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EN
Communication in an unequal relationship (lecturer – student) is conditioned by an officialcommunicative situation. The interchange of information in such a communicative space (situation, place and time) requires the sender and the addressee of a message to use a definite code and to observe, among others, the rules of linguistic etiquette and verbal aesthetics. In unequal relationships, it is the lecturers who in their e-mails observe the rules of linguistic etiquette and aesthetics. Students, in turn, not always can adjust their utterances to a communicative situation and consequently their linguistic behaviours are considered as unsuitable and inadequate with regard to the addressee, the situation and the act of communication. A characteristic feature of students’ letters is the use of linguistic strategies characteristic for the spoken Polish (language) in unofficial situations, and also combining the norms of linguistic polite behaviours typical for an unequal relationship as well as equal relationship.
PL
Communication in an unequal relationship (lecturer – student) is conditioned by an official communicative situation. The interchange of information in such a communicative space (situation, place and time) requires the sender and the addressee of a message to use a definite code and to observe, among others, the rules of linguistic etiquette and verbal aesthetics. In unequal relationships, it is the lecturers who in their e-mails observe the rules of linguistic etiquette and aesthetics. Students, in turn, not always can adjust their utterances to a communicative situation and consequently their linguistic behaviours are considered as unsuitable and inadequate with regard to the addressee, the situation and the act of communication. A characteristic feature of students’ letters is the use of linguistic strategies characteristic for the spoken Polish (language) in unofficial situations, and also combining the norms of linguistic polite behaviours typical for an unequal relationship as well as equal relationship.
EN
Every transference of (foreign-)language information in the cybernetic sense is always closely linked with linguistic and extra-linguistic steering. The results of the effects of steering that take place in the receiver can be detected on the basis of the reverse-coupling structure, when the secondary sender transmits reproductive or productive information to the secondary receiver. The secondary receiver tests and possibly improves the correctness of the individual grammatical structures transmitted. The repeated coding and the repeated transference of the same or improved information, and the steering of that information, constitutes the substance of regulation. Both processes—steering and regulation—are brought under the same general term and are called control. Effective informational processes occur in foreign language communication simultaneously with their control. Correcting their results is carried out by means of regulation, further referred to as the steering, in which all processes are involved. In the scope of foreign language learning processes, where specific types of communication take place, the full decoding of the received information signals and the emergence of structure matrices in the storage mechanism are also discussed. At this point, it seems essential to point out a still unsolved problem of science: how does the memory assign the incoming speech signals to their substantive contents of consciousness (semantic structures). The higher powers of the human information processing system are certainly involved in this process.
PL
The present article analyses trigrams – words constructions that have properties of phrasemes. The studied trigrams have been excerpted from task-oriented dialogues (conducted between participants of a linguistic experiment). It turns out that phrasematic trigrams perform different communication and semantic functions: establishing and enhancing contact, feedback positive, “simple adverbiality” and “complex adverbiality”. The article is a follow-up to the author’s previous article on bi-grams: Bi-grams – Repetitive Two-word-structures in Task-oriented Dialogues.
Poradnik Językowy
|
2020
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vol. 770
|
issue 1
26-38
EN
The aim of this paper is to present Tomasz Szumski’s prescriptive views. Dokładna nauka języka i stylu polskiego (Learning the Polish language and style thoroughly) is not a highly popular work, yet one deserving attention as it combines a grammatical description of the Polish language with the rules governing its use, including a lecture on communication behaviours. It is a systematic and a clearly prescriptive lecture of good Polish, where the author distinguishes three levels of command of the language. It includes not only a description of grammatical rules but also guidance regarding proper pronunciation, text construction and delivery. The rules formulated by T. Szumski are expressly oriented towards addressees with the aim to make them feel comfortable; they are also conditions of an effective utterance/statement. The study is embedded in the European grammatical and rhetorical tradition. Historical, national, literary, and aesthetic criteria, although unnamed directly, are clear in the author’s thinking about the language.
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2019
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vol. 67
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issue 6: Językoznawstwo
89-104
PL
Artykuł ma charakter teoretyczno-badawczy. Zawiera propozycje badań nad podstawowymi kwestiami etyki komunikowania językowego. Potrzebę rozwoju etyki komunikacji językowej uzasadniają dwa zjawiska: szerzenie się mowy nienawiści, kryzys wartości w debacie publicznej. Opracowanie jest głosem w dyskusji o tym, w jaki sposób badać etykę komunikacji językowej. Prezentowane refleksje są inspirowane pracami takich etyków, jak: Henryk Elzenberg, Stanisław Kamiński, Andrzej Grzegorczyk i Józef Jaroń.
EN
The article has a theoretical and research character. It contains proposals for research on the basic issues of language communication ethics. The need to develop the ethics of linguistic communication is justified by two phenomena: the spread of hate speech, the crisis of values in the public debate. The study is a voice in the discussion on how to study the ethics of linguistic communication. The presented reflections are inspired by the work of such ethicists as Henryk Elzenberg, Stanisław Kamiński, Andrzej Grzegorczyk and Józef Jaroń.
EN
The author undertakes the topic of the Polish language education undergoing constant reform. She refers to the fact that the reformers disregard established didactic conclusions and take into account neither the students’ needs nor the subjectivity of both young people and teachers. She indicates restrictions imposed on the spheres of school leeway and, at the same time, the expansion of the prescribed duties. Additionally, she points to the school curriculum overload. While underscoring the flaws of the literary mandatory readings’ chronological ordering, she elucidates that the contemporary perspective, which have been introduced in teaching, is largely ostensible. What she proves is that editors of new Polish language school books simply multiple requirements towards teenage students and their humanist formation. She denies the purposefulness of teaching multitude of terms to students, and reminds us that such a rote learning trains memory but does not teach one how to think. She describes the petrification of knowledge of language and omission of communicative learning, which both stem from the core curriculum and the conservatism of handbooks. She is convinced that what is genuinely important may transpire at school outside the core curriculum and the scope of school books.
