Search results

1

Egzaminy wstępne na aplikacje prawnicze. Uwagi de lege ferenda w świetle ustawy deregulacyjnej

100%

Dubowski R.

Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały

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2014

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issue 2(15)

181-193

EN

The aim of the article is to conduct an analysis of polish legal provisions relating the entrance examination for legal specialist courses. Graduating those courses allows in Poland to become a professional lawyer. Recently in Poland the rules of the final exams of legal specialist courses were changed. New amendment of law has abolished the form of tests at the final exams. Knowledge of the candidates will be verified by practical tasks. Author says that this new amendment is not sufficient. There should be a similar change made in relation to the entrance exams.

2

Lobbying and advocacy : Brussels’ competition lawyers as brokers in european public policies

75%

Avril L.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2018

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vol. 54

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issue 6

859-879

EN

Studying the role of lawyers specialising in competition law, this paper shows that they are essential intermediaries between the European administrative field and the private sector. Using both qualitative (interviews and archives) and quantitative (database) methods, it demonstrates that intermediation activities developed in the late 1980s with the arrival of American law firms, which exported their working methods to Europe. This led to a fierce competition between law firms, which tried to recruit from inside the European Commission. Circulation between the European institutions started to be common and slowly became regulated, a process that gave it legitimacy. While new activities developed for a part of the legal profession, most notably lobbying and intermediation activities, lawyers contributed to blurring the border between the public and the private sphere at the European level. The importance of circulation between the administrative sphere and law firms and the embeddedness between the public and the private sector are thus incentives for overcoming institutional frontiers when studying the European field of power. Because circulation facilitates the development of social networks, common practices, and shared representations, it is essential to maintaining coherence within this ‘weak field’.

3

Prestiż zawodu sędziego i społeczny wizerunek instytucji wymiaru sprawiedliwości

65%

Bielewicz A.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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1995

