszty pracy a szara strefa

88%

Grzegorzewska-Mischka E., Banasik P.

Pieniądze i Więź

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2011

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vol. 14

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issue 4(53)

120-131

EN

The article presents the issue of so called grey area in Poland and the process of ,,escaping” into it by some of the employers, as well as employees. Entrance into the grey area creates has its advantages for the former and the later, and that is why it is interesting for both of the aforesaid subjects. However, these are benefits incurred against the law. The article also discusses the determinants of the spreading of this area, with the accent on the high costs of work in Poland.

11

Quo Vadis? Czech and Moravian Agriculture between 2000 and 2020

88%

Novák P.

Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)

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2022

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vol. 32

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issue 3

223 - 233

EN

The study, made using statistical and historical methods, provides hard statistical data for ethnological research. The presented work proves that, despite the reduction in the sown area and livestock quantity, the agriculture of the Czech Republic is food secure due to the increase in hectare yields and productivity. New specializations of agricultural business have developed, especially landscape maintenance, production of crops for non-agricultural use, agro-tourism and organic farming. In the course of the monitored period, privatisation of state farms and restitution of property of persons affected by the communist regime were completed. Church restitution is still ongoing. The share of agriculture in the gross domestic product and employment is still declining, and agriculture is only very slowly reducing the gap with industry in labour productivity. Farmers have difficulties in selling their products in hypermarkets owned by foreign companies, and imports exceed exports in foreign trade. It is no longer worth running business in agriculture, despite the high level of subsidies, and due to low wages it is nor profitable even for employees to work in agriculture. The Czech Republic is average in European comparison. From a long-term perspective, the subsidy-based agricultural policy of the European Union and the Czech Republic is unsustainable.

12

Methods of Increasing Labour Productivity in Service Enterprise*

88%

Skąpska E., Rollnik-Sadowska E., Konicka E.

Olsztyn Economic Journal

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2017

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vol. 12

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issue 4

387-399

EN

In the era of innovation resulting from intense competition on a global scale, a modern enterprise, especially a service one, needs to keep pace with the changing market conditions. One of the requirements, under the process of “technologization” of economic activities that determines the survival and development of an enterprise, is the ability to increase the level of labour productivity. Identifying the determinants of labour productivity in the enterprise, to a large extent, affects the building of its competitive position and market advantage. As service companies are exposed to substantial uncertainty and risk, they are particularly focused on finding ways to rationalize costs and increase efficiency. The aim of this article is to present the methods of increasing labour productivity in a modern service enterprise. The research methods undertaken include an analysis of secondary sources as well as a case study of a specific service enterprise.

13

Productivity and Remuneration of Labour: Disparities Across Sectors And Countries

88%

Hamulczuk M., Rembisz W.

Olsztyn Economic Journal

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2017

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vol. 12

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issue 2

151-162

EN

The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between labour productivity and labour remuneration among agricultural and non-agricultural sectors in selected EU countries. The issue under investigation pertains to the question of whether remunerations for labour and their rate of growth are attributable to changes in labour productivity. The problem is analyzed via static and dynamic approaches. To carry out the research, the authors’ own analytical approach is used, while appropriate statistical data for 1995–2013 and methods are used to verify the hypothesis. The conclusion of the study is that the relationship between remuneration and productivity substantially differ across sectors and countries. Especially in the agricultural sector, one can observe that the level of remuneration and growth are weakly related to productivity growth.

14

EVALUATION OF THE ADEQUACY OF GOVERNMENT MINIMUM WAGE VALORIZATION POLICY IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC IN 2017 IN THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT

88%

Pernica M.

