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EN
The article describes a range of East Slavonic borrowing rubel in dialects of Eastern Poland as well as its derivatives, which not only serves as a good example of lexical peculiarity on the Polish-East Slavonic borderland but also bears witness to old rural reality. The material is an interesting illustration of language contacts beyond state borders and beyond affiliation with a particular literary language.
EN
The text is devoted to the verb brechać, brzechać “bark” which is one of many examples of an overlap between Polish and East Slavonic systemic features, difficult to classify as native or foreign. The analysis of numerous sources and research papers enables to conclude that both Ruthenian brechać (expansive form that influenced derivatives) and Polish brzechać occured on Polish-East Slavonic borderland. This small difference has been either ignored or interpreted incorrectly in previous research.
Poradnik Językowy
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2023
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vol. 803
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issue 4
77-90
EN
The Polish-language profile of „Poradnik Językowy” („The Linguistic Guide”) determines the fact that the studies regarding the Ukrainian language constitute a relatively small portion of the publications (66 in total). However, they have been published nearly since the initial annals and their subject matters include (in the quantitative order): 1) the presence of the Polish language in Ukraine, 2) the presence of the Ukrainian language in Ukraine, 3) the issues of the Slavic languages in general, 4) comparative (including contrastive) studies, 5) Ukrainisms present in the Polish language. The publications depict the status of the Ukrainian language in Ukraine and in contacts with the Polish language, interests of (Polish and Ukrainian) linguists in these issues, and trends in the language policies of both states.
EN
Thanks to the collection of important information for the history and geography of words in the Polish language from all types of dictionaries, records and, in particular, hardly available sources quoted there, I have managed to establish the development of a Ukrainian borrowing hreczuszki in the Polish language into racuszki and the formation of a form racuchy.
EN
The article is a small study of the life of a word typical of north-eastern Poland. Etymology of the name chabor derived from Arabic chabar (‘news, information, rumor’) has been explained but in East Slavic lands it has circulated in a different meaning as a ‘bribe’. A geographical constraint of the occurrence of this word in Poland to the territory of Podlasie and Suwalki regions indicates a direct borrowing from East Slavic languages. The discussed word is an inherent element of a local community of northern Podlasie with its peculiarities and unique lexical features resulting from different language systems and specific mentality of its inhabitants.
EN
The Polish language keeps losing its position in comparison with other community languages. This is a result of new waves of immigrants arriving from China, Vietnam and Arabic countries. The article presents the current situation of Polish language in Australia referring first to the data gathered by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, then discussing factors that are crucial for language maintenance/shifting using the already existing models. The author divides the factors into ‘permanent’ and ‘dynamic,’ and then, in the second group he distinguishes between the factors that can or cannot be profiled. Such an approach reveals the areas where initiatives aimed at Polish language maintenance in Australia are most needed and can be the most effective.
PL
The analysis of the material included in the Dictionary of Polish Local Dialects (DPLD) to present their geographical scopes in Polish local dialects; to show the degree to which they have been adopted by local dialects – both from the formal and the semantic point of view; to show the way they function in the local dialects; to group the borrowings into semantic fields and to present the way they function within the separated meaning groups. The presented material shows that the degree of intensity of Russian borrowings in particular semantic fields is varied. The largest amount of borrowings are names defining a man with reference to his physical and psychological features, as well as other features related to physical appearance. A little smaller semantic group includes the names of plants and animals. The language adopted specific names, often characteristic of the folk culture, which were related to practical everyday life. Such borrowings refer to the names of tools, vessels and objects typical of the life of the village. It is on the basis of such everyday life on the border that practical Polish and East Slavic relations developed. In quite a natural way, those relations caused language interference which resulted in the borrowings that are known even now. The presented material shows that the degree of intensity of Russian borrowings in particular semantic fields is varied.
PL
The article is an attempt to answer the question regarding the contemporary language contacts and their role in the modern Russian language, in particular Russian economic terminology, from the point of view of their appearance, formation, and functioning. The contribution presents a short review of modern tendencies in research on languages in terms of language contacts as well as the character and tendencies of the development of these contacts in the context of research on economic terms in contemporary Russian language.