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issue XXI

105-134

EN

In Poland, the level of social confidence in a profession results mainly from: qualifications necessary for the pursuit of that procession; respect for the values to which the profession is particularly related, which it is to serve and to protect; the social usefulness of that profession; the degree of responsibility involved in the tasks performed; the arduousness of work; the level of material profits derived; the extent of power involved in the profession; tradition; social respect for the institutions in which persons pursuing that profession are employed; those persons’ professional, social and moral attitudes. From a comparative analysis of many research findings it follows that the legal professions rank relatively low in the hierarchy of prestige. Certain changes have been taking place in this respect during the las 50 years; yet the legal profession still enjoys a rather low level of social acceptance which is rather astonishing: a lawyer has all the traits valued by Polish society. In the period of Polish People’s Republic, the relatively low prestige of the legal profession resulted from the then valid doctrine, state policy, the system of administration of justice, and the attitudes and conduct of judges, public prosecutors, and barristers, In Polish People’s Republic, the law was not an independent value. It was to support the “historical process” and serve not justice itself but rather “historical justice”. It became the tool of social engineering which was to create a new society. Statutory law was transformed into a comprehensively_ oriented instrument of political action ‒ a utilitarian means of government. The legislation was to implement a political, social and economic program imposed from above. There was a dramatic drop in the importance of law as the exponent of values. This was due to a loosening of its natural relation to the sense of morality and justice. A number of decrees and statutes were passed, usually according to the valid procedure but lacking inner justness; they were called law but were essentially utterly lawless in many cases. For this reason, the social sense of justness seldom followed from statutory law; instead, it existed outside of the law so to say. The law-citizen relation included pathological elements. Most of the social experiences of contacts with law and its representatives were negative. The law seldom defended the citizen, especially against arbitrary decisions of the authorities; it usually punished him. The regulatory functions of law yielded precedence to its repressive functions. The conception of unity of state pover ruled out all independence of the judiciary in Polish People’s Republic. The courts were subordinated to the executive authority not only in terms of administration but also to a large extent in their jurisdiction. This resulted from the very procedure of appointing and removing judges; the wide discretion to remove judges; the organization of supervision over judicial decisions; the terms of office of the Supreme Court; the practice of guiding principles for the judiciary, issued by the Supreme Court and binding for all courts. Appointment of desired benches and selection of cases, changes of the benches during proceedings, requests for court files during proceedings, summons of judges to one Ministry or another, individual and organized pressure – all of these were by no means exceptional situations in the courts of Polish People’s Republic. Judicial independence ultimately depends on the judge himself. A part of judges compromised on the norms of professional ethics and on common morality. The actual numer of “obedient” judges is difficult to estimate today. Even if they were few, that was certainly enough for the people’s confidence in courts to be shaken. It would be wrong to believe that the above processes, phenomena and facts remained unnoticed by the people. Society were fully aware of the functions assigned to the law and tasks of the institutions of administration of justice. The opinion knew many examples of public prosecutors, judges and barristers departing from the basic norms of the code of professional ethics. The authorities themselves saw to it, publishing resolutions of the Supreme Court and providing extensive coverage of many trials. Thus social attitudes towards the law, institutions of administration of justice and their representatives eroded continuously. Society had no confidence in the effectiveness of recourse to the law in vindication of one’s claims; they fully realized whose interests the public prosecutor’s oflices and courts actually guarded. The prosecutors and judges were perceived chiefly as functionaries of state. Paradoxically, in a totalitarian system where violations of individual rights were a common everyday practice, the lawyer hardly helped the citizens. The social usefulness of the lawyers’ professional roles grew smaller, and so did their prestige. In coming years the prestige of the legal professions will no doubt go up. This will be a result of: a general consolidation of the role of law in the life of state and society; development of a new law-citizen relation; an increased regulatory function of the law; financial promotion of the legal professions; and improved social image of institutions of administration of justice. There is much to indicate that social regard for the legal professions will eventually reach the Western level. The proces of the Polish hierarchy of prestige of individual professions becoming “European” will inevitably result in its losing its former “proletarian” nature; this will be expressed in a drop in social regard for workers. Already going down today is the pristige of miners, and also of teachers. From 1987 till 1993, the proportion of respondents who declared the greatest regard for miners and teachers dropped by 14 and 4 points respectively. Thus the distance between a judge and a miner dropped by 26, and that between a judge and a teacher – by 16 points. The social image of judges and institutions of administration of justice is shaped by the Poles’ twofold experience: the still fresh memory of “the past” and the not yet really known “present day”. The past meant obedient judges; courts as an extension of the arm of power; sentences clashing with the sense of justice etc. The present day means rampant corruption; frustration: inner dysfunction of the system; lack of skill in resolving matters which the people see as self-evident. The public opinion have not yet fully developed a view on judges and the institutions of administration of justice. A half of respondents believe that courts do good service to society, one-fifth think the opposite, and another one-fifth have no standpoint on the matter. Thus actually two parallel images of courts operate in the social consciousness. Groups which perceive the reality through glasses of the past, so to say, seek yesterday in today’s courts. The future-oriented groups, instead, tend to define those institutions in the categories of the still distant tomorrow. For this reason, even a relatively not too controversial decision taken by the judicial authority brings about an avalanche of the gravest accusations, that of attempting to restore the past included. The psychological conflict is hardly to the court’s advantage: an image still lingers in the social subconscious which prevents society from honestly appraising their work. Also political circumstances are not too favorable for institutions of administration of justice. The active involvement of representatives of the law in resolution of disputes which the opinion define as political makes them party to the conflict in the eyes of society. Past experiences have shown how convenient a tool the court can be in political struggle. Also the Government’s activity bears on the social image of administration of justice. For one year now, the most vehemently criticized area of the Government’s work is its policy of “crime control”. It has been called ineffective by a half of society. An average citizen is convinced that the police, prosecutors, and courts are equally responsible for this situation. The condition of courts with which a large portion of society have contacts is hardly helpful in the building of those institutions’ prestige: dilapidated buildings in desperate need of repair; old worn out furniture; small, underqualified and underpaid and thus frustrated office staff. Added to this should be excessive bureaucracy, obscure procedures, distant time limits, high court fees, excessive fees charged by barristers. The courts have already started regaining social trust but the process is bound to be a slow one. Practically each and every slip of the judicial authority, eagerly pointed out by the media, may well reverse the emerging favorable trend in the attitude of public opinion. Social attitudes towards the courts are incomplete and based largely on emotions which is what makes them unstable. The emerging trend can be consolidated by e.g. closer contacts of the judicial community with society, established chiefly through the media. Yet the new image of Polish courts depends first and foremost on the success of the process of building of state ruled by law.