Oeconomia Copernicana

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2017

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vol. 8

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issue 1

21-36

EN

Research background: The government of the Czech Republic has agreed to an increase in the minimum monthly wage as of the beginning of 2017 to 11,000 CZK, which represents a year-over-year increase of over 11 %. The government is thus fulfilling its objective set out in February 2014 and stipulated in the Government Statement of Purpose, i.e. to approximate the minimum wage to 40 % of average wages. Purpose of the article: The purpose of the article is to assess the adequacy of the Government Minimum Wage Valorization Policy, in particular from two points of view. Firstly, in view of selected macroeconomic indicators in the Czech Republic — the development of consumer prices, average gross wages, economic growth and workforce productivity. Secondly, in comparison with other EU member states which have introduced the institution of a minimum wage. Methods: In order to assess the adequacy of government policy to improve the social protection of the rights of the working population, a background research was conducted into the literature of important studies on the effects of minimum wages on unemployment, while the development of average gross wages in the CR, the minimum monthly wages in the CR and the Kaitz index were also analyzed. Furthermore, an evaluation of selected macroeconomic indicators in the Czech Republic was performed by means of time lines and the percentage representation of employees in the individual gross wage bands according to sex and type of economic activity. Last, but not least, a comparison was made of minimum wages, real gross domestic product per capita and workforce productivity in Euros and in purchasing power standards between the Czech Republic and countries which have enacted the institution of minimum wages. Findings & Value added: The minimum wage in the Czech Republic is the fifth lowest in the EU. In the long term, it is earned by approximately 3% of employees, which is less than the rate common in other EU countries. Currently, the amount of the minimum wage is below the threshold of income poverty. In comparison with the GDP per capita in PPS and real labour productivity per person employed in other EU countries, the position of the Czech Republic is significantly better, although other EU countries offer higher minimum wages. The decision of the current government to significantly increase the minimum wage as of 2017 is correct.

15

Procesy konwergencji/dywergencji w zakresie wydajności pracy w rolnictwie Unii Europejskiej– analiza regionalna

75%

Baer-Nawrocka A., Markiewicz N.

Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development

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2012

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issue 3(25)

13-23

EN

The main aim of the article is to evaluate whether the process of convergence of labour productivity in the EU regions can be observed. The analysis concerned 212 EU regions at NUTS 2 level. The σ convergence coefficient has been calculated, in order to assess the labour productivity differentiation among EU regions. The analysis proved that the processes of convergence of labour productivity (measured by gross value added per one employed) in EU regions may be observed in years 2000-2008. Despite positive changes, the differences between EU-12 and EU-15 regions are still significant. The results demonstrate the need for further changes in agricultural and production structures. This is particularly important in terms of the competitiveness of the agriculture of these countries in the international market.

PL

Głównym celem artykułu jest określenie czy wśród regionów Unii Europejskiej nastąpiły procesy redukowania, czy wzrostu zróżnicowania w wydajności pracy w rolnictwie. Badaniem objęto 212 regionów Wspólnoty na poziomie NUTS 2. Do osza-cowania dysproporcji międzyregionalnych wykorzystano współczynnik σ-konwergencji. Jak wykazały wyniki badań, w latach 2000-2008 następował proces niwelowania dyspro-porcji przestrzennych pomiędzy regionami UE w wydajności pracy wyrażonej wartością dodaną brutto na osobę zatrudnioną w rolnictwie. Mimo zachodzących pozytywnych zmian skutkujących poprawą efektywności pracy w sektorze rolnym w UE-12, nadal jednak są duże różnice między regionami w tych krajach a odpowiednimi w UE-15. Dowodzi to konieczności dalszych przemian struktur agrarnych i wytwórczych. Jest to szczególnie istotne w kontekście konkurencyjności rolnictwa tych państw na rynku międzynarodowym.

16

Open source currency and balanced credit size

75%

Dobija M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Małopolskiej Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej w Tarnowie

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2010

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issue 2(16)

39-55

EN

What is the adequate size of credit for a given economy? What variables are essential in order to solve this problem? A solution of this task points to variables: the volume of compensations, the real labour productivity ratio, and the percentage of pays changed into bank deposits. These three categories determine the maximum value of credit, and this size does not boost inflation. However, compensations should be in accord with the amount of employees— the human capital. Considerations and computations presented here are in tune with perceiving capital as an abstract category of the capacity of doing work, and money as work receivables as discussed in the earlier papers. Considering the triad: capital—labour—money is the key for finding the solution of the agenda. In addition, the accurate concept of capital leads to an innovative interpretation of the economic matters. In the paper the solution of the problem is introduced as a part of theoretical clarification of the open source currency economic system.