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Gwary białoruskie na Łotwie

88%
EN
Bielarusian Dialects in LatviaReviewMirosław Jankowiak, Současná běloruská nářečí v Lotyšsku. Charakteristika. Výběr textů [Modern Belarusian Dialects in Latvia. Characteristics. A Selection of Texts], Praha: Slovanský ústav Akademie věd České republiky, v.v.i., 2018, 468 pp.This review presents Mirosław Jankowiak’s monograph against the background of other selections of Slavic dialectal texts as well as shows its novelty in relation to previous works on Belarusian dialects in Latvia. The author discusses Jankowiak’s approach to the issues in focus, e.g. the system of transcription, the usefulness of the collected material for future research and the comparison between the latest observations and Evfimiĭ Karskiĭ’s works from the early twentieth century. Gwary białoruskie na ŁotwieRecenzjaMirosław Jankowiak, Současná běloruská nářečí v Lotyšsku. Charakteristika. Výběr textů [Współczesne gwary białoruskie na Łotwie. Charakterystyka. Wybór tekstów], Praha: Slovanský ústav Akademie věd České republiky, v.v.i., 2018, 468 ss.Recenzja ukazuje monografię Mirosława Jankowiaka na tle innych wyborów słowiańskich tekstów gwarowych, a także określa jej nowatorstwo w stosunku do wcześniejszych prac na temat gwar białoruskich na Łotwie. Omówione zostały zastosowane przez autora rozwiązania, system transkrypcji, porównanie najnowszych obserwacji z badaniami Jewfimija Karskiego z początków XX wieku, a także użyteczność zebranego materiału w dalszych badaniach.
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EN
Following a brief discussion on the understanding of the concept of bilingualism (and diglossia) the author shares with his audience the reflections on the role and significance of bi- and multilingualism in three areas: practical linguistic communication on the global scale, language education and linguistics (theoretical, comparative and descriptive, at the synchron­ic and diachronic level). 
EN
The author of the paper tries to analyse toponyms associated with Russia which are present for himself in the Polish linguistic space. The analysis will be made from a point of view of cultural linguistics. Place-names traditionally strengthened in both languages, of which showing geographical objects was an initial function, as  a result of historical contacts between Russia and Poland obtained a new additional meaning. Presenting the meaning is the purpose of the paper, in particular with the emphasis on the way the events associated with individual Russian toponyms was reflected in Polish are interpreted. The manner of making them Polish texts in which place names associated with Russia appear will be analysed. On the basis of the context of using them and stylistic marking applying these words will be described. Moreover, the place-names will stay in the form of questionnaire presented to native users of the Polish language in order to examine the associations connected with the given place.  On the basis of the research the author made an attempt to reconstruct the mental map of Russia in the Polish linguistic space.
PL
W artykule podjęto istotne problemy komunikacji między narodami i kulturami. Autor zwraca uwagę na niebezpieczeństwo ewentualnej globalizacji kultur, a tym samym sposobów ich wyrażania i porozumiewania się – w ramach tych kultur i pomiędzy nimi. Manipulacja językiem może się przejawiać na płaszczyźnie niektórych pojęć, takich jak tolerancja, powszechnie używanych w publicznym dyskursie, jednak nie zawsze w sposób racjonalnie motywowanych i różnie interpretowanych. Sformułowane przez autora siedem tez staje się przyczynkiem do dyskusji o języku i jego zmieniającej się roli w komunikacji.
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KONTAKTY JĘZYKOWE W FINLANDII

75%
PL
Artykuł w ogólnym zarysie opisuje kontakty językowe mające miejsce w Finlandii w różnych okresach, począwszy od prehistorii po współczesność obejmującą obecną dekadę stulecia. Podkreśla się usankcjonowaną historycznie wielojęzyczność i wielokulturowość kraju. Postawiono tezę o silnych wpływach odmiennych języków na fińszczyznę będącą w różnym stadium rozwoju (tj. na prehistoryczne odmiany mówione prafińszczyzny, średniowieczny ludowy język Finów, nowofiński doby nowożytnej, jak też na współcześnie rozwarstwiony język, który cechuje dyglosja i tryglosja). Scharakteryzowano najnowsze zjawisko socjojęzykowe – interferencję języków migrantów w rozczłonkowanej odmianie mówionej języka fińskiego oraz rozwijających się żargonach miejskich. Obiektem analizy lingwistycznej objęto języki krajowe Finlandii oraz języki mniejszości etnicznych, w tym języki migowe (aspekt socjolingwistyczny). W artykule zawarto wzmiankę na temat najnowszych osiągnięć genetyki lingwistycznej.