4

Otwarcie zawodów adwokata i radcy prawnego w Polsce po 1989 roku

63%

Gadowska K.

Prakseologia

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2018

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vol. 160

243-289

PL

Artykuł przedstawia zasady wykonywania zawodu przez prawników kwalifikowanych, tj. adwokatów i radców prawnych, w okresie zmian ustrojowych w Polsce od 1989 do 2017 roku, w szczególności zmiany zasad naboru nowych członków samorządów zawodowych prawników kwalifikowanych w kontekście, po pierwsze, dostępności usług prawnych dla obrotu komercyjnego i niekomercyjnego, a po drugie, dostępności zawodu prawnika kwalifikowanego dla absolwentów wydziałów prawa. Przez „otwarcie zawodów prawniczych” rozumiany jest trwający około 15 lat proces negocjacji społecznych oraz zmian ustawowych, który z założenia miał doprowadzić do zasadniczego zwiększenia dostępu do zawodu adwokata i radcy prawnego, jak i do usług prawnych. W tym kontekście podejmuję próbę wstępnej oceny skutków otwarcia zawodów prawniczych oraz oceny efektywności aktualnego modelu dostępu młodych prawników do zawodów adwokata i radcy prawnego przez pryzmat ich szans na rynku usług prawnych i możliwości zaspokojenia ambicji zawodowych.

EN

The paper presents the rules binding upon qualified lawyers, i.e. advocates and attorneys at law, to pursue their profession during the period of political changes in Poland from 1989 to 2017, in particular the changes in the principles of recruitment of new members of self-governing councils of qualified lawyers in the context of, first, availability of legal services for commercial and non-commercial operations, and second, availability of the profession of qualified lawyer for law graduates. The title ‘opening of legal professions’ is understood here as an approximately 15-year process of social negotiations and statutory changes which by definition was to lead to a definite enhancement in access to the profession of qualified lawyer and to legal services. In this context, I make a preliminary assessment of the consequences of opening up legal professions and evaluate the effectiveness of the current model of access of young lawyers to the professions of advocate and attorney at low through their opportunities in the legal services market and satisfying their vocational ambitions.

5

Deregulacja zawodów reglamentowanych a problematyka ubezpieczeń – rozważania na tle regulacji dotyczącej zawodów prawniczych

63%

Raczyński A.

Prawo Asekuracyjne

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2014

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vol. 3(80)

165-172

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu objęte są przepisy ustawy z dnia 13 czerwca 2013 r. o zmianie ustaw regulujących wykonywanie niektórych zawodów , która weszła w życie w ramach pierwszej – z planowanych trzech – transz deregulacji zawodów reglamentowanych. Autor analizuje normy tego aktu prawnego odnoszące się do obowiązkowych ubezpieczeń związanych z wykonywaniem wskazanych w ustawie zawodów. Przeprowadzona analiza prowadzi do wniosku, że ustawodawca nie poświęcił należytej uwagi problematyce ubezpieczeń. Jedynym istotnym novum jest bowiem nałożenie obowiązku ubezpieczenia odpowiedzialności cywilnej za szkody wyrządzone w związku z ochroną osób i mienia na przedsiębiorców wykonujących działalność gospodarczą w zakresie tych usług; pozostałe zmiany mają charakter wyłącznie porządkujący. Autor wskazuje przy tym na mankamenty obowiązującej regulacji ubezpieczeń obowiązkowych niektórych zawodów prawniczych objętych przepisami ww. ustawy (adwokata, radcy prawnego, notariusza, komornika).

EN

The aim of the present article is to discuss the provisions of the Act of 13 June 2013 changing laws regulating practising certain professions, which entered into force in the first out of three planned tranches of the deregulation of regulated professions. The author analyses standards regulating compulsory insurance related to the professions indicated in this legal act. The analysis carried out in the article leads to the conclusion that the legislature has not devoted due attention to the issues of insurance. The only significant novelty is the compulsory liability insurance for damage caused in connection with the protection of people and property placed on the entrepreneurs providing these services professionally. Other changes are of purely ordering nature. Furthermore, the author points out the shortcomings of the existing obligatory insurance regulations related to certain legal professions (such as a solicitor, legal counsel, notary and bailiff) - covered by the provisions of the act.

