Search results

1

Low-level environmental lead exposure and intellectual impairment in children - The current concepts of risk assessment

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Jakubowski M.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2011

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vol. 24

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issue 1

1-7

EN

Lead is an environmental contaminant. The majority of epidemiological research on the health effects of lead has been focused on children, because they are more vulnerable to lead than adults. In children, an elevated blood lead (B-Pb) is associated with reduced Intelligence Quotient (IQ) score. This paper summarizes the current opinions on the assessment of the health risk connected with the children’s environmental exposure to lead. The B-Pb level of concern of 100 μg/l proposed by the US Centers of Disease Control in 1991 was for a long time accepted as the guideline value. In the meantime there has been a significant worldwide decrease of B-Pb levels in children and present geometric mean values in the European countries range from 20 to 30 μg/l. The recent analyses of the association of intelligence test scores and B-Pb levels have revealed that the steepest declines in IQ occur at blood levels < 100 μg/l and that no threshold below which lead does not cause neurodevelopmental toxicity can be defended. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded in 2010, on the basis of results of Benchmark Dose (BMD) analysis, that an increase in B-Pb of 12 μg/l (BMDL₀₁) could decrease the IQ score by one point. It seems that this value can be used as a “unit risk” to calculate the possible decrease of IQ and, consequently, influence of the low-level exposure to lead (< 100 μg/l) on the health and socioeconomic status of the exposed population.

2

Sweat lead and copper concentrations during exercise training

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Tomasz Saran T., Magdalena Zawadka M., Stanisław Chmiel S., Anna Mazur A.

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2018

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issue 1

14-19

EN

Introduction. Skin is the largest organ of the human body. It plays an important role in protection against harmful substances found in the surrounding environment and takes part in the elimination of heavy metals from the body by sweating. The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes in the concentration of lead and copper in the sweat collected on the first and the fourteenth day of endurance training. Materials and methods. The research included 43 patients undergoing a supervised, two-week endurance training on a cycle ergometer and cross-trainer. The lead and copper contents were presented in relation to the sodium content as an indicator of the amount of excreted sweat. Results. The lead concentration in relation to the sodium content in the samples of sweat taken with the use of swabs is statistically significantly higher on day 1 (Me = 1.64-E-4) than the 14th day (Me = 0.37-E-4) p = 0.027. In the sweat samples collected with a plaster, the lead concentration on day 14 of rehabilitation (Me = 0.08-E-4) is statistically significantly lower than before the beginning of the training cycle (Me = 1.19-E-4) p = 0.044. The concentration of copper in sweat samples collected with swabs and patches on day 1 of the rehabilitation cycle does not significantly differ from the content of samples collected on day 14. Conclusions. Endurance training with submaximal heart rate results in reduced excretion of lead in the sweat and does not significantly affect the level of copper. Further research into the impact of physical effort on the excretion of metals from the body can help explain the results13

3

An assessment of urban habitat contamination with selected heavy metals within the city of Katowice using the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinaleWeb.) as a bioindicator

88%

Degórska A.

Environmental & Socio-economic Studies

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2013

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vol. 1

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issue 4

29-40

EN

The common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Web.) is considered to be a good indicator species due to its wide spread and high tolerance to harsh environmental conditions. It was used in this study to assess contamination with selected heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd) within urban habitats of the city of Katowice (southern Poland). Samples were collected from outside the forest regions. Content of heavy metals was determined using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (F-AAS). The soil mineralization was conducted using 50,0 cm3 10% HNO3. Determination of elemental concentrations in the plant material was carried out with the “wet” method using heating blocks for a period of 7-10 days. The following concentration ranges for individual elements in soil were found: 14,03–2049,50 mg kg−1 (Pb), 17,91–4118,00 mg kg−1 (Zn), 0,25–52,93 mg kg−1 (Cd). Concentrations within the leaves of common dandelion were: 5,52–93,04 μg g−1 (Pb), 71,71–807,15 μg g−1 (Zn), 0,10–15,69 μg g−1 (Cd). Plants from the most heavily contaminated soils were characterised by the lowest bioaccumulation coefficient. The most contaminated areas were the districts: Szopienice-Burowiec and Wełnowiec-Józefowiec, while the least contaminated were the southern districts of Katowice (i.e. Zarzecze, Podlesie). There is also a clear link between the content of heavy metals in soils examined in this study and the land use.