PL

Jaki jest właściwy dla danej gospodarki rozmiar kredytu udzielanego przez banki komercyjne i jakie zmienne wywierają nań istotny wpływ? Analiza teoretyczna wskazuje, że najbardziej istotne wielkości to rozmiar płac w gospodarce, następnie poziom produktywności pracy. Dodatkowo znacząca jest zmienna określająca, jaka część bieżących zarobków pracowników staje się depozytami bankowymi umożliwiającymi akcję kredytową, czyli wielkość wskazująca na stan zamożności. Rozważania prowadzą ponadto do wniosku, że pieniądze powstają w rezultacie pracy. Współczesne poglądy o roli banku centralnego w kreacji pieniądza wymagają zasadniczej rewizji. W sterowaniu gospodarką towarowo-pieniężną podstawową rolę pełni wskaźnik Q wyznaczający poziom produktywności pracy.

17

Determinanty kształtujące wydajność pracy pracowników wybranych przedsiębiorstw przemysłowych

75%

Sawicki L.

Zarządzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi

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2018

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issue 1(120) "Motywacja na różne sposoby, czyli znane problemy w nowych odsłonach" / "Various Approaches to Motivation or a New Look and Old Problems"

69-85

PL

Autor w swojej pracy położył główny nacisk na zidentyfikowanie oraz przedstawienie determinant kształtujących wydajność pracy pracowników przedsiębiorstw przemysłowych. Rozważania oparte zostały na przykładzie czterech przedsiębiorstw w województwie lubuskim. Czynniki determinujące wydajność pracy w istotny sposób wpływają na funkcjonowanie wszelakiej działalności gospodarczej. Wzorowe i naganne zarządzanie organizacją będzie miało swoje odzwierciedlenie w wypracowanej wydajności pracy. Przede wszystkim kierownictwo powinno skupić się na stworzeniu właściwej atmosfery pracy, gdyż – jak wykazały wyniki przeprowadzonych badań – właśnie w takich warunkach pracuje się najefektywniej, a obowiązki zawodowe przestają być uciążliwe. Dlatego należy mieć na względzie podnoszenie wartości czynnika ludzkiego, który odgrywa decydującą rolę w wydajności pracy przedsiębiorstw.

EN

In his work, the author placed his main emphasis on identifying and presenting determinants shaping the productivity of employees of industrial enterprises. Consideration was applied to four sample companies in the Lubuskie Voivodeship. Factors determining labor productivity are significant variables affecting the operation of all manner of economic activity. Exemplary as well as reprehensible management of an organization are reflected in developed productivity. Above all, management should focus on creating the proper work climate because, as seen in the results of conducted studies, it is under such conditions that one works most effectively and professional duties cease being a nuisance. It is for this reason that the improvement of the human factor must be kept in mind as it plays a decisive role in the productivity of the enterprise.

18

Produktywność pracy w gospodarstwach rolnych w Polsce w zależności od ich wielkości ekonomicznej