6

Awareness among the Students of Law within the Scope of Working as an Attorney-at-Law

63%

Pilipiec S., Niewęgłowski K., Patoleta P.

Studia Iuridica Lublinensia

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2019

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vol. 28

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issue 1

EN

Over a number of years, students choose the job of an attorney-at-law as the most popular profession after they graduate. This trend is very often highlighted in the studies performed at universities by many independent entities. Widely recognised and available reports and articles confirm both popularity and a great interest in the profession of the attorney-at-law among the students of law, however, there is no information concerning the awareness of future graduates of law studies related, among others, to the preparation for and exercising the profession of the attorney-at-law. In order to answer the above issues, the authors conducted voluntary and anonymous studies among the students of law at the Faculty of Law and Administration of the University of Maria Curie-Skłodowska in Lublin. The results provided a wider perspective of factors which influence the popularity of the profession of the attorney-at-law among the students as well as expectations and awareness connected with the profession.

PL

Od wielu lat studenci prawa najczęściej wskazują zawód radcy prawnego jako najchętniej wykonywany po ukończeniu studiów. Trend ten jest bardzo często podkreślany w badaniach przeprowadzanych na uniwersytetach przez różne niezależne podmioty. Powszechnie znane i ogólnodostępne raporty oraz artykuły potwierdzają popularność i zainteresowanie zawodem radcy prawnego wśród studentów prawa, jednak nie ma informacji dotyczących świadomości przyszłych absolwentów studiów prawniczych m.in. co do zakresu przygotowania do wykonywania przez nich zawodu radcy prawnego. W celu bliższego przyjrzenia się powyższym zagadnieniom autorzy przeprowadzili dobrowolne i anonimowe badania wśród studentów prawa na Wydziale Prawa i Administracji Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie. Otrzymane wyniki umożliwiły szersze spojrzenie na czynniki wpływające na popularność zawodu radcy prawnego wśród studentów. Ponadto na ich podstawie skonkretyzowano oczekiwania co do wykonywania tej profesji.

7

The Prestige of Legal Professions among Students of Law and the Intention to Practice These Professions

51%

Pilipiec S., Kępa M.

Studia Iuridica Lublinensia

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2019

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vol. 28

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issue 4

EN

The study presents the results of a qualitative survey carried out among students who study law at the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, which refers to the results of a quantitative survey conducted in 2017. The qualitative research was carried out on a representative sample chosen in a deliberate-and-random manner. The research technique consisted of recording the results of direct interviews based on a standardised questionnaire. Substantive questions were aimed at identifying the reasons for the previously identified discrepancies between the prestige of legal professions as perceived by law students and their intention to pursue these professions. Definitely, the profession of judge enjoys the greatest prestige, but the future legal practitioners mostly do not indicate this profession as the one they intend to practise. Preferred are the professions related to the provision of legal assistance services, i.e. of advocate (adwokat) or attorney-at-law (radca prawny). The profession of judge is endowed with high prestige, while at the same time it is the most demanding legal profession. The difficulty of this profession consists especially in the manner of entry into the profession, the high responsibility and the stress related to the exercise of the function of judge. They have also pointed that judge’s salary is not proportionate to the workload and responsibility imposed on judges. On the other hand, the professions of advocate and attorney-at-law are the most popular ones because of the huge opportunities they offer. This includes the accessibility to these professions and the wide range of powers and autonomy of those who pursue them. They are associated with different forms in which legal assistance services may be provided, in the case of attorneys-at-law also under an employment contract.

