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1

Porządek dziedziczenia ustawowego po nowelizacji kodeksu cywilnego ustawami z dnia 2 kwietnia 2009 r. oraz z dnia 18 marca 2011 r.

100%
Żukowski W.
Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego
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2012
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vol. 21
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issue 1
141-173
EN
Rules of intestacy contained in the Polish Civil Code were substantially transformed by the Act of 2nd April 2009 (in force since 28th June 2009). The Act made deceased person’s grandparents, their descendants and children of deceased person’s spouse, statutory heirs and modified rules of succession by deceased person’s parents and their descendants. The Act of 18th March 2011 (in force since 23rd October 2011) rectified additionally some ambiguities concerning succession by deceased person’s spouse concurrently with deceased person’s parent. In accordance with new rules the next of kin (up to deceased person’s grandparents and their descendants) and surviving spouse of the deceased person are this person’s statutory heirs. If neither the surviving spouse nor any kindred acquire the inheritance as statutory heirs deceased person’s stepchildren take the inheritance. If neither the surviving spouse nor any kindred or stepchild acquire the inheritance as statutory heirs the inheritance passes to the local community of deceased person or to the State Treasury.
2
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Rzymski wzorzec w prawie spadkowym oraz plusy i minusy wideotestamentu

80%
Rudnicki J.
Forum Prawnicze
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2020
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issue 4 (60)
86-96
EN
This paper is a polemic with some theses of an interesting monograph by Mariusz Załucki “Videotestament. Prawo spadkowe wobec nowych technologii” (“Videotestament. Law of succession in the face of modern technologies”). The main thesis of the polemic concerns the real meaning of the popular understanding that contemporary forms of last will are based on “Roman model”. It is shown that the category of Roman legal framework is much more precise and useful in explaining the relation between modern succession law and its Roman sources. The videotestament, whatever form it could eventually take, would always fit in this framework perfectly. Further part of the paper discusses some notions about possible advantages of the videotestament putting forward a thesis that it does not have to be safer than traditional forms and that the widespread use of recording devices seriously threatens the possibility of determining if an author of a video really had animus testandi. However, all the critical remarks of this paper are primarily aimed at developing the discussion on the important topic raised in Mariusz Załucki’s monograph.
3
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Stałość a zmienność szczegółowych regulacji prawa spadkowego Niepodległej

51%
Longchamps de Bérier F.
Forum Prawnicze
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2018
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issue 2 (46)
3–24
EN
The paper presents an evolution of the law of succession in Poland since 1918. Five specific areas of regulation are examined: entitlement to succession, acquisi- tion of the inheritance, intestate succession, legitim and reserved portion, and liability for inheritance debts. The constancy of succession regulations was not obvious as there were five jurisdictions in private law 100 years ago in Poland. The unification of 1946 and the codification of 1964 kept what Polish legal practice and doctrine accepted from the European tradition of private law. The tradition based on Roman law was not recognized in Poland before it was partitioned in 1795. Roman law appeared in Poland with the code of Napoleon brought by his armies to the Duchy of Warsaw in 1808, and with codes of Austria, Russia and Germany. The three empires divided Poland between themselves for the long 19th century. After gaining independence in 1918, Poland accepted the European legal tradition of private law as its own. It happened not by one act, but by the silent acceptance of private law that remained in force after the partition. Changes of notions, values, institutions or regulations in the Polish law of succession were kept limited for the last 100 years, as the stability of private law was guaranteed by the acceptance of Roman legal tradition.
4
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Odkaz jako jeden z projevů autonomie vůle v dědickém právu

