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Improving the legislation on preventive archaeology in Romania – an urgent requirement for the protection of archaeological heritage

100%
Aparaschivei D., Colţeanu P.
Raport
|
2018
|
vol. 13
197-201
EN
Preventive archaeology in Romania has been only quite recently formally regulated by law. Even though the principles established by the Malta Convention, which regulates the guidelines for the protection of archaeological heritage, are complied with, at least in theory, there are numerous shortcomings at the national level. Based on discussions with several archaeologists and other stakeholders involved in archaeological research and heritage protection in Romania, we would like to present some of the issues raised. We offer recent convincing examples, but also potential solutions to these issues, which clearly affect Romania’s cultural heritage protection and research. We refer to both the difficulties encountered by archaeologists due to the confusion and shortcomings present in the legal texts, but also to the inability of the authorities to enforce the existing laws.
2
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Corruption and Cryptocurrency : Blockchains as corruption tools

100%
Ibrahimi A., Arifi B.
Academicus. International Scientific Journal
|
2022
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vol. 13
|
issue 26
93-103
EN
Cryptocurrency has become ubiquitous and is evolving constantly. The question is if our legal framework is catching up with it. Therefore, this article analyzes the arguments on the legitimacy and legality of cryptocurrency in order to emphasize the relation between corruption and cryptocurrency. The research has enlightened some cogent arguments on the possibility of perpetrators committing corruption acts through cryptocurrency. These arguments basically refer to some of the unique characteristics of cryptocurrency such as the quick value fluctuation, the difficulties in tractability and the lacking current legislation. The unique features of it may headline cryptocurrency as an immensely attractive environment for corruption activities. Hence the world has already faced some tangled scamming scandals with cryptocurrency specified herein. Therefore, the aim of this article is to highlight the possibility for corruption acts to be committed through cryptocurrency as a form of corruption unknown before.
3
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ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF THE FUTURE TEACHERS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC

75%
Binytska K.
Problemy Profesjologii
|
2018
|
issue 1
209-216
EN
The article analyzes the content of the basic normative legal documents in the sphere of education of the Czech Republic. Special attention is paid to the analysis of normative-legal base, which regulates the issues of professional training of the future primary school teachers in the Czech Republic since 1989. The author focuses on the articles of normative-legal acts, which regulate the quality of providing higher education and pedagogical education as well under the conditions of the country's accession to the Bologna process.
PL
W artykule przeanalizowano treść podstawowych, normatywno-prawnych dokumentów w dziedzinie edukacji w Republice Czeskiej. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na analizę bazy normatywno-prawnej, która od 1989 roku reguluje kwestie kształcenia zawodowego przyszłych nauczycieli szkół podstawowych w Republice Czeskiej. Uwaga autora została skupiona również na artykułach o aktach normatywno-prawnych, które regulują kwestie zabezpieczenia jakości kształcenia wyższego i edukacji pedagogicznej, w tym także w warunkach przyłączenia tego kraju do procesu bolońskiego.
4
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Presumptions on Discretion in Law Enforcement of Financial Legal Provisions

75%
Barikova A.
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie
|
2021
|
vol. 2(30)
7-24
EN
The author has outlined the essence of legal presumptions on discretion in law enforcement of financial legal provisions as both current legal phenomena and legal regulations. The relationship between presumptions and principles of law, as well as the classification of presumptions has been researched into. Presumptions on discretion in law enforcement of financial legal provisions are formed in relation to a particular legal fact or group of facts or compositions that correspond with a particular law enforcement situation, which is due to the origin, content and purpose of these facts or compositions, the relationship between them. With regard to discretion in law enforcement of financial legal provisions, it could also be argued that there are both legally defined irrefutable presumptions (innocence, “all doubts in favour of the taxpayer”) and rebuttable in a particular case, which does not terminate its effect as a whole. It has been concluded that presumptions on discretion in law enforcement of financial legal provisions are applied due to logical methods of induction or modelling, when the probability of a phenomenon is not high enough.
5
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European approach to combat environmental crime: legal and institutional aspects