PL

W opracowaniu przedstawiono, nawiązując do wyników badań ilościowych z 2017 r., wyniki badania jakościowego przeprowadzonego wśród studentów kierunku prawo studiujących na Wydziale Prawa i Administracji Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie. Badanie jakościowe zostało przeprowadzone w czerwcu 2018 r. na próbie reprezentatywnej dobranej w sposób celowo-losowy. Technika badawcza polegała na notowaniu wyników bezpośrednich rozmów na podstawie zestandaryzowanego kwestionariusza. Pytania merytoryczne miały na celu ustalenie przyczyn stwierdzonych uprzednio rozbieżności pomiędzy prestiżem zawodów prawniczych wśród studentów prawa a zamiarem ich wykonywania. Największym prestiżem zdecydowanie cieszy się zawód sędziego; jednocześnie przyszli adepci prawa w większości nie wskazują tego zawodu jako tego, który zamierzają wykonywać. Preferowane są zawody związane ze świadczeniem pomocy prawnej, tj. adwokata i radcy prawnego. Zawód sędziego wiąże się z wysokim prestiżem, a zarazem to najbardziej wymagający zawód prawniczy. Na jego trudność składają się w szczególności: droga dojścia do zawodu, duża odpowiedzialność i obciążenie związane ze sprawowaniem urzędu sędziego. Wskazano także na niewspółmierność uposażenia sędziego do nakładu pracy i ponoszonej odpowiedzialności. Natomiast zawody adwokata i radcy prawnego są najbardziej popularne z uwagi na duże możliwości, jakie się z nimi wiążą, w tym dostępność do tych zawodów oraz szeroki zakres uprawnień i samodzielność osób je wykonujących. Związane są z nimi zróżnicowane formy, w jakich może być świadczona pomoc prawna, w przypadku radców prawnych również w ramach stosunku pracy.

8

O ograniczeniach holistycznego ujmowania etyk zawodów prawniczych

51%

Górna I.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica

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2016

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vol. 77

37-48

EN

The paper raises significant problems concerning a role and importance of legal professions in the modern world. The paper analyses the ethical challenges postulated to the judge and posed to attorneys and legal advisers. Some consideration is given to different ways of the understanding of professional ethics, in particular from the point of view of ethics organizing corporations and the ethics seen as caring about the quality of law in a moral dimension. An opinion is expressed that it is impossible to determine the ethical principles guiding practice of the legal profession in a one-dimensional way, especially that of a judge, an attorney or a legal adviser.

PL

Artykuł porusza istotne problemy dotyczące roli i znaczenia zawodów prawniczych we współczesnym świecie. W opracowaniu dokonano analizy etycznych wyzwań postulowanych w stosunku do sędziego oraz wysuwanych wobec adwokatów i radców prawnych. Zawarto rozważania dotyczące różnych sposobów rozumienia etyki zawodowej, w szczególności z punktu widzenia etyki organizującej korporacje oraz etyki widzianej jako dbałość o jakość prawa w wymiarze moralnym. Wyrażone zostało stanowisko, iż nie jest możliwe jednowymiarowe ujęcie zasad etycznych rządzących wykonywaniem zawodów prawniczych, w szczególności zawodu sędziego oraz adwokata i radcy prawnego.

9

Právní kultura - na příkladu právní kultury Spolkové republiky Německo:

45%

Mankowski P.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

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2020

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vol. 159

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issue 7

567-581

EN

Legal culture is an open phenomenon lacking a clear definition. Some fundamental qualities can be ascribed to it, though it is dynamic, not static. It pervades all branches and sub-branches of the law. It embraces private law, criminal law and public law alike. It is deeply influenced by the prevailing understanding of law and a society in a given State, in particular by that State’s constitutional law. Legal culture is formed not by the jurists and their discourses alone, but also by the general public. Besides the respective national legal cultures of its Member States, by now there exists a genuine European legal culture, at least within the EU. By contrast, a global legal culture cannot be identified. Taking the legal culture of the Federal Republic of Germany as but one example for a certain national legal culture, some dominating features emerge: Germany is a constitutional state and strictly subject to the rule of law. The Grundgesetz is a true ‘Basic Law’ and fundament. Since the 19th century, Germany has a great tradition of codified law. A tetralogue between the judiciary, the legal profession, the legislating instances and academia informs German law. The germane and most influential mode of legal publications is the commentary, for instance the Palandt. Academic writing in Germany still is predominantly dogmatic. It is characterized by a more and more raising specialization.

