The issue of changes in the obligations resulting from contracts on public procurement is constantly present in legal literature and judicature alike. It refers to both modifications related to the contents of a contract, and changes in the parties of a contract. The latter have been discussed in this article. The importance of the issue is unquestionable because, on the one hand, when contracts are realised it frequently happens that there is either an economical or organisational need to introduce certain modifications, but on the other hand, public procurement contracts are rigorously regulated as for legally binding modes of selecting contractors. Hence a question arises whether and on what conditions modifications as for the contracting parties in the area of public procurement can be regarded as permitted.
P. 16976, one of the two papyri which Wilhelm Schubart published in 1945 in the F estschrift for Leopold Wenger, is to be dated to ad 457–500. It probably belonged to a small codex (which seems to have had no more than 48 pages) with many short legal texts on different subjects. It may have been an ‘Enchirdium on Actual Legal Questions Taken from Imperial Constitutions’ for jurists. Beside the main text, there may have been a separate booklet providing additional juridical comments in the form of paragraphai. While the two parts may have been authored by the same person, a long comment below the main text on the recto is in a different hand. It may thereofre have been copied by a later user from the booklet. This is certainly not a marginal scholion, as believed from the time of Schubart. The subjects included in the preserved piece are two cases from civil law (an actio ex stipulatu against a woman for paying back a credit and getting a title of possession for a provincial estate by the older longi temporis praescriptio), a civil process (prescription of a lawsuit) and a case from fiscal law (confiscation). The last text includes an instruction for the readers.
In 1945 Wilhelm Schubart published two papyri in the Festschrift for Leopold Wenger. In the the present paper (in two subsequen parts) I wish to offer their re-edition and a new commentary to both of them. Among other things, their new dating has been established to ad 450–500. Because they deal with completely different subjects, it is assumed here that they belonged to two different codices, contrary to Schubart’s opinion, who believed that they are part of one and the same manuscript. P. 16977, edited in the first part of the paper, originates from Eastern Roman leagal teaching practice. It is a fragment of a Greek index lecture about two Diocletianic codes. Greek indices were concise sum- maries of Latin legal texts, intended especially for law students who did not know Latin. The present fragment deals with nine constitutions about non numerata pecunia, ‘the lack of payment for a credit’. One constitution is taken from the Hermogenian Code, the remaining ones from the Gregorian Code. Four of them are completely or partly preserved in the Justinianic Code (CI. 4, 30, 4–7). Keywords: juristic papyrology, legal literature, teaching Roman law in Greek, index lesson, Codex Gregorianus, Codex Hermogenianus, exceptio non numeratae pecuniae, Hermopolis Magna.
W artykule przedstawiono zbiorczą analizę przepisów Kodeksu zobowiązań jaka została dokonana w licznych artykułach opublikowanych w latach 1934-1939 na łamach poznańskiego czasopisma prawniczego – ,,Ruchu Prawniczego, Ekonomicznego i Socjologicznego”. Autorzy zbadali artykuły takich prawniczych sław jak prof. Roman Longchamps de Berier, prof. Alfred Ohanowicz czy prof. Marceli Chlamtacz. Opracowanie przedstawia również toczące się na łamach pisma dyskusje na temat sposobu wykładni kontrowersyjnych przepisów Kodeksu zobowiązań, które wskazują na wielowątkowość opisów i ocen tego aktu normatywnego. Przeprowadzone badania pozwalają poszerzyć wiedzę o odbiorze Kodeksu zobowiązań przez środowisko naukowe i prawników-praktyków.
EN
The paper presents evaluations and the analyses of the provisions of the Code of Obligations in the articles published in the years 1934-1939 in Poznań legal journal - “Journal of Law, Economic and Sociology”. The authors analyze the articles of such renowned personalities as Professor Roman Longchamps de Berier, Professor Alfred Ohanowicz and Professor Marceli Chlamtacz. The thesis describes also the discussions held in the journal considering the interpretation of controversial provisions of the Code of Obligations. The article presents an overview of multithreaded descriptions and assessments of the normative act. The conducted study allows for expanding knowledge about the acceptance of the Code of Obligations by the academic community and practicing lawyers.
The author of the article seeks an answer to the question whether the works published in the recent years make reference to the achievements of the Polish criminal law science from the time between the two world wars. The study focuses on the most common publications, that is academic course books (designed for students) and commentaries on the code (addressed to practitioners). They contain fairly numerous references to the works of criminal lawyers active in the Second Republic of Poland (usually Juliusz Makarewicz, Wacław Makowski, Leon Peiper, Stefan Glaser, and Aleksander Mogilnicki). The course books in criminal law present basic questions and therefore the rulings of the courts (also contemporary) are hardly ever quoted in such publications. References to the judgements of the Supreme Court of the Second Republic of Poland, also from the pre-code period, are in turn present in the contemporary commentaries to the criminal code. The materials gathered allow the statement that various contemporary authors, also co-authors of collective works, make use of the achievements of the criminal lawyers of the Second Republic to a different degree. It is worth noting that if a recently published work contains references to pre-war literature on the subject and court judgements, it usually draws conclusions different from those of other authors. Such a status quo proves that bygone literature and judgements are still useful for the interpretation of the binding regulations of criminal law.
PL
Autor artykułu poszukuje odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy w pracach wydawanych w ostatnich latach przywoływany jest dorobek polskiej nauki prawa karnego okresu międzywojennego. Przedmiotem badań są publikacje najbardziej powszechne, czyli podręczniki akademickie (przeznaczone dla studentów) oraz komentarze do kodeksu (kierowane do praktyków). Można w nich odnaleźć dość liczne odesłania do dzieł karnistów aktywnych w okresie II Rzeczypospolitej (najczęściej Juliusza Makarewicza, Wacława Makowskiego, Leona Peipera, Stefana Glasera oraz Aleksandra Mogilnickiego). W podręcznikach do nauki prawa karnego prezentowane są zagadnienia podstawowe i dlatego w zasadzie w publikacjach tego rodzaju nie jest przywoływane orzecznictwo sądów (również współczesne). Odesłania do wyroków Sądu Najwyższego II RP, także z okresu przedkodeksowego, występują za to we współczesnych komentarzach do kodeksu karnego. Zgromadzony materiał pozwala na stwierdzenie, że różni współcześni autorzy, także współtwórcy prac zbiorowych, niejednakowo chętnie korzystają z dorobku karnistów II Rzeczypospolitej. Warto też zauważyć, że jeśli w wydanej ostatnio pracy odnajdujemy odesłania do przedwojennej literatury przedmiotu i orzeczeń sądowych, to zazwyczaj wskazywane są tam tezy inne niż przywoływane przez pozostałych autorów. Taki stan rzeczy wskazuje, że dawne piśmiennictwo i orzecznictwo wciąż jest przydatne przy interpretacji obowiązujących przepisów prawa karnego.
This paper focuses on the issue of making historical legal literature in the Czech Republic accessible. For historical and structural reasons, the accessibility of old legal literature in Czech libraries is inadequate. One possible solution to this long-term problem is the systematic digitisation of this old literature. The primary objective would not be preservation digitisation, otherwise the most common type in library digitisation projects, but rather both supplementary digitisation intended to supplement the book and periodicals fund with additional titles, and also ‘opening digitisation’, meaning digitisation to enable new ways of working with texts and information. The paper also concisely introduces the basic principles and technological, software and licence parameters of the National Legal Heritage project, which is an attempt at the practical application of these conclusions. This pilot project is primarily focused on the interwar period of the First Czechoslovak Republic, which was - in both Czech and Slovak history - an important period of great legal activity and preparations for major reforms.
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