The article deals with the manuscript called “Vodňany medicine” from the beginning of the 15th century. The text has specific language features, such as accumulation of lexical units relating to the same concept (especially in terms of plants, diseases, etc.). It examines whether these words are synonyms, and what words are used to connect them (the conjunctions točúš, tověz, nebo; the phrases to jest, druzí řiekají, slóve, etc.). It concludes by observing that the accumulation of synonymous words is significantly influenced by the fact that the text is based on the Latin original.
Starting with B. Groicki’s Słowa prawne w rzeczy sobie podobne (1567), the paper presents the history of legal terms relating to the court procedure: apelacyja ‘appeal’, mocyja ‘judge reprimand’, odesłanie ‘referral’, dawność ‘non-claim’, zasiedzenie ‘usucaption’. Appeal was first practiced in Poland under the Magdeburg Rights, and only since the first quarter of the 16th century also in the and law. On the other hand, the so-called mocyja, i.e. reprimanding of the judge, had been employed for much longer. Difficult cases were sent to a higher court already in the Middle Ages, if the lower court was deemed incompetent, hence odesłanie, remisyja, remisa ‘remittal’. The 1346–1347 statutes of king Casimir III the Great recognize the institution of prescription, hence dawność, preskrypcja ‘non-claim’. Finally, zasiedzenie is ‘the acquisition of ownership by a long, undisputed use’. The use of the word fields method has made it possible to reveal many, often rare, terms that function in various groups, the mutual competition between the components of fields, the victory of some, and the disappearance of others. The evolution of the fields has limited the number of synonyms in simultaneous use.
ReviewThis text is a review of the work entitled Baltu valodu atlants. Leksika 1: Flora (Eng. Atlas of the Baltic Languages. Lexis 1: Flora), published in Vilnius in 2013.The publication was prepared by linguists from the Institute of Latvian Language and the Institute of Lithuanian Language. The Atlas presents vocabulary from the second part of the 20th century on the territory of Latvia and Lithuania and partly of Belarus and Poland. The authors prepared 46 maps and descriptions of 26 words (connected with flora), which showed different phonetic variants of derivatives, linguistic parallels between the Latvian and Lithuanian dialects (lexical, semantic, geographical) and common Slavic-Baltic zone of interference. RecenzjaTekst jest recenzją pracy Baltu valodu atlants. Leksika 1: Flora, ktora została wydana w Wilnie w 2013 r. Publikację opracowali litewscy i łotewscy lingwiści z Instytutu Języka Litewskiego Akademii Nauk Litwy i Instytutu Języka Łotewskiego Uniwersytetu Łotewskiego w Rydze. W Atlasie zaprezentowano słownictwo z drugiej połowy XX w., funkcjonujące na obszarze Litwy, Łotwy a także częściowo Białorusi i Polski. Autorzy przedstawili 46 map i zaprezentowali opisy 26 nazw związanych z florą, ukazujących ich różne warianty fonetyczne oraz językowe paralele pomiędzy dialektami litewskimi i łotewskimi (leksykalne, semantyczne, geograficzne) oraz wspólną słowiańsko-bałtycką strefę kontaktów językowych.
This text is a review of the work entitled Baltu valodu atlants. Leksika 1: Flora (Eng. Atlas of the Baltic Languages. Lexis 1: Flora), published in Vilnius in 2013.The publication was prepared by linguists from the Institute of Latvian Language and the Institute of Lithuanian Language. The Atlas presents vocabulary from the second part of the 20th century on the territory of Latvia and Lithuania and partly of Belarus and Poland. The authors prepared 46 maps and descriptions of 26 words (connected with flora), which showed different phonetic variants of derivatives, linguistic parallels between the Latvian and Lithuanian dialects (lexical, semantic, geographical) and common Slavic-Baltic zone of interference.
PL
Tekst jest recenzją pracy Baltu valodu atlants. Leksika 1: Flora, ktora została wydana w Wilnie w 2013 r. Publikację opracowali litewscy i łotewscy lingwiści z Instytutu Języka Litewskiego Akademii Nauk Litwy i Instytutu Języka Łotewskiego Uniwersytetu Łotewskiego w Rydze. W Atlasie zaprezentowano słownictwo z drugiej połowy XX w., funkcjonujące na obszarze Litwy, Łotwy a także częściowo Białorusi i Polski. Autorzy przedstawili 46 map i zaprezentowali opisy 26 nazw związanych z florą, ukazujących ich różne warianty fonetyczne oraz językowe paralele pomiędzy dialektami litewskimi i łotewskimi (leksykalne, semantyczne, geograficzne) oraz wspólną słowiańsko-bałtycką strefę kontaktów językowych.