EN
The article outlines linguistic contacts in Finland in different periods of time, from prehistory to the present day. It emphasizes the historically validated multilingualism and multiculturalism of the country. A thesis has been formulated concerning the strong influences of various languages on Finnish at various stages of its development (i.e. on prehistoric spoken Proto-Finnish, the medieval folk language of the Finns, Finnish of the modern era, as well as on the contemporary stratified language characterized by diglossia and triglossia). The author describes the latest sociolinguistic phenomena such as the interference of migrant languages with the stratified Finnish language and with its urban jargons. The analysis includes the national languages of Finland and languages of ethnic minorities, including sign languages (and their sociolinguistic aspect). The article refers to the latest developments in genetic linguistics.
EN
Scholars’ attention has recently concentrated on the sociolinguistic situation of the former Soviet States, and Ukraine in particular. Here, besides the national language(s), Russian still covers some of its former domains. Nevertheless, the kind of Russian spoken in Ukraine often presents specific language features that may induce the sociolinguist to speak of a Ukrainian variety of Russian. This article aims both at highlighting some socio-cultural aspects that contributed to the shaping of the contemporary language situation and analyzing typical (recurrent) language features distinguishing the Russian spoken by the majority of Ukrainians from the standard Russian.
PL
Bilingwizm na gruncie polskiego językoznawstwa interesuje badaczy głównie w wymiarze współczesnym. Ostatnio jednak daje się zauważyć rosnącą tendencję do opisów bilingwizmu jednostkowego i grupowego w ujęciu historycznym. W kontekście zachowań bilingwalnych rozpatruje się coraz częściej problemy dawniej podejmowane z innej perspektywy. Zmiana optyki, wiążąca się z podkreśleniem roli bilingwizmu w historii polszczyzny, stanowi skutek kilku czynników. Do najważniejszych należy odchodzenie od normatywnego stosunku do zagadnienia kontaktów językowych, wartościującego negatywnie przejawy mieszania języków oraz porzucenie przekonania o marginalnej skali zjawiska w polskiej przeszłości językowej. Celem opracowania jest przyjrzenie się dotychczasowym opisom bilingwizmu historycznego, zwrócenie uwagi na źródła badań oraz próba wskazania perspektyw badawczych, jakie otwiera ten kierunek.
EN
Polish researchers are interested mainly in contemporary bilingualism, although recently one can observe a growing tendency to describe individual and group bilingualism from a historical perspective. Moreover, problems which were earlier considered from other perspectives are now analysed in the context of bilingual behaviours. A new approach stressing the role of bilingualism in the history of Polish is due to several factors. The most important one is the fact that a normative approach to language contacts that negatively assesses blending of languages is no longer popular. Bilingualism in the Polish linguistic past is also no longer treated as a marginal phenomenon. The aim of the article is to investigate how historical bilingualism was presented, to focus on research sources and to attempt to point out possible perspectives for further research
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Etniczny charakter Epirotów i Macedończyków

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EN
The inhabitants of Epirus and Macedonia were treated as “barbarians” by ancient Greeks (so Hecataeus of Miletus, Herodotus, Thucydides, Ps.-Scylax, Ps.-Scymnus, Strabo, and others). According to Plutarch (Pyrrhus I 3), the intensive hellenization of Epirus started with Tharrypas’ reign in the end of fifth century BC. According to Strabo (VII 7.8), ancient Epirotes and Macedonians spoke the same language but some of them were bilingual. This means that the original language of Epirotes and Macedonians was non-Greek, but they used Greek in the capacity of the international language of the East Mediterranean area. Numerous preserved glosses demonstrate an Indo-European (and non-Greek) origin of Epirotes and Macedonians.