4

Lidy na pierwszych stronach dzienników ogólnopolskich – perspektywa genologiczna

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Ślawska M., Kalisz A., Tyc E.

Socjolingwistyka

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2022

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vol. 36

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issue 1

45-62

EN

The main aim of this article was to juxtapose the findings and concepts of leads with their analysis on the front pages of poland’s national dailies (under analysis were Rzeczpospolita, Nasz Dziennik, and Gazeta Wyborcza published throughout november 2020). The authors were interested in the introductory paragraphs of the main news, announcements or commentaries on a given issue. Presenting the analysed leads from a structural and a pragmatic perspective enabled the definition of the lead as a paratextual genre, always located at the beginning of a press text, graphically distinguished, intentionally designed by the author or publisher of the text, and targeted at the recipient on whom it is expected to have a persuasive effect. A lead has an overt dual notification function; it acts as an advertisement for the text. In the material studied, we distinguished two leading categories: information-dominant and journalistic-dominant leads. Most of the leads under analysis were those with a journalistic dominance (Gazeta Wyborcza – 85%; Nasz Dziennik – 75%; and Rzeczpospolita – 50%). The second part of the study consisted of an analysis of the editions of the three dailies published on 13 November 2020. The front pages of the dailies that day featured articles about the events of 11 November 2020 – the riots during the Independence March in Warsaw. This approach enabled an examination of leads in a comparable context, and helped determine that they displayed intra-textual and multimodal relationships. Titles were an important accompaniment to leads, while body texts developed the content of the introductory paragraph in individual text segments. It was only in the Rzeczpospolita daily that the lead was quoted in the commentary almost verbatim. In these three selected front pages, other intra-textual relationships could be observed: a lead with mid-headings, a photograph and its caption. We examined readability of leads with journalistic dominance by conducting a survey with a group of 219 students. We stripped information regarding the place of issue from the leads presented to the respondents. The research showed that respondents were not always able to detect the journalistic dimension of the lead, and would not choose a strongly opinion-building lead for the front page of a newspaper, opting for a more summative or informative lead in this function.

PL

Głównym celem artykułu było zestawienie ustaleń oraz koncepcji dotyczących lidów z ich analizą opartą na przykładach pochodzących z pierwszych stron dzienników ogólnopolskich (analizą objęłyśmy Rzeczpospolitą, Nasz Dziennik oraz Gazetę Wyborczą z listopada 2020 roku). Interesowały nas wstępne akapity głównych informacji, zapowiedzi czy komentarzy danego wydania. Ukazanie lidów w dwóch perspektywach – strukturalnej i pragmatycznej – pozwoliło zdefiniować lid jako gatunek paratekstowy, umiejscowiony zawsze na początku tekstu prasowego, wyróżniony graficznie, w sposób zamierzony przygotowany przez autora bądź przez wydawcę tekstu, kierowany do odbiorcy, na którego oddziałuje perswazyjnie. Lid ma wyraźną funkcję podwójnego powiadamiania. Jest reklamą tekstu. W badanym materiale wyróżniłyśmy dwie główne kategorie: lidy z dominantą informacyjną oraz lidy z dominantą publicystyczną. większość lidów przez nas analizowanych stanowiły te z dominantą publicystyczną (Gazeta Wyborcza – 85%, Nasz Dziennik – 75%, Rzeczpospolita – 50%). Druga część badania polegała na analizie wydań z 13 listopada 2020 roku – na pierwszych stronach trzech dzienników pojawiły się teksty dotyczące wydarzeń z 11 listopada 2020 roku, czyli zamieszek podczas Marszu Niepodległości w Warszawie. To pozwoliło zbadać lidy w kontekście, wchodziły one bowiem w relacje wewnątrztekstowe i multimodalne. Tytuły były ważną eskortą lidów, natomiast korpusy rozwijały treść akapitu wstępnego w poszczególnych segmentach tekstu. Tylko w Rzeczpospolitej lid prawie dosłownie został przytoczony w komentarzu. Na tych trzech wybranych pierwszych stronach można było także zaobserwować inne relacje wewnątrztekstowe: lidu ze śródtytułami, zdjęciem i jego podpisem. Aby sprawdzić umiejętność odczytania lidów z dominantą publicystyczną, przeprowadziłyśmy ankietę na grupie 219 studentów. Prezentowane lidy pozbawiłyśmy informacji dotyczącej miejsca wydania. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynikało, że respondenci nie zawsze potrafili odczytać publicystyczny wymiar lidu, a na pierwszą stronę gazety nie wybraliby lidu silnie opiniotwórczego – tylko bardziej streszczający lub informacyjny.

