W artykule koncentruję się na materiale poetyckim jako szczególnej formie organizacji języka. Poetycki skrót kondensuje językowy obraz świata, nie redukując przy tym jego złożoności i wewnętrznej dynamiki. W tekstach takich twórców, jak: Krynicki, Herbert, Szymborska, Świetlicki czy Bonowicz obserwujemy ciekawe strategie posługiwania się słowem, które można potraktować jako swoiste laboratorium językowe i doskonały materiał służący budowaniu słownictwa w procesie nauczania jpjo.
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In this article, I focus on poetic material as a particular mode of language organization. Poetic abridgement condenses the linguistic picture of the world without reducing its complexity and internal dynamics. In the texts of such artists as Krynicki, Herbert, Szymborska, Świetlicki, and Bonowicz, we can observe interesting strategies of employing the word, which can be considered a peculiar language laboratory and perfect vocabulary-building material for use in the process of teaching Polish as a foreign language.
Samuel Bogumił Linde’s Słownik języka polskiego comprises not only a rich set of mythology-based lexical expressions (as headwords or sub-entries in sections on derivatives), but also an account of their then-current colourful linguistic and poetic context, by which the following is meant: adjectives (mostly given in a sub-entry and exhibiting the form of compounds called compound epithets) and noun equivalents of mythological expressions (present adjacently in lexicographical notation). This context has been analyzed from various perspectives: semantic and lexical, morphological and structural, stylistic and varietal, textual and source-focused, lexicographical. Some language units included in the context, often marked by Linde with two superscript asterisks, are called peculiar here as they are provocative in form and meaning (morphological neologisms, borrowings, morphological calques and stylized semantic neologisms).
Medieval Onymic Resources – an Untapped Source in Historical Linguistics? A Research Prolegomena The article is devoted to more comprehensive use of medieval onymic resources in research on the history of the Polish language. These materials were used in research on the phonetic development of the Polish language in its earliest period. To date, they have rarely appeared in lexical studies. The body of the oldest appellatives, reconstructed on the basis of proper names, would be a kind of lexicon (supplement) enriching and verifying Old Polish lexical material, certified in historical Polish dictionaries (also in etymological dictionaries). In this way, the expectations formulated over 100 years ago by eminent Polish linguists may be fulfilled. The complementary use of such a huge wealth of material opens up further research perspectives towards etymological, dialectological, lexical and morphological research.
This article is dedicated to the analysis of the perspective hope in the teaching / learning process of a foreign language. This article presents various aspects of using Polish poetry and literature during Polish language lessons with foreigners. The author highlights the importance of developing all the skills of a language, with a particular emphasis placed on speaking.
Polszczyzna dysponuje bogatym inwentarzem wyrazów określających ludzi spożywających alkohol w nadmiernych ilościach, stany upojenia alkoholowego czy sposoby picia. Nacechowanie stylistyczne i obfitość takich określeń sprawiają, że stają się one ważnym wycinkiem systemu leksykalnego polszczyzny. Również nasi studenci wykazują zainteresowanie tym tematem. Jak tego uczyć (i czy uczyć), z jakich materiałów korzystać?
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The Polish language has a rich inventory of words referring to people who consume alcohol in excessive amounts, the state of intoxication, or the ways of drinking. The stylistic character and abundance of such terms make them an important element of the stylistic system of the Polish language. It can be seen that our students show a considerable interest in this topic. How should we teach it? (Is it worth teaching?) What teaching materials should we use?
