Search results

1

Legal solutions of lake monitoring systems in Poland in compliance with the Water Framework Directive

100%

Zębek E. M.

Review of European and Comparative Law

|

2022

|

vol. 49

|

issue 2

173-201

EN

The Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC is considered a very modern strategy of water management in the EU. The purpose is to establish a framework for the protection of inland surface waters by preventing further deterioration and protecting the condition of aquatic ecosystems, as well as increasing the protection and improvement of the condition of the aquatic environment by limiting emissions and losses of priority substances. It was considered that changes in the water law in Poland during the process of implementing the guidelines of the Water Framework Directive may have contributed to widening and strengthening the monitoring system of lakes and changes in their quality, especially their ecological state. This article aims to determine the changes in legal regulations in the field of water quality/ecologically state of lakes in Poland as a result of the implementation of the WFD. The EC reports indicate that some requirements are too rigorous and complicated for Member States to implement. Water monitoring was significantly expanded and modernised which lead to improvement of lake water quality in Poland. The five-grade ecological status of lake waters and standardised biological indicators were introduced. It was highlighted that the improvement of the WFD implementation process allowed for more effective water management and the development of effective strategies for the protection of lakes in Poland and other EU countries.

2

Kształtowanie się pozycji prawnej i funkcji wojewody na przestrzeni lat

100%

Ura E.

Studia Prawa Publicznego

|

2023

|

issue 1 (41)

13-30

EN

The aim of this article is to present legal solutions showing the legal position and basic functions of a voivode, taking into account the definition of his constitutional position in the period from the Second Republic of Poland to the present. This is an organ of government administration that has appeared in the system of administrative bodies since the interwar period, with the exception of the years 1950–1973. This interval was the result of the solutions adopted in the Act of 20 March 1950 on local organs of uniform state authority. The competences of voivodes were then assumed by the presidencies of the voivodeship national councils as the executive and managing bodies of these councils. It was not until the amendment of the Constitution on 22 November 1973 and the enactment on the same day of the Act amending the Act on National Councils that new regulations were introduced, whereby collegial bodies at the voivodeship and poviat levels (presidia) were replaced with monocratic bodies. The solutions adopted in 1999 clearly refer to the interwar solutions, rendering the voivode both the representative of the Council of Ministers in the voivodeship and granting them many competences as a result, as well as the head of the combined government administration in the voivodeship. Recent years and changes in legislation (not least in the Act on the Voivode and Government Administration in the Voivodeship) have significantly strengthened the voivode’s position as a political body. The adopted solutions have clearly subordinated the voivode to the Prime Minister in both the official and personal sphere. The Prime Minister directs the activity of the voivode, issuing guidelines and orders in this respect, demanding the submission of reports on the activity of the voivode and conducting a periodic evaluation of their work, in addition to supervising the activity of the voivode based on the criterion of the compliance of his/her actions with the policy of the Council of Ministers.

3

Desafíos del productor nicaragüense en el mercado agrícola (regional y local) y alternativas de solución. Parte 1

71%

Montiel Silva M. E.

Przegląd Prawa Rolnego

|

2018

|

issue 2(23)

149-158

PL

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie regulacji rynku rolnego w Nikaragui oraz wskazanie rozwiązań prawnych, które mogą przyczynić się do przezwyciężenia nierównego podziału zasobów ekonomicznych wynikającego z krajowej działalności rolniczej w łańcuchu dostaw żywności. Celem jest zidentyfikowanie luk prawnych, które przyczyniają się do nierównego podziału zasobów w nikaraguańskim systemie zaopatrzenia w produkty rolno-spożywcze oraz zaproponowanie alternatywnych rozwiązań, które są możliwe z punktu widzenia nauk rolniczych. Zdaniem autora główną trudnością stojącą przed nikaraguańskim producentem rolnym jest komercjalizacja własnych towarów na rynku produktów rolnych Ameryki Środkowej i Nikaragui oraz braki regulacyjne w tym zakresie. Obowiązujący w większości krajów regionu System Integracji Ameryki Środkowej (Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana – SICA) obejmuje z jednej strony kompleksowe regulacje prawne dotyczące rolnictwa, a z drugiej nie w pełni odpowiada współczesnej strukturze łańcucha rolno-spożywczego. W praktyce ustawodawstwo regionalne i krajowe podlega częstym zmianom i nie zapewnia odpowiedniej ochrony producentów rolnych na każdym etapie produkcji. Pewną alternatywę dla tej sytuacji stanowi wprowadzenie zmian na poziomie regionalnym w postaci stref swobodnego przepływu ekonomicznego oraz realizacja wspólnej polityki rolnej przez kraje Ameryki Środkowej.