5

Hepatotoksyczność ołowiu - wybrane aspekty patobiochemii

75%

Labudda M.

Medycyna Pracy

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2013

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vol. 64

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issue 4

565-568

EN

Lead (Pb) that belongs to heavy metals is one of the major pollution components of the environment. Occupational and environmental exposure to lead can cause its absorption by the body and consequently exert toxic effects in the liver. In this paper biochemical determinants of hepatotoxicity caused by lead are presented. Generation of reactive oxygen species, disturbances in the cellular antioxidant system, lipid peroxidation, inhibition of enzymatic proteins and intercellular signaling are also discussed. Med Pr 2013;64(4):565–568

PL

Ołów (Pb) zaliczany do metali ciężkich jest jednym z ważniejszych składników zanieczyszczających środowisko. Ekspozycja zawodowa i środowiskowa na ołów może prowadzić do wchłaniania jego związków do organizmu i toksycznego oddziaływania na wątrobę. W artykule przedstawiono poglądy dotyczące biochemicznych uwarunkowań hepatotoksycznego działania ołowiu. Zwrócono uwagę na wytwarzanie reaktywnych form tlenu, zaburzenia w komórkowym systemie antyoksydacyjnym, peroksydację lipidów, inhibicję białek enzymatycznych i transdukcję sygnału między komórkami. Med. Pr. 2013;64(4):565–568

6

Association between occupational lead exposure and plasma levels of selected oxidative stress related parameters in Jordanian automobile workers

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Shraideh Z., Badran D., Hunaiti A., Battah A.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2018

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vol. 31

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issue 4

517-525

EN

Objectives: To study any possible correlation between blood lead levels and some oxidative stress parameters of selected groups of lead-exposed automobile occupational Jordanian workers. Material and Methods: Blood lead levels were determined for a total of 90 male automobile workers aged within the range of 25–45 years old along with the group of 20 agematched healthy males control. To get an idea about the antioxidant status of controls and lead-exposed workers, and to estimate the oxidative stress caused by exposure to lead, we measured the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, lipid peroxidation as malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity of controls and workers. Results: The study showed that lead levels in the case of workers were approximately 4–5 times as high as in controls 14.5–21 μg×dl–1 vs. 4.3 μg×dl–1, respectively. There was a significant decrease (16–25%) in the level of plasma reduced glutathione and 21–33% decrease in total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) in all worker groups, as compared to controls. The results showed that the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma was higher (120–333%) in the case of workers than controls being the highest in automobile electronics and the lowest – in mechanics. Furthermore, there was 149–221% increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration, and 26–38% increase in SOD activity in the case of workers compared to the control group. Conclusions: There is a strong evidence for the associations between occupational lead exposure and various markers of oxidative stress in Jordanian automobile occupational workers. Thus, there is an urgent need to raise awareness and to initiate suitable protection guidelines for workers. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(4):517–525

7

The determinants of lead and cadmium blood levels for preschool children from industrially contaminated sites in Poland

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Kowalska M., Kulka E., Jarosz W., Kowalski M.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2017