Having compared the distribution of the colour gold in the poetical output of A. Mickiewicz, J. Tuwim, M. Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska, S. Grochowiak and Z. Herbert with that of Leopold Staff, I conclude that it is by far most widespread in the poetry of the latter – a classicist. Apart from some standard vocabulary, which was commonly used by all seven of the above-mentioned poets (złocisty, złocony, złoto, złoty) and well established in both spoken and written variants of early 19th c. Polish, Staff used various lexical individualisms. They were mostly adjectival (often compound), but occasionally also nominal and verbal (in their singular form), e.g.: brzęczyzłotka, przezłacać się, rozzłocić, purpurowozłoty, rudozłoty, złocistokłosy, złotoszczery. Such frequent occurence of lexical components designating colour gold provided light reflexes to the pictures painted with the poet's words. Semantic poetisms, such as: topaz słońca, ciepły bursztyn lasu, dźwignęłaś lasy […] w bursztyn i topazy, etc., deserve a separate attention, since they greatly deepen poeticisation of the landscapes and other elements of the represented world. Designations of colour gold are especially prominent in the early volumes of Staff's poetry, i.e. those published by the 1920's. In the later period, the poet's use of the designations of all colours (not only colour gold) becomes increasingly rare, due to Staff's turn towards more concise and condensed lyrics at the cost of abandoning longer poetic forms, i.a. his long beloved sonnet.
Artykuł traktuje o zwyczajach i obrzędach związanych z Wielkanocą i poprzedzającym ją czasem, które praktykowane były w Polsce niekiedy od doby staropolskiej. Koncentruje się na obchodach Wielkiego Tygodnia, Wielkiej Niedzieli i Wielkanocnego Poniedziałku. Krótko wspomina się o ludowych praktykach magicznych zapewniających zdrowie, urodę, dobrobyt i obfite plony. Autorka podejmuje próbę leksykalno-kulturowego opisu 23 leksemów i 10 połączeń wyrazowych funkcjonujących w polszczyźnie ogólnej i gwarach, z uwzględnieniem ich etymologii, czasu i miejsca występowania oraz obecności w literaturze dawnej. W tekście scharakteryzowano m.in. szereg synonimów nazywających wielkanocne jaja i zabawy nimi, leksykę, za pomocą której określane były Niedziela Palmowa czy Poniedziałek Wielkanocny, jak i nazwy związane z ludowymi obchodami poszczególnych dni Wielkiego Tygodnia. Zgromadzone słownictwo finalnie podzielono na 4 grupy zbierające leksykę: 1) ogólnopolską, 2) regionalną i gwarową, 3) niepoświadczoną w słownikach, 4) leksem, którego występowanie potwierdzono jedynie w tekstach staropolskich.
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The article deals with the Easter customs and rites and the period preceding Easter (Holy Week), the holiday that had been celebrated for a very long time. The attention is focused on Holy Week, Easter Sunday and Easter Monday. There is a mention about folk magic practices to secure health, beauty, prosperity and a good crop. The author attempts to provide a lexical and cultural description of 23 lexemes and 10 collocations functioning in the general Polish language and its dialects, taking into consideration their etymology, time and place of occurrence and their presence in the literature of the past centures. She gives characteristics of some synonyms referring to Easter eggs and what was done with them, the lexis referring to Palm Sunday and Eater Monday, and the names related to folk ceremonies on particular days of Holy Week. The collected vocabulary has been divided into four groups, which include: 1) the lexis of general Polish language, 2) some dialects, 3) forms not to be found in dictionaries, 4) a lexeme that occurred only in the text of Old Polish.
This article contains the analysis of language-stylistic means used by H. Sienkiewicz in creating the Ukrainian steppe. Exploring of the collected lexical material refers to: 1. synonymous names of steppe as well as lexical compounds indicating the most important aspects of this geographical area; 2. topographical and natural names concerning steppe; 3. symbolic images of steppe.
The author of the paper discusses lexis imitating the play of light and shadow, various concentrations of brightness and darkness as well as mutual interpenetration of these two spheres. The analysis focused on semantic and contextual conditioning of words directly nominating light values (błyszczeć ‘to shine’, jaśnieć ‘to shine’, świecić ‘to glow, to shine’), words indicating not only objects, whose immanent trait is emitting light (jasne słońce lit. bright sun, świecący księżyc lit. shining moon, roziskrzone gwiazdy lit. sparkling stars), but also denotata, which situationally shine with refl ected light or light contrasted with a chromatic or achromatic colour (roziskrzone oczy lit. sparkling eyes, błyszczące łzy lit. shining tears, świecąca łysina lit. shiny bald patch, biała sierść błyskająca na tle zieleni lit. white hair flashing against a background of greenery).