75%
Klimek L.
Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)
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2023
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vol. 13
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issue 1
57-77
EN
The paper deals with European legal approach to combat environmental crime. It is divided into three sections. The first section analyses its legal framework, namely the Convention on the Protection of Environment through Criminal Law of 1998, the Directive 2008/99/EC on the protection of the environment through criminal law and the Directive 2005/35/EC on ship-source pollution and on the introduction of penalties for infringements. The second section is focused on crimes and sanctions as defined by mentioned documents. The last third section briefly introduces European networks and agencies combating environmental crime, namely the European Network against Environmental Crime and the European Maritime Safety Agency.
6
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Kryminalizowanie finansowania terroryzmu

71%
Hoc S.
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
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2016
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vol. 14
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issue 1
25-39
EN
The article provides insights into terrorism financing considered in light of international regulations (UN, EU Commission, Council of Europe). It refers to elements of financial crime, as defined in Article 165a of the Polish Criminal Code, and the need to revise the rules surrounding the subject of these crimes. The tasks carried out by the General Inspector of Financial Information and the Internal Security Agency are presented in relation to prevention and fight against terrorism financing.
7
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Umowa urbanistyczna w procesie rewitalizacji – charakter prawny i konsekwencje prawne jej zawarcia

51%
Ruczkowski P.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio G (Ius)
|
2020
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vol. 67
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issue 1
EN
In the study, the author focused on the analysis of the legal aspects of an urban development contract and legal consequences of its conclusion. The urban development contract is one of the spatial planning and management tools applied to carry out effective urban regeneration of the most deprived urban areas. It is an agreement concluded between two parties under the civil law provisions and was introduced to the Polish legal framework as a voluntary and negotiable instrument. When an investor enters into the urban development contract with a municipality, he does not only undertake to execute building projects at his own cost and expense but also transfer, free of charge, the ownership of the additional infrastructure such as technical and social facilities or residential units to the municipality within the scope indicated in the local urban regeneration plan. Investors may also be obligated to construct premises other than residential units and transfer their ownership to the municipality. Such supplementary infrastructure may be used for cultural, social, educational or sports activities performed by entities operating in the area under regeneration whose main objective is not to make profit. The urban development contract must be concluded as a notarial deed under pain of its invalidity. The conclusion of the urban development contract is a prerequisite for the obtaining a building permit for the main construction project or its part.
PL
W niniejszym opracowaniu autor skupił się na analizie charakteru prawnego i konsekwencjach prawnych zawarcia umowy urbanistycznej. Umowa urbanistyczna jest jednym z instrumentów planowania i zagospodarowania przestrzennego w procesie rewitalizacji obszarów zdegradowanych. Należy do cywilnoprawnych, dwustronnych i niewładczych prawnych form działania administracji. Zawierając z gminą umowę urbanistyczną, inwestor zobowiązuje się do budowy na swój koszt i do nieodpłatnego przekazania na rzecz gminy inwestycji uzupełniających w postaci infrastruktury technicznej, społecznej lub lokali mieszkalnych – w zakresie wskazanym w miejscowym planie rewitalizacji. W ramach inwestycji uzupełniających możliwe jest również zobowiązanie inwestora do realizacji i do nieodpłatnego przekazania na rzecz gminy lokali innych niż mieszkalne, przeznaczonych na potrzeby działalności kulturalnej, społecznej, edukacyjnej lub sportowej, wykonywanej przez podmioty prowadzące działalność na obszarze rewitalizacji, których głównym celem nie jest osiągnięcie zysku. Umowa urbanistyczna jest zawierana pod rygorem nieważności w formie aktu notarialnego. Zawarcie umowy urbanistycznej stanowi warunek uzyskania pozwolenia na budowę dla inwestycji głównej lub jej części.
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