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vol. 31

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issue 3

351-359

EN

Objectives Industrially contaminated sites (ICS) represent an important public health issue in European countries. The Silesian Voivodeship, the region located in the southern part of Poland, the historical center of industry, has many sites that meet ICS criteria. Most of them are landfills containing lead, cadmium and zinc. Material and Methods The aim of the study has been to evaluate determinants of lead and cadmium blood levels for preschool children living in the vicinity of selected environmental hazards in Piekary Śląskie, the city located in the region of Silesia. Data about exposure was obtained from the parental questionnaire and was verified by levels of biomarkers in children’s blood. Finally, 678 preschool children were studied. Results Obtained results have confirmed that the statistically significant higher level of lead in blood has been revealed in the case of younger children whose fathers have a higher level of education and whose mothers smoke cigarettes at home, as well as for those living in the vicinity of any environmental hazard. In the case of cadmium, a higher level of the biomarker has been reported for older children who rather do not live close to any environmental hazard. We have recognized 30% of children with blood lead level (PbB) exceeding 2 μg/dl and 0.8% of children with blood cadmium level (CdB) exceeding the reference value (0.5 μg/l). Conclusions Own observation has confirmed that preschool children living in Piekary Śląskie are still exposed to heavy metals existing in environment. The source of the higher level in blood is not only the hazardous vicinity in the place of residence but also well-known factors associated with the age of children, parental life style and educational background. The parental questionnaire could be useful to identify potential determinants of exposure to lead and cadmium, however exposure must be verified by measurement of a proper biomarker. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(3):351–359

8

Cadmium, mercury and lead in the blood of urban women in Croatia, the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, China, Ecuador and Morocco

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Pawlas N., Strömberg U., Carlberg B., Cerna M., Harari F., Harari R., Horvat M., Hruba F., Koppova K., Krskova A., Krsnik M., Li Y.-F., Löfmark L., Lundh T., Lundström N.-G., Lyoussi B., Markiewicz-Górka I., Mazej D., Osredkar J., Pawlas K., Rentschler G., Spevackova V., Spiric Z., Tratnik J. S., Vadla D., Zizi S., Skerfving S., Bergdahl I. A.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2013

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vol. 26

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issue 1

58-72

EN

Objectives: The aim of the study was to make an international comparison of blood levels of cadmium (B-Cd), lead (BPb) and mercury (B-Hg) of women in seven European, and three non-European cities, and to identify determinants. Materials and Methods: About 50 women (age: 46–62) from each city were recruited (totally 480) in 2006–2009. Interview and questionnaire data were obtained. Blood samples were analysed in one laboratory to avoid interlaboratory variation. Results: Between the European cities, the B-Pb and B-Cd results vary little (range of geometric means: 13.5–27.0 μg/l and 0.25–0.65 μg/l, respectively); the variation of B-Hg was larger (0.40–1.38 μg/l). Between the non-European cities the results for B-Pb, B-Cd and B-Hg were 19.2–68.0, 0.39–0.99 and 1.01–2.73 μg/l, respectively. Smoking was a statistically signifi cant determinant for B-Cd, while fi sh and shellfi sh intakes contributed to B-Hg and B-Pb, amalgam fi llings also contributed to B-Hg. Conclusions: The present results confi rm the previous results from children; the exposure to lead and cadmium varies only little between different European cities suggesting that other factors than the living area are more important. The study also confi rms the previous fi ndings of higher cadmium and lead levels in some non-European cities. The geographical variation for mercury is signifi cant.

9

Usefulness of biomarkers as intermediate endpoints in health risks posed by occupational lead exposure

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Borghini A., Gianicolo E. A., Andreassi M. G.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2015

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vol. 29

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issue 2

167-178

EN

The article concerns potential harmful effects of exposure to lead. Although the occurrence of severe lead poisoning has receded in several countries, occupational exposure resulting in moderate and clinically symptomatic toxicity is still common. An earlier and precise characterization of an individual response is obligatory in order to assess the possible risks for human health. Biomarkers may fill important gaps in the path from exposure to a disease. Specifically speaking, emerging (DNA double strand breaks and telomeric DNA erosion) and validated (micronuclei induction and chromosomal aberrations) biomarkers of genotoxicity seem to provide evidence for the assessment of molecular and cellular damage. Moreover, identiﬁcation of genetic variability with a key role in modulating genotoxic damage may help minimize risks for susceptible subjects. Further investigations are naturally needed to properly define their diagnostic and/or prognostic value as “early warning” signs of a long-term risk for a subsequent clinically overt disease.