The aim of this article is the characterization of chosen temporal expressions in the Book of Psalms of Mikołaj Rej. The author, who analyses the chosen fragments of the piece in a linguistic and stylistic way, depicts the originality and independence of Rej from Latin sources: the Wulgata and the Campensis in translations of those expressions that concern temporal relations. The author proves that the superior aim of the Rej’s translation piece was on the one hand the revision of Biblical realities and on the other hand the particular care of stylistic translation’s form.
The article shows the names of the sacrament of baptism used in Piotr Skarga’s sermons. The analyzed material has been taken from Kazania o siedmi sakramentach published in 1600 in Krakow by A. Piotrowczyk publishing house, whereas the comparative material has originated from Słownik polszczyzny XVI wieku and other publications about religious language, which are enumerated in the bibliography. The analysis of the materials shows that Skarga has not created new names for the sacrament of baptism. They have the same forms as in the Bible or in the papers of Church Fathers, namely baptism, the sacrament of the baptism. The preacher uses also comparisons and metaphors, eg. bath-house, revival, circumcision.
The goal of the paper was to investigate the vocabulary of handbook for Polish as a foreign language Krokpokroku 1 with the use of frequency lists. It was found that the lexical material of the book is far too difficult for beginners as out of 3021 lexical typesonly 960 lexemes belonged to the lexical list for the level A1 whereas 273 other lexemes from the A1 lexical list were not included there. Among the lexemes exceeding the A1 language fluency level which could be used at that level were: internationalisms, proper names and their derivatives and aspectual pairs of verbs. The presence of others and lack of those lexemes which are very frequent in language is questionable. Control of the vocabulary used in textbooks for beginners is a must according to numerous language teaching experts. It is rarely however taken into account by textbook authors.
The aim of the article is to analyses the English quotation borrowings that entered the Polish language at the turn of the twenty and 21st century. It has been found essential to judge the gathered material from the point of its usefulness and the degree of normativity as quotations are not adapted to the Polish language system. Due to the reason mentioned above the English quotation borrowings are divided according to the type of innovation: either supplementary or alternative one. Moreover, within each group the semantic fields with the greatest number of examples are characterised. Additionally, partly adapted forms of same of the presented borrowings are described as well as examples of inconsistent records.
The purpose of this analysis is to show methods of translating a Biblical exotic expression πάσχα in some selected modern translations of the New Testament, both in Catholic tradition Tyniec Bible, Poznań Bible, Warsaw-Prague Bible, Pauline Bible), as well as Protestant (Warsaw Bible, New Testament – dynamic translation), and also in the ecumenical translation of the New Testament (2001). The translators of the Tyniec Bible adopted faithfully the solution introduced by Jakub Wujek – they used a formal equivalence, more similar to the technique verbum verbo reddere. This translation technique also dominates in two subsequent twentieth-century translations of the Bible from the Catholic circle, namely, in the Poznań Bible and in the Warsaw-Prague Bible. Contrastingly, the translators of the Protestant Warsaw Bible refer to translational solutions proposed by Daniel Mikołajewski in his rendering of the Bible from 1632 – they finally decided to lexically underline the contextual meanings of the Greek πάσχα, trying to realize the very essence of the formula sensum sensui reddere. This, in turn, imposed on them the necessity to perform a semantic interpretation of the original text. Similarly acted the translators of a dynamic translation of the New Testament and the ecumenical translation. Also the translators of the Pauline Bible, the most recent entire translation completed in the Catholic circles, refer to this technique. This fact clearly supports the contention that the tendency to lexically differentiate the meanings of the Greek πάσχα in the contemporary Polish translations, whose aim is to make accessible to modern readers the sense of the Biblical message, is primarily of philological nature and not religious.