EN
The aim of the article is to show a strong sense of community between runners. About kindly relationships witness acts of politeness, that occur in the communication of people practicing this sport. The analyzed material comes from the social networking site Facebook, through which runners inform about competitions or trainings. The article analyzed posts include examples of acts of politeness, such as: greetings and farewells, invitations, declaring the help, refusal, requests and advice, declaring to aid, congratulations and wishes.
PL
Celem artykułu jest ukazanie silnego poczucia wspólnoty pomiędzy biegaczami. O życzliwych relacjach świadczą akty grzecznościowe, które występują w komunikacji osób uprawiających ten sport. Analizowany materiał pochodzi z portalu społecznościowego Facebook, za pośrednictwem którego biegacze przekazują sobie informacje dotyczące zawodów sportowych czy też wspólnych treningów. W artykule zostały zanalizowane wybrane wpisy będące przykładami aktów grzecznościowych, takich jak: powitania i pożegnania, zaproszenia, deklarowanie pomocy, odmowy, prośby i rady, wspieranie i gratulowanie oraz życzenia.
PL
Komunikacja językowa polega w większej mierze, niż dotąd zakładano, na zrutynizowanym użyciu języka. Jako typowy przykład wciąż powtarzanych sformułowań posłużyć mogą kolokacje. Z jednej strony współwystępowanie pewnych kombinacji wyrazowych uwarunkowane jest rzeczywistością pozajęzykową, z drugiej jednak kolokacje stanowią typowe dla danego języka, skonwencjonalizowane zjawiska z zakresu normy językowej. Artykuł przedstawia najistotniejsze cechy kolokacji w odniesieniu do języka polskiego i niemieckiego.
EN
Language communication is more based on routine language use than it has been assumed so far. Collocations can serve as examples of constantly repeated phrases. On the one hand the co-occurrence of some word combinations is determined by extralingual reality but on the other hand collocations are typical and conventional for a given language phenomena belonging to the language norm. The current paper discusses the most essential criteria of collocations in reference to the German and Polish languages.
DE
Die sprachliche Kommunikation beruht stärker als bisher angenommen auf einem routinemäßigen Sprachgebrauch. Als typisches Beispiel für wiederkehrende Formulierungen lassen sich Kollokationen anführen. Einerseits handelt es sich hierbei um Wortkombinationen, die durch die außersprachliche Realität bedingt sind, die andererseits aber auch einzelsprachspezifisch, konventionell sein können und Erscheinungen der Sprachnorm darstellen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die wesentlichen Merkmale von Kollokationen diskutiert, und zwar in Bezug auf das Sprachenpaar Deutsch-Polnisch.
EN
The article presents the conclusions of the study of gravestone inscriptions (3644) carried out on two Roman Catholic cemeteries in the Świętokrzyskie province. The collected material dates back to the 1720s, giving an opportunity to observe socio-historical changes, and to answer the question of how, in the optional elements of the gravestone, the community’s value system is reflected. In addition, what information about the inscription was conveyed the gravestone, how its functions function as a gravestone and what is the origin of the inscription.
EN
This article provides a case study of media and scientific communication during the coronavirus pandemic and discusses the impact of this communication. Communication during a pandemic should be based on facts and evidence, not emotions. At the same time, it must be implemented in a way that is attractive and understandable for the recipients. A few years of journalistic and scientific experience prompted the author to discuss her own research and its effects in the context of the pandemic. The author identified the recipients' needs and gaps in their knowledge about the new coronavirus and its impact on everyday functioning. The article concludes that accessible and reliable presentation of scientific data is of great interest to recipients and contributes to a better understanding of phenomena in which they do not specialize.
PL
Celem artykułu jest dokonanie studium przypadku na przykładzie własnych badań z zakresu komunikacji medialnej i naukowej w czasie pandemii koronawirusa oraz omówienie efektów, jakie dzięki nim osiągnięto. Komunikacja w czasie pandemii i związanego z nią niepokoju powinna opierać się nie na emocjach, lecz na faktach i danych naukowych. Jednocześnie musi być realizowana w sposób atrakcyjny i zrozumiały dla odbiorcy. Wieloletnie doświadczenie dziennikarsko-naukowe skłoniło autorkę do omówienia własnych badań oraz ich efektów w kontekście pandemii. Autorka ustaliła potrzeby odbiorców oraz luki w ich wiedzy, dotyczącej nowego koronawirusa i jego wpływu na codzienne funkcjonowanie. Wdrożone przez autorkę działania doprowadziły do następującej konkluzji: przystępne, ale i rzetelne zaprezentowanie danych naukowych w przedstawionych artykułach cieszy się dużym zainteresowaniem wśród odbiorców i przyczynia się do lepszego rozumienia przez nich zjawisk, w których się nie specjalizują.
EN
The author considers the phenomenon of mannerisms and (a similar phenomenon) the snobbery of language behavior in social communication. The analysis of empirical material is based on a model of linguistic communication that includes four configured categories: meaning, form/structure, pragmatic function and context. The author treats the mannerisms of language as a preference of the sentence form and structure, thereby causing some pragmatic effects. The author distinguishes several communicative and non-communicative functions of language mannerisms: associative (especially the function of positive self-presentation of the sender), pragmatic (persuasive), and ethological (aesthetic and hedonic experience).
PL
Artykuł stanowi recenzję rozprawy naukowej Политический фельетон в свете теории речевого воздействия polskiej autorki Żanny Sładkiewicz, wydanej w 2013 roku w Gdańsku.
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