41%
Frinta O.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2019
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vol. 158
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issue 4
370-389
EN
The article deals with the legal institute of legacy from the point of view of the application of the principle of autonomy of will in the law of succession. The presentation of historical development shows that the roots of this institute can be found in Roman law, as well as in the direct link of ABGB to legal constructions established in antiquity. An excursion beyond the Czech legal order abroad proves that the legacy was and is a traditional institute of inheritance law, which allows the area of autonomy of the will of the testator to be extended. Further, the legacy in the current Civil Code is examined. The various aspects of the legacy that relate to the application of the will autonomy are analysed. The author concludes that without the possibility to establish a legacy, the autonomy of the will of the testator would not be complete and that the Civil Code opens a very wide area for the testator to various types of dispositions within the legal regulation of the legacy. Only the possibility of calling in addition to the heir (the universal successor), also a legatee, who is not responsible for the debtor’s debts, makes the application of the principle of the autonomy of will in law of succession really complex. At the same time, it is pointed out that another solution is not possible if the current concept of the Civil Code stands on anthropocentric conception of private law, that is to say, a concept whose core motive is respect for the freedom of the individual and his wishes.
CS
Článek se zabývá institutem odkazu z pohledu uplatnění principu autonomie vůle v dědickém právu. Výklad o historickém vývoji ukazuje kořeny tohoto institutu v římském právu, jakož i přímou návaznost ABGB na právní konstrukce zavedené již v období starověku. Zahraniční exkurz dokazuje, že odkaz byl a je tradičním institutem dědického práva, který umožňuje rozšířit prostor pro uplatnění autonomie vůle zůstavitele. Dále je zkoumána úprava odkazu v současném občanském zákoníku. Jsou analyzovány jednotlivé aspekty odkazu, které souvisí s uplatněním autonomie vůle. Autor dochází k závěru, že bez možnosti zřídit odkaz by autonomie vůle zůstavitele nebyla úplná a že občanský zákoník otevírá v rámci právní úpravy odkazu velmi široký prostor zůstaviteli pro další druhy dispozic. Teprve možnost povolat vedle dědice (tedy univerzálního nástupce) také odkazovníka, který neodpovídá za dluhy zůstavitele, činí uplatnění zásady autonomie vůle v dědickém právu vskutku komplexní. Zároveň je poukázáno na skutečnost, že jiné řešení ani není možné, hlásí-li se současná koncepce občanského zákoníku k antropocentrickému pojetí soukromého práva, tj. k pojetí, jehož ústředním motivem je respekt ke svobodě jednotlivce a k jeho přáním.
5
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Mystický testament

41%
Salák P.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2018
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vol. 157
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issue 12
1037-1048
EN
The institute of the mystical testament is based in Roman law, which inspired its adaptation into the ABGB, and later this pattern appears in the new Czech civil code (CzCC 2012, § 1495). The text deals with the historical development and the reasons for the creation and function of the mystical testament in ancient Rome. it also deals with the differences between this concept of mystical testament and the mystical testament in the codes built on the French Code civil. The French, Spanish and Italian legal orders also know the mystical testament, but their concept is quite different from the Roman concept, which was closely related to the development of the codicil as a less formal type of last will. The main focus is on the possible use of this institute today. At first glance, the possibility is limited, since identical formalities apply to both the codicil and the testament. The main purpose today is the confidentiality of the heir whose name is to be written on another document in the future. However, the text also considers other options. in particular, the question whether this testament may alwo refer to a document that was previously taken. For example, it is possible to revive the already annulled testament. Another issue is that validation may also be the reference to a document that was obtained by a person other that the testator - for example, to the will of someone else. In addition to fragments of Roman law, the author also draws on the Austrian case law, which could be very inspiring for the future interpretation of the provisions of § 1495 of the CzCC 2012.
CS
Institut mystického testamentu vychází z římského práva, kterým se inspirovala jeho úprava v ABGB a po jeho vzoru se objevuje i v o. z.(§ 1495). Text se věnuje historickému vývoji, důvodům vzniku a funkci mystického testamentu v Římě. Zabývá se také odlišnostmi mezi tímto pojetím mystického testamentu a mystickým testamentem v zákonících postavených na francouzském Code civil. Francouzský, španělský a italský právní řád sice také znají mystický testament, nicméně jeho pojetí je zcela jiné, než bylo ono pojetí římské, které úzce souvisí s rozvojem dovětku (kodicilu) jakožto méně formálního posledního pořízení. Hlavní pozornost je soustředěna na možnou využitelnost tohoto institutu dnes. Na první pohled jsou zde možnosti omezené, jelikož pro dovětek i pro závěť platí shodné formální náležitosti. Jako hlavní účel je dnes chápáno utajení osoby dědice, jehož jméno má být napsáno na jiný dokument v budoucnu. Text se však zamýšlí i nad jinými možnostmi. Zejména nad otázkou, zda může být tímto testamentem odkázáno i na dokument, který byl pořízen dříve. Tím je např. možno oživit již jednou zrušený testament. Další otázkou je, zda platné může být i odkázání na listinu, kterou pořídila jiná osoba než zůstavitel - např. na závěť někoho jiného. Vedle fragmentů římského práva autor vychází i z rakouské judikatury, která by mohla být pro budoucí výklad ustanovení § 1495 o. z. v mnohém velmi inspirující.
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