75%

Nowak A.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia

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2020

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vol. 54

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issue 3

EN

Theoretical background: The paper deals with issues related to labour productivity of farms. Productivity is connected with the optimum utilisation of the farm’s resources. The significance of studies on labour productivity can be attributed to the fact that it is one of the conditions for development and improvement of business competitiveness. Farms in Poland are highly differentiated; hence, economic analyses should be carried out for uniform groups.Purpose of the article: Assessment of labour productivity for farms of different economic size.Research methods: The study was carried out based on data from the European system for collecting accounting data on farms, i.e. FADN. The subjective scope of the study was Polish farms and the time span was 2010–2017. The analysis took into account six classes of economic size based on standard production value. Labour productivity was evaluated using partial productivity indicators.Main findings: The study showed a relationship between labour productivity and economic size of farms. In classes from 1 to 5 over all the analysed years, a growth in productivity was recorded resulting in successive upgrading of the farms to higher classes. The economically strongest farms had lower labour productivity than farms in class 5. This should be attributed to a higher share of less intensive crops in the structure of crops for this group of farms. It was demonstrated that the economically weakest farms, i.e. with standard production ranging from 2 to 8 thousand euro, achieved the lowest level of labour productivity. In 2017, it was only 23.7% of its average level for the whole population of farms covered by the study. This means that the economic power of farms determined effective utilisation of the labour factor. The studies also confirmed a relationship between the level of labour productivity and the level of technical resources. On the one hand, it points to a need for optimising the labour resources in agriculture, while on the other – to the necessity of implementing modernisation processes. The studies provide grounds for further research that should take into account a wider scope of determinants of improvement in the effective utilisation of the labour factor.

PL

Uzasadnienie teoretyczne: Opracowanie dotyczy problematyki produktywności pracy w gospodarstwach rolnych. Produktywność wiąże się z optymalnym wykorzystaniem zasobów gospodarstwa rolnego. Znaczenie badań nad produktywnością pracy wynika z tego, że stanowi ona jeden z warunków rozwoju i poprawy konkurencyjności przedsiębiorstw. Gospodarstwa rolne w Polsce charakteryzują się dużym zróżnicowaniem, stąd zasadne jest prowadzenie analiz ekonomicznych dla bardziej jednorodnych grup.Cel artykułu: Ocena produktywności pracy w gospodarstwach rolnych należących do różnych klas wielkości ekonomicznej.Metody badawcze: Badania zrealizowano na podstawie danych europejskiego systemu zbierania danych rachunkowych z gospodarstw rolnych, tj. FADN. Zakres podmiotowy badań obejmował gospodarstwa rolne w Polsce, zakres czasowy dotyczył lat 2010–2017. W analizie uwzględniono sześć klas wielkości ekonomicznej gospodarstw rolnych, wyodrębnionych w oparciu o wartość produkcji standardowej. Ocenę produktywności pracy przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem cząstkowych wskaźników produktywności.Główne wnioski: Badania wykazały zależność produktywności pracy od wielkości ekonomicznej gospodarstw rolnych. W klasach od 1 do 5 we wszystkich badanych latach miał miejsce wzrost produktywności wraz z przechodzeniem do coraz wyższej klasy. W gospodarstwach najsilniejszych ekonomicznie produktywność pracy była niższa niż w klasie 5. Należy to tłumaczyć większym udziałem mniej intensywnych upraw w strukturze zasiewów tej grupy gospodarstw. Wykazano, że gospodarstwa najsłabsze ekonomicznie, tj. wytwarzające od 2 do 8 tys. euro produkcji standardowej, osiągały najniższy poziom produktywności pracy. W 2017 r. stanowiła ona zaledwie 23,7% średniego jej poziomu dla całej populacji badanych gospodarstw rolnych. Oznacza to, że siła ekonomiczna gospodarstw determinowała efektywność wykorzystania czynnika pracy. Badania potwierdziły również związek poziomu produktywności pracy z poziomem jej technicznego uzbrojenia. Wskazuje to z jednej strony na potrzebę optymalizacji zasobów pracy w rolnictwie, z drugiej zaś na konieczność procesów modernizacyjnych. Przeprowadzone badania stanowią podstawę do dalszych badań, które powinny uwzględniać większy zakres determinant poprawy efektywności wykorzystania czynnika pracy.