10

A regional comparison of children’s blood cadmium, lead, and mercury in rural, urban and industrial areas of six European countries, and China, Ecuador, and Morocco

75%

Hrubá F., Černá M., Chen C., Harari F., Horvat M., Koppová K., Krsková A., Laamech J., Li Y.-F., Löfmark L., Lundh T., Lyoussi B., Mazej D., Osredkar J., Pawlas K., Pawlas N., Prokopowicz A., Rentschler G., Snoj Tratnik J., Sommar J., Spěváčková V., Špirić Z., Skerfving S., Bergdahl I. A.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2023

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vol. 36

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issue 3

349-364

EN

Objectives The authors aimed to evaluate whether blood cadmium (B-Cd), lead (B-Pb) and mercury (B-Hg) in children differ regionally in 9 countries, and to identify factors correlating with exposure. Material and Methods The authors performed a cross-sectional study of children aged 7–14 years, living in 2007–2008 in urban, rural, or potentially polluted (“hot spot”) areas (ca. 50 children from each area, in total 1363 children) in 6 European and 3 non-European countries. The authors analysed Cd, Pb, and total Hg in blood and collected information on potential determinants of exposure through questionnaires. Regional differences in exposure levels were assessed within each country. Results Children living near industrial “hot-spots” had B-Cd 1.6 (95% CI: 1.4–1.9) times higher in the Czech Republic and 2.1 (95% CI:1.6–2.8) times higher in Poland, as compared to urban children in the same countries (geometric means [GM]: 0.13 μg/l and 0.15 μg/l, respectively). Correspondingly, B-Pb in the “hot spot” areas was 1.8 (95% CI: 1.6–2.1) times higher than in urban areas in Slovakia and 2.3 (95% CI: 1.9–2.7) times higher in Poland (urban GM: 19.4 μg/l and 16.3 μg/l, respectively). In China and Morocco, rural children had significantly lower B-Pb than urban ones (urban GM: 64 μg/l and 71 μg/l, respectively), suggesting urban exposure from leaded petrol, water pipes and/or coal-burning. Hg “hot spot” areas in China had B-Hg 3.1 (95% CI: 2.7–3.5) times higher, and Ecuador 1.5 (95% CI: 1.2–1.9) times higher, as compared to urban areas (urban GM: 2.45 μg/l and 3.23 μg/l, respectively). Besides industrial exposure, traffic correlated with B-Cd; male sex, environmental tobacco smoke, and offal consumption with B-Pb; and fish consumption and amalgam fillings with B-Hg. However, these correlations could only marginally explain regional differences. Conclusions These mainly European results indicate that some children experience about doubled exposures to toxic elements just because of where they live. These exposures are unsafe, identifiable, and preventable and therefore call for preventive actions.

11

Z problematyki karalnego doprowadzenia do samobójstwa — uwagi na tle ustawowych znamion art. 151 k.k. Część I

63%

Kokot R.

Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego

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2015

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vol. 35

13 - 26

EN

The article concerns the criminal law assessment of participation in suicide, based on the statutory offense model of regulation concerning driving to killing oneself adopted in the Polish Criminal Code of 1997. This deliberation starts with the social and normative perceptions of suicidal behaviour. Arguments covering the position of the modern legal system, which presumes that suicide is not acriminal act, are presented. The article pays attention to the multiplicity of motivations, starting with arguments on the rights and freedom of an individual, next analysing points of a praxeological, political and criminal character and finishing with elements of ahumanitarian nature. Stopping the punishment of suicide in the causative form leads to the exclusion of a possibility of prosecution, which is based on the general rule of the non-causative form of involvement in another person’s suicide. This shows that there is aneed to criminalise these types of behaviour within the limits of an automatic type of crime. The central subject of this article is the analysis of the ratio legis of criminalisation of driving the other person to committing suicide, discussing the form of its implementation and the dogmatic interpretation of its statutory definition, despite there being alot of doubt found in the legal literature about its interpretation. The article makes an attempt to explain the main points. There are also selected elements of this crime found in foreign regulations based on the construction of certain features of Art. 151 of the Criminal Code. Comparison of the legal status of the incitement to suicide regulations in Polish law with their equivalent in foreign legal systems allowed the definition of the main rules shaping the crime in modern criminal law and pointed out those rules which appear to be universal. There is also mention of the conclusions de lege ferenda. In the literature there is a very strong emphasis on the lack of a statutory definition of the crime in Art. 151 of the Criminal Code. This elaboration makes an attempt to indicate the possible directions of modification of the current shape of the definition of this crime.