The article presents the most important language rules and tendencies in teaching Polish as a foreign language. The author fully discusses word lists that are obligatory on different levels of proficiency in Polish language, pointing out to their advantages and disadvantages. She reminds about the necessity of completing such lists caused by intensive globalization and computerization. The article presents also problems concerning language used by young peo-ple nowadays, that is not only under the process of constant changes but it also becomes ‘out of date’ very quickly. Using fashionable words and words that have become commonly used as an example the author of the article proves the importance of language intuition while preparing lists of vocabulary for a certain level of language proficiency. The author concen-trates also on describing problems concerning methods of teaching Polish as a foreign lan-guage that are connected with the rapid evolution of the language.
The paper offers a critical review of the role played by lexical meaning in the earlier stages of philosophical semantics and truth-conditional semantics. I shall address, both historically and theoretically, the relative neglect of lexical semantics within these fields, and argue that the approach to word meaning fostered in extensional frameworks is overall inconsistent with the customary assumption that truth-theoretic semantics can be considered a semantic theory proprio sensu.
The article deals with the lexical phrase spanilá jízda (“graceful ride”) which refers to the Hussite conquering raids in the 15th century. This collocation was documented for the first time in the 15th century texts. It has since changed, both in lexical form and meaning. The collocation was (v)zpanilá jiezda in Old Czech and originally denoted ‘conquering raids, bringing wealth and power’. Now these words in many cases denote ‘well-organized, systematic, noble-looking activity’ (i.e. sport activity).
Desinences – also known as "noun markers" in the literature – are one of the main issues brought up on the current debates about the relation between idiosyncratic listing and structural aspects of language. Desinences are problematic from a structural perspective because (a) not all languages have these grammatical markers, so they do not seem to be universal; (b) their semantic or syntactic role is not clear and (c) they display different values, but the association between a marker and a noun, at best, follows some tendencies, but (almost) never clear semantic or grammatical patterns. This paper has the goal of determining which aspects of the grammar of desinences are amenable to a structural analysis, and suggesting a possible way of coping with the idiosyncratic and unpredictable aspects which is compatible with the structural account proposed. We argue that it is possible to find one single subjacent structural pattern common to languages with desinences and with noun classifiers and that the structure proposed, alt-hough not enough to avoid listedness, can at least account for which items inside the structure can impose idiosyncratic selection on this marker. The language used to illustrate the analysis is Spanish.
In this work I will provide direct evidence against the identity of relative pronouns and complementizers/subordinators – proposed in recent works (Kayne 2010b) within the generative paradigm – with the aid of (diachronic and synchronic) data from Akkadian (an extinct Semitic language of Mesopotamia), Sogdian (an extinct Middle Iranian language), Germanic languages, Eastern and Western Iranian languages and Creoles. I will also show that the mismatch of relative (demonstrative) pronoun and complementizers does not weaken a proposal of a unified syntactic structure underlying the two clause-linkage phenomena of complementation and relativization. I will try to demonstrate that subordinate clauses (relative and complement clauses) are headed by light nouns/pro-nouns acting as "bridges of features" between matrix and dependent clauses. In particu-lar the simultaneous presence of demonstratives / relative pronouns and complementizers signalling clauses' edges in many languages is the primary evidence that (light) nom-inal elements are possibly required to trigger phenomena of clause linkage.
In recent years many lexical elements in the syntactic tree have been decomposed into formal features forming part of the functional sequence. This paper explores the effects of this change on the syntax-phonology interface, addressing two problems for language modularity and proposing that the Lexicon be the locus of communication between the two modules. The first issue is the sensitivity of prosody to edges of syntactic constituents and to lexical elements and projections but not to functional ones (cf. Selkirk 1995; Truckenbrodt 1999, 2007 inter alia). Lexicon subcategorisation is offered as the solution (cf. Bye 2006; Paster 2005). The second issue is the prosodic marking of Information Structure. In Prosodic Phonology, constraints (Align-F, Stress-Focus) "see" these syntactic features, which is undesirable if modularity is to be maintained. This paper uses the Nanosyntactic view that features are merged into the tree individually, and suggests that Lexical entries for e.g. F and CT features in English are suprasegmental affixes pairing a H* tone with F feature or a L+H*L-H% contour with a CT feature.