19

Zmiany strukturalne a wydajność pracy w krajach Europy Środkowej

75%

Szewc-Rogalska A., Jakiel T.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2021

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vol. 307

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issue 3

63-96

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the intensity and direction of structural change processes as well as their impact on labour productivity in Central Europe from 1995 to 2018. The shift-share analysis method was used to conduct an analysis of these interrelationships across nine sectors. In the majority of the analysed countries, a major driver of productivity was a shift of the workforce to sectors with a relatively high level of labour productivity. Structural change was the key driver of labour productivity in the Polish economy. Across the studied Central European countries, the highest level of labour productivity was recorded in hi-tech knowledge-intensive services, while hi-tech industries showed the fastest growth in terms of labour productivity. The sectors that drove the growth of labour productivity made a relatively low contribution to total employment. As a result, these sectors contributed much less to aggregate labour productivity growth than low knowledge-intensive services and low-technology industries.

PL

Celem artykułu jest określenie natężenia procesów zmian strukturalnych oraz identyfikacja kierunku i zakresu ich oddziaływania na wydajność pracy w krajach Europy Środkowej w latach 1995–2018. Zastosowano metodę shift-share i przeprowadzono analizę tych zależności na poziomie dziewięciu sektorów. W większości badanych krajów duże znaczenie dla wzrostu wydajności pracy miały przesunięcia siły roboczej do sektorów o relatywnie wysokiej wydajności pracy. Największy wpływ zmian strukturalnych na stopę wzrostu wydajności pracy stwierdzono w przypadku gospodarki polskiej, charakteryzującej się relatywnie najniższym poziomem rozwoju gospodarczego spośród badanych krajów. W wybranych krajach Europy Środkowej najwyższa wydajność pracy występowała w sektorze high-tech KIS, natomiast najwyższa dynamika wydajności pracy – zazwyczaj w przemyśle high-tech. Sektory stymulujące wzrost wydajności pracy miały jednak relatywnie mały udział w zatrudnieniu. Z tego względu udział tych sektorów w zagregowanym wzroście wydajności pracy był znacznie mniejszy niż usług o niskim nasyceniu wiedzą czy też przemysłu low-tech.

20

The Dimensions of Territorial Embeddedness of the Business Services Sector in Central and Eastern Europe

75%

Geodecki T.

Zarządzanie Publiczne / Public Governance

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2021

|

issue 2(56)

15-31

EN

The business services sector (BSS) is gaining an increasingly important position in the employment structure of Central and Eastern European (CEE) cities. With the emergence of global value chains, the demand for externally provided shared services for subsidiaries spread across the world, including accounting and IT services has grown. In recent decades, leading companies have recognised that thanks to remote communication, some services can be provided in places where labour costs are significantly lower. Even before the 2004 enlargement of the European Union, multinational corporations began to move the labour-intensive links of their value chains to the CEE countries. In the debate about the future of the BSS in these low-cost economies two challenges have been identified. The first one is the threat of relocation. The other one is associated with weaker linkages between service companies and local customers/suppliers than in Western Europe. These two challenges can be addressed by tackling the third one, namely increasing process efficiency. In consequence, even an increased share of foreign contractors does not have to reduce the scale of cooperation with local entities. The aim of this paper is first to propose a range of measures of territorial embeddedness to describe the phenomenon in question and the above-mentioned challenges, and second, to use these measures to determine the level and dynamics of embeddedness of the BSS in CEE economies. In the empirical part of the paper, changes in these three areas that make up territorial embeddedness are explored in depth. Eight divisions covering the BSS in CEE-11 countries were compared with their Western European counterparts at two points in time: in 2000 and 2014. The study relies on basic statistical data and calculations using input-output tables. It was found that due to productivity growth, the cost competitiveness of the BSS in the CEE countries was maintained in the period of interest, moreover, despite the growing internationalisation of the sector, the scale of cooperation of the BSS with local actors increased. The rapidly improving skills of employees in the Central European BSS as well as the growing importance of knowledge-intensive services in the structure of value added may further contribute to the importance of CEE as a location for business services in Europe.

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