CS

Právní kultura je otevřeným fenoménem postrádajícím jasnou definici. Charakteristické vlastnosti spočívají v její dynamice; proniká všemi oblastmi práva. Zahrnuje soukromé, trestní a veřejné právo. Je ovlivněna chápáním práva a společnosti v daném státním mechanismu, zejména v důsledku působení ústavního práva. Právní kultura není předmětem diskuse mezi samotnými právníky, ale týká se celé společnosti. Vedle národních právních kultur existuje evropská právní kultura, zatímco globální kulturu sotva můžeme identifikovat. Bereme-li právní kulturu Spolkové republiky Německo jako příklad národní právní kultury, můžeme definovat její znaky. Německo je konstituční stát ovládaný především principem vlády práva. Ústava je jejím základem. Od 19. století má Německo rozvinutou tradici kodifikovaného práva. Dialog mezi soudci, advokáty, legislátory a zástupci akademie formuje německý právní řád. Typickými produkty německé právní kultury je komentář. Akademický výzkum je převážně dogmatický. V současné době stále se rozvíjí specializace.

10

The Peculiarities of Career Crises of Lawyers: Psychological and Social Aspects

45%

Yablonska T., Sirokha L.

Roczniki Teologiczne

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2020

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vol. 67

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issue 1

129-144

EN

The article deals with the phenomenon of professional crisis of lawyers. The emotional burnout as its manifestation is examined; the importance of detection and psycho-correction of this phenomenon is emphasized. In all the modern democratic developed countries, one of the priorities is to ensure high standards of labor and quality social protection. That is why studying the phenomenon of career crisis can help to improve working conditions and professional development. Professional life is an integral part of human life, it is one of the important vectors of personality development, and it is a special form of person’s socialization. The peculiarity of the professional activity of lawyers is high social responsibility, normativity, and a considerable number of conflict and stressful situations. Difficult conditions of professional activity affect the psychological state of employees, which can cause stress and emotional burnout and even career crisis. The social and psychological factors of career crises of legal professions were revealed on the basis of empirical research, especially the level of emotional burnout. Features and manifestations of emotional burnout of male and female lawyers, as well as the role of gender stereotypes, were analyzed. Also the role of gender stereotypes in professional activity, which is a significant factor in women’s career crisis, is analyzed. The importance of activities to prevent career crises of legal professions is emphasized.

PL

Specyfika kryzysu zawodowego wśród prawników: aspekty psychologiczne i społeczne Artykuł dotyczy zjawiska kryzysu zawodowego u prawników. Badane jest wypalenie emocjonalne z podkreśleniem znaczenia wykrywania i psychokorekcji tego zjawiska. We współczesnych, demokratycznych krajach rozwiniętych jednym z priorytetów jest zapewnienie wysokiego standardu pracy i ochrony socjalnej. Z tego względu badania nad zjawiskiem kryzysu zawodowego mogą przyczynić się do poprawy warunków pracy i rozwoju zawodowego. Życie zawodowe jest integralnym elementem ludzkiego życia, jednym z istotnych kierunków rozwoju osobowości, a także szczególną formą socjalizacji. Specyfika kariery prawniczej związana jest z wysoką odpowiedzialnością społeczną, normatywnością i dużą liczbą sytuacji konfliktowych i stresujących. Trudne warunki pracy zawodowej wpływają na stan psychiczny pracowników, co może wywoływać stres i wypalenie emocjonalne, a nawet kryzys zawodowy. Na podstawie badań empirycznych ujawnione zostały czynniki społeczne i psychologiczne mające wpływ na występowanie kryzysu zawodowego w zawodach prawniczych, szczególnie poziom wypalenia emocjonalnego. Przeanalizowano cechy i symptomy wypalenia emocjonalnego u prawników obojga płci, a także rolę stereotypów związanych z płcią. Analizie poddano także rolę takich stereotypów w życiu zawodowym, co jest czynnikiem istotnie wpływającym na kryzys zawodowy u kobiet. Podkreślono znaczenie działań zapobiegających kryzysowi zawodowemu w zawodach prawniczych.

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1 Górna I.

1 Kępa M.

1 Mankowski P.

1 Niewęgłowski K.

1 Patoleta P.

1 Raczyński A.

1 Sirokha L.

1 Yablonska T.