This paper deals with Polish-Russian interlingual homonymy. Interlingual homonyms are understood as words which have similar pronunciation but do not share the same meaning in different languages. The investigated homonyms come from two dictionaries, Rosyjsko-polski słownik paraleli leksykalnych by Wladimir Dubiczynski, Marcelina Grabska and Ewa Komorowska (in preparation) and Rosyjsko-polski słownik homonimów międzyjęzykowych by Krzysztof Kusal. Taking the formal criterion into consideration, the analysis reveals the existence of complete homonyms (e.g. Russian УРÓК ‘lesson’ and Polish UROK ‘charm’) and partial homonyms (e.g. Russian ДИВÁН ‘sofa’ and Polish DYWAN ‘carpet’). Semantically speaking, it is possible to distinguish homonyms with opposite meanings (e.g. Russian ЗАПОМИНAНИЕ ‘remembering’ and Polish ZAPOMINANIE ‘forgetting’), homonyms with different scopes of meaning (e.g. Russian НЕДÉЛЯ ‘week’ and Polish NIEDZIELA ‘Monday’) and homonyms sharing the same root (e.g. Russian ЛЕНЬ ‘laziness’ and Polish LEŃ ‘lazy person’).
The article Linguistically-cultural registrations of names of utensils for beverages in sixteenth century written Polish language presents 30 names of utensils for beverages (such as wine, beer, honey, water) appeared in sixteenth century written Polish language. Whole material selected from Słownik polszczyzny XVI wieku was divided into three groups: a) utensils assigned to ladle fluids; b) utensils assigned to keep and serve fluids; c) utensils assigned to consume fluids. Moreover the article describes cultural context, etymology of words, number and examples of use.
Published in 1672 in Poznań by the Wdowa y Dziedzice Woyciecha Regulusa printing house, Skarb nieprzebrany [Infinite treasure] by Rev. Jan K. Steczewicz is dedicated to the picture of the Virgin Mary in Rokitno, an image credited with numerous miracles. The author aims to describe the miracles credited to Our Lady of Rokitno and the history of the painting kept in the border area of Polonia Major. Rev. Steczewicz describes both the merciful image of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Rokitno, now referred to as Mother of God Listening Patiently, and the testimonies of miracles that happened through her intercession. Believers seek comfort, consolation and support from the Mother of God Listening Patiently for themselves and their loved ones as a last resort, when they face death, severe disease, or a life-threatening experience. The author reveals first-person accounts from numerous direct and indirect witnesses to the described events. Their testimonies are of both documentary and cultural value, providing an insight into the realities of the border area in 17th-century western Poland.
Among words which are peculiarities of the (Old) Church Slavonic lectionary from the Old Testament (and at the same time being hapax legomena compared with the Old Church Slavonic lexis authenticated in old texts written before the turn of 12th and 13th century), the article points out those which – being the heritage from the Proto-Slavic era – belong or belonged to the Polish language vocabulary. It was examined whether or not, and to what extent this vocabulary appears in appropriate areas of Old Testament verses in Polish translations of the Bible – in Old Polish Bibles: Leopolita’s (1561), Rev. Wujek’s (1599) and Gdańsk Bible (1632), as well as in the contemporary – Biblia Tysiąclecia (The Millennium Bible). In connection with the discovered conformities, it was suggested that the lexical state of the (Old) Polish verses of the Bible may be recognised as an essential support in suggesting the affiliation of this peculiar vocabulary with the oldest form of an Old Testa- ment lectionary – the unknown Cyrillo-Methodian original from the Moravian Mission period.
This article contains a stylistic-lexis analysis of German loan-words which appear in “Krzyżacy” by Henryk Sienkiewicz. Its aim was to decide about the function of this group of loan-words in creation of the presented world in the novel. Material basis, counting 235 lexical units, was grouped and described in several semantic categories concerned, among other things, with: 1. different branches of economy, 2. widely understood socio-political life, 3. daily life and customs. The main text is accompanied by a dictionary of all German loan-words, which included, apart from basic information such as: definition and frequency, also their location in different lexicographic sources.
The article concerns the influences of vocabulary from Stefan Falimirz’s herbarium on the Polish part of Calepino’s dictionary. On the basis of 32 volumes of the Słownik polszczyzny XVI wieku (Dictionary of Polish language of the XVI century), the author claims that 24 entries were included in Calepino’s dictionary, which definitely constitutes half of these influences.
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