12

Svinec (olovo) v ritualach indoevropejcev

63%

Dovgjalo G. I.

Etnolingwistyka. Problemy Języka i Kultury

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1996

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vol. 8

147–157

PL

Artykuł jest poświęcony opisowi magicznych funkcji ołowiu i cyny w wyobrażeniach narodów indoeuropejskich: Hetytów, starożytnych Greków, Hindusów i średniowiecznych Słowian wschodnich. Przytaczane są także typologicznie bliskie dane z tradycji pozaindoeuropejskich: sumeryjskiej, akadyjskiej, późnosemickiej, w tym – biblijnej. Autor pokazuje, że przedmioty wykonane z ołowiu, w szczególności płyty, posiadały – wedle wierzeń – moc obrony przed złymi siłami magicznymi, odbijając ich oddziaływanie. Omawiany jest także rozpowszechniony motyw zamknięcia zła do naczynia z ołowianą pokrywką, zastosowanie ołowiu w magii medycznej i w rytuałach pogrzebowych narodów indoeuropejskich.

EN

The article is devoted to magic characteristics attributed to lead and tin in Indo- European nations: the Hittites, the ancient Greeks, Hindus and mediaeval eastern Slavs. Typologically close data from non-Indo-European traditions are also mentioned: Sumerian, that of the Semites from Mesopotamia and late Semitic traditions — also biblical. It is shown that according to common beliefs, lead objects, especially plates, could serve as protection against the evil forces ot magic by reflecting their influence. A widespread practice of closing the evil forces in a receptacle with a lead cover is also mentioned, as well as the use of lead in burial practices of Indo-European nations.

13

Evaluation of heavy metal levels in serum of Wistar rats exposed to engine oil

63%

Iyanda, A.A, Anetor, J.I, Anetor, G.O

Progress in Health Sciences

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2018

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vol. 8(2)

94-98

EN

Purpose: Data are available that indicate there is an elaborate elemental constitution of petroleum products, with identified elements contained in the many products being additive (e.g. Ca, Zn and P) as well as wear metals (e.g. Ag, Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb and Sn). In addition, incessant deliberate exposure of engine oil to both human beings and farm animals for therapeutic reason has been reported. Therefore the objective of this study is to evaluate the levels of heavy metals in serum of engine oil-exposed rats. Materials & Methods: Thirty adult female rats were divided equally into 5 groups. The first and second groups were treated with engine oil by oral route (as contaminant of feed) at dosage levels of 0.5 and 1.0 mL/kg body weight respectively. The third and forth groups received the test agent through the dermal route at dosage levels of 0.5 and 1.0 mL/kg body weight while the fifth group served as the control. The duration of the study was 30 days, after which blood was obtained from each rat, centrifuged and the resultant serum used for the analysis of heavy metals by employing Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), p≤0.05 was considered significant. Results: Data obtained showed that there were significant differences in the levels of aluminium, silicon, cadmium, lead, arsenic, vanadium, and nickel. Conclusions: These increases suggest that incessant exposure to engine oil may be dangerous and therefore constitute health hazard.

14

The influence of anomalous values and local variability on the structure of variability and the estimation of deposit parameters

51%

Auguścik J., Mucha J., Auguścik J., Mucha J.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi Polskiej Akademii Nauk

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2017

15

Polimorfizm genów kodujących białka naprawy DNA a zawodowe i środowiskowe narażenie na ołów, arsen i pestycydy

51%

Bukowski K., Woźniak K.