IT

Lo scopo dell’articolo è di presentare la regolamentazione del mercato agricolo in Nicaragua e di indicare soluzioni giuridiche che potrebbero contribuire a superare una distribuzione iniqua delle risorse economiche derivanti dall’attività agricola nazionale all’interno della filiera alimentare. In particolare, si tratta di individuare scappatoie giuridiche che contribuiscono ad una distribuzione iniqua delle risorse nel regime nicaraguense di approvvigionamento per i prodotti agroalimentari e di proporre soluzioni alternative per la loro eliminazione alla luce della scienza del diritto agrario. Secondo l’autore, la principale difficoltà per il produttore agricolo nicaraguense è il processo di commercializzazione dei prodotti sul mercato dei prodotti agricoli dell’America centrale e del Nicaragua nonché carenze normative in questo ambito. Il Sistema dell’integrazione centroamericana (SICA), vincolante nella maggior parte dei paesi della regione, da un lato contiene regolazioni giuridiche complete sull’agricoltura, dall’altro non corrisponde pienamente alla struttura moderna della filiera agroalimentare. In pratica, la legislazione regionale e nazionale è soggetta a frequenti cambiamenti e non protegge in modo sufficiente il produttore agricolo in ogni fase di produzione. Un’alternativa sarebbe quella di introdurre cambiamenti a livello regionale, sotto forma di aree di libero scambio e di attuare la politica agricola comune da parte dei Paesi dell’America centrale.

EN

The aim of the article is to present the regulation of the Nicaraguan agricultural market and to identify legal solutions that could contribute to overcoming the unequal distribution of economic resources resulting from domestic agricultural activity in the food supply chain. In particular, the aim is to identify the legal loopholes that contribute to the unequal distribution of resources in the Nicaraguan agri-food supply system and to propose alternative solutions that are available from the point of view of agricultural law science. In the author’s opinion, the main difficulty facing the Nicaraguan agricultural producer is the commercialisation of own goods on the agricultural products market of Central America and Nicaragua and the regulatory deficiencies in this respect. The System of Central American Integration (Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana – SICA) in force in most countries of the region, includes on the one hand comprehensive legal regulations concerning agriculture, but on the other hand it does not fully correspond to the modern structure of the agri-food chain. In practice, regional and national legislation is subject to frequent amendments and provides unsatisfactory protection for agricultural producers at every stage of production. The introduction of changes at the regional level in the form of free economic circulation zones and the implementation of the common agricultural policy by Central American countries offers a certain alternative to this situation.

ES

El objetivo del artículo es presentar la regulación del mercado agrícola nicaragüense e identificar soluciones legales que puedan contribuir a superar la desigual distribución de los recursos económicos resultante de la actividad agrícola nacional en la cadena alimentaria. En particular, se busca identificar los vacíos legales que contribuyen a la distribución desigual de los recursos en el sistema de abastecimiento agroalimentario nicaragüense y proponer soluciones alternativas disponibles desde el punto de vista de la ciencia del derecho agrario. A juicio del autor, la principal dificultad que enfrenta el productor agropecuario nicaragüense es la comercialización de bienes propios en el mercado de productos agrícolas de Centroamérica y Nicaragua y las deficiencias regulatorias al respecto. El Sistema de Integración Centroamericana (Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana - SICA) vigente en la mayoría de los países de la región, incluye por un lado una normativa legal integral en materia de agricultura, pero por otro no se corresponde plenamente con la estructura moderna de la cadena agroalimentaria. En la práctica, la legislación regional y nacional está sujeta a modificaciones frecuentes y proporciona una protección insatisfactoria a los productores agrícolas en todas las etapas de la producción. La introducción de cambios a nivel regional en forma de zonas de libre circulación económica y la implementación de la política agrícola común por parte de los países centroamericanos ofrece una cierta alternativa a esta situación.

Refine search results

1 Przegląd Prawa Rolnego

1 Review of European and Comparative Law

1 Studia Prawa Publicznego

1 2023

1 2022

1 2018

1 Montiel Silva M. E.

1 Ura E.

1 Zębek E. M.

Legal solutions of lake monitoring systems in Poland in compliance with the Water Framework Directive

Kształtowanie się pozycji prawnej i funkcji wojewody na przestrzeni lat

Desafíos del productor nicaragüense en el mercado agrícola (regional y local) y alternativas de solución. Parte 1