EN
Tocharian tribes—of Indo-European origin—settled along the northern edge of the Tarim Basin (now 新疆 Xinjiang, China) around 2000 BC. Living on the ancient trade route leading from China to Europe, they controlled an important section of the Silk Road, running along the Taklamakan Desert (塔克拉玛干沙漠) for about three millennia. The Tocharians were the first Indo-Europeans who came into contact with a Sino-Tibetan population, in particular—with Chinese tribes. The author analyses the oldest Chinese borrowings which entered the two Tocharian languages in the Old Chinese period (1000–200 BC), as well as in the epoch of the Han Dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) and in the Early Middle Chinese period (ca. 600 AD). The Tocharians adopted various achievements of Old Chinese civilization, e.g. the terms for ‘rice’ (Toch. AB klu ← OCh. 稻), ‘brandy’ (Toch. B śak(u)se ← OCh. 粟酒), ‘lamp’ (Toch. AB cok ← EMCh. 燭), ‘pot’ (Toch. B lwāke ← OCh. 陶壶), or ‘abacus’ (Toch. B ṣipāṅkiñc ← EMCh. 數盤工句). They also took over Chinese names of measures and units that proved useful in trade, e.g. Toch. B cāk ‘hundred quarts’ (← OCh. 石), Toch. B cāne* ‘cash’ (← OCh. 錢), Toch. B tau ‘ten quarts’ (← EMCh. 斗), Toch. B ṣaṅk ‘a measure of volume’ (← EMCh. 升). The term for a larger settlement (Toch. A ri, B riye ‘town, city’ ← OCh. 里 ‘village, community’) was also borrowed in the Old Chinese era, as was the name of the last month of the year (Toch. B *rāp ← OCh. 臘). In the early phase of the Middle Chinese period, Tocharian tribes also borrowed the Chinese name of a beautifully-colored exotic bird (Toch. A yāmutsi, B yāmuttsi ‘a kind of waterfowl’ ← EMCh. 鸚鵡子 ‘parrot’).
PL
W artykule zostały omówione najstarsze zapożyczenia chińskie, które trafiły do języków tocharskich w epoce starochińskiej i we wczesnej epoce średniochińskiej. Tocharowie po osiedleniu się w Kotlinie Tarymskiej na pradawnym szlaku handlowym, prowadzącym z Chin do Europy, zaadaptowali różne zdobycze starożytnej chińskiej cywilizacji, m.in. nazwę ‘ryżu’ (toch. AB klu ← stchiń. 稻), ‘wódki zbożowej’ (toch. B śak(u)se ← stchiń. 粟酒), ‘lampy’ (toch. AB cok ← stchiń. 燭), ‘naczynia glinianego’ (toch. B lwāke ← stchiń. 陶壶), ‘liczydła’ (toch. B ṣipāṅkiñc ← śrchiń. 數盤工句). Plemiona tocharskie przejęły także chińskie nazwy miar i jednostek, które okazały się użyteczne w handlu, np. toch. B cāk ‘sto funtów’ (← stchiń. 石), toch. B cāne* ‘jakaś jednostka monetarna’ (← stchiń. 錢), toch. B tau ‘dziesięć kwart’ (← śrchiń. 斗), toch. B ṣaṅk ‘litr’ (← śrchiń. 升). W dobie starochińskiej zapożyczono także nazwę większej osady (toch. A ri, B riye ‘miasto’ ← stchiń. 里 ‘wieś, wspólnota’) oraz nazwę ostatniego miesiąca roku (toch. B *rāp adi. ← stchiń. 臘). Nieco później do języków tocharskich trafiła także nazwa egzotycznego ptaka o ładnym ubarwieniu (toch. A yāmutsi, B yāmuttsi ‘flaming’ ← śrchiń. 鸚鵡子 ‘papuga’).
EN
The article presents a brief history of linguistic contacts between Polish and oriental languages, mainly the Turkic ones. The authors have created a word corpus containing about 1000 Polish lexemes having a connection with the Turkic languages. This list contains direct and indirect borrowings, and derivatives of these loans. The paper also includes an alphabetical index of the Turkic loan-words that have been discussed in it.
20
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PL
Celem tego artykułu jest przegląd 10 argumentów, przytoczonych przez Witolda Mańczaka, które mają świadczyć o obecności substratu ugrofińskiego w językach bałtyckich, a także prezentacja uwag krytycznych zgłoszonych przez Jana Henrika Holsta. Autor omawia szczegółowo wszystkie problematyczne kwestie i wyraża własne stanowisko w powyższej dyskusji.
EN
The aim of the paper is to review Witold Mańczak’s ten arguments supporting the hypothesis on the existence of a Finno-Ugric substratum in Baltic languages, as well as to discuss Jan Henrik Holst’s critical remarks on the matter. The present author discusses all the problematic issues and presents his own position.
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