Medycyna Pracy

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2018

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vol. 69

|

issue 2

EN

Genetic polymorphism is associated with the occurrence of at least 2 different alleles in the locus with a frequency higher than 1% in the population. Among polymorphisms we can find single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and polymorphism of variable number of tandem repeats. The presence of certain polymorphisms in genes encoding DNA repair enzymes is associated with the speed and efficiency of DNA repair and can protect or expose humans to the effects provoked by xenobiotics. Chemicals, such as lead, arsenic pesticides are considered to exhibit strong toxicity. There are many different polymorphisms in genes encoding DNA repair enzymes, which determine the speed and efficiency of DNA damage repair induced by these xenobiotics. In the case of lead, the influence of various polymorphisms, such as APE1 (apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1) (rs1130409), hOGG1 (human 8-oxoguanine glycosylase) (rs1052133), XRCC1 (X-ray repair cross-complementing protein group 1) (rs25487), XRCC1 (rs1799782) and XRCC3 (X-ray repair cross-complementing protein group 3) (rs861539) were described. For arsenic polymorphisms, such as ERCC2 (excision repair cross-complementing) (rs13181), XRCC3 (rs861539), APE1 (rs1130409) and hOGG1 (rs1052133) were examined. As to pesticides, separate and combined effects of polymorphisms in genes encoding DNA repair enzymes, such as XRCC1 (rs1799782), hOGG1 (rs1052133), XRCC4 (X-ray repair cross-complementing protein group 4) (rs28360135) and the gene encoding the detoxification enzyme PON1 paraoxonase (rs662) were reported. Med Pr 2018;69(2):225–235

PL

Polimorfizm genetyczny wiąże się z występowaniem w populacji co najmniej 2 różnych alleli w danym locus z częstością większą niż 1%. Wyróżniamy m.in. polimorfizm pojedynczego nukleotydu (single nucleotide polymorphism – SNP) i polimorfizm zmiennej liczby powtórzeń tandemowych. Występowanie określonych polimorfizmów w genach kodujących enzymy naprawy DNA jest związane z szybkością i wydajnością naprawy DNA oraz może chronić lub narażać daną osobę na skutki działania określonego ksenobiotyku. Związki chemiczne takie, jak ołów, arsen i pestycydy odznaczają się dużą toksycznością. Opisano wiele różnych polimorfizmów genów kodujących enzymy naprawy DNA, które mają wpływ na skuteczność naprawy uszkodzeń DNA indukowanych przez te ksenobiotyki. W przypadku ołowiu zbadano wpływ polimorfizmów genów: APE1 (apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 – endonukleaza miejsca apurynowego/apirymidynowego) (rs1130409), hOGG1 (human 8-oxoguanine glycosylase – glikozylaza 8-oksyguaniny) (rs1052133), XRCC1 (X-ray repair cross-complementing protein group 1 – białko biorące udział w naprawie DNA przez wycinanie zasad) (rs25487), XRCC1 (rs1799782) oraz XRCC3 (X-ray repair cross-complementing protein group 3 – białko biorące udział w naprawie DNA przez rekombinację homologiczną) (rs861539). Dla arsenu przedstawiono w niniejszej pracy wyniki badań dotyczących następujących polimorfizmów: ERCC2 (excision repair cross-complementing – białko biorące udział w naprawie DNA przez wycinanie nukleotydów) (rs13181), XRCC3 (rs861539), APE1 (rs1130409) oraz hOGG1 (rs1052133). W odniesieniu do pestycydów w pracy przedstawiono zarówno osobny, jak i łączny wpływ polimorfizmów genów takich, jak XRCC1 (rs1799782), hOGG1 (rs1052133), XRCC4 (X-ray repair cross-complementing protein group 4 – białko biorące udział w naprawie DNA przez łączenie końców niehomologicznych) (rs28360135) i genu kodującego enzym detoksykacyjny paraoksonazę PON1 (paraoxonase 1) (rs662). Med. Pr. 2018;69(2):225–235

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