Paradis and Gopnik (1997) and Fukuda and Fukuda (2001a, b) suggested that the performance of children with specific language impairment (SLI) could be explained by deficits in their knowledge of grammar, whereas their lexicon appears to be intact. The purpose of this study was to examine this hypothesis with longitudinal data from a Japanese child with SLI from the ages of 9 to 14. Tests with tense, passives, case-marking, demonstrative pronouns and vocabulary were administered during this period. The results were as follows. The participant's lexical age developed rapidly. In contrast, the percent correct of her passives did not increase significantly from the ages of 9 to 14. Moreover, the percent correct on tense was 50% at the age of 14 when non-words were used. In case-marker production with passives, it was 50% even at the age of 14 when reversed word order was used. However, the percent correct of demonstrative pronouns was 50% at the age of 11, and it increased rapidly to 100% within a year. The results of this study provide further empirical support for the hypothesis that the deficit in children with SLI can be attributed to an impairment in their grammatical knowledge which seems to spare their lexicon.
Within the sports language, the lexical level is composed of slang, specialized terminology and figurative lexicon. This work analyzes the lexical-semantic characteristics of the football language in a corpus of news chronicles of Real Madrid football matches, published on the web site marca.com. We focus on the fundamental lexicon of these chronicles, as well as on the core concepts of them, their designations and the means of meaning.
The teaching of grammar cannot be separated from the teaching of vocabulary, but it is often the case that teachers fail to treat vocabulary with due importance and prefer to focus on explaining grammar instead. Very often the same attitude is reflected in textbooks, which do not teach lexicon in a systematic and organized manner, offering merely sporadic exercises presenting new words and neglecting those aimed at retention and re-use of newly acquired vocabulary. Recently, many scholars in the field of Italian as SL/L2 have undertaken regular studies on the “living language” and its application in teaching. In fact, authentic materials present various examples of language, registers, dialects, regional variations, diversity of styles and multiple thematic situations. What is more, contextualisation of the language increases the level of comprehension and, in consequence, learner’s motivation. The aim of the article is to present a proposal of using a video material available on youtube, which summarizes the historical novel par excellence of Italian literature, for didactic purposes.
A retrospective account on past comparative research on Afro-Asiatic (AA) or Semito-Hamitic / Hamito-Semitic (SH/HS, resp.) phonology (first of all consonantism, also root structure) and lexicon, segmented into episodes according to diverse trends (often overlapping in time) is now under way and will be presented part by part in a series of papers. The present paper contains the first ever direction of this research, labelled “Semito-Hamitology” covering studies seeking, in their conception, the “African”, i.e. “Hamitic” kinship of Semitic, without a permanent communis opinio over the whole century of this ‘trend’ (better: amalgamate era) regarding the limits of the family.
A retrospective account on past comparative research on Afro-Asiatic (AA) or Semito-Hamitic / Hamito-Semitic (SH / HS, resp.) phonology (first of all consonantism, also root structure) and lexicon, segmented into episodes according to diverse (often overlapping in time) trends is now under way and will be presented part by part in a series of papers. The present paper contains the first ever direction of this research, labelled “Semito-Hamitology” covering studies seeking, in their conception, the “African”, i.e. “Hamitic” kinship of Semitic.
The aim of this article is to show and to emphasize the importance of the so-called info boxes for foreign language learners in a bilingual dictionary. The phenomenon has been demonstrated using the Hueber-Dictionary (2008).
In this survey of the Hobongan lexical items, I identify patterns in the Hobongan understanding of measurement and quantification. In Hobongan, there are many terms for measurements, usually some form of estimation. Hobongan has a four-based counting system, and those forms are used to estimate (one is one or hardly any, and four is quite a lot) and function as articles in sentences. Hobongan has also borrowed more counting terms and has the lexical items necessary for precise quantification, but those quantifications are used primarily within certain domains, such as determining what they should be paid for gold that has been mined or what should be paid in fines after legal judgments. Estimates of measurements can reference common objects, such as segments of bamboo or the height of a standing human. Perhaps the richest aspect of the system is that of measurement, in which terms that provide ways to estimate temperatures, magnitudes, and other amounts can indicate the ways in which the Hobongan make estimates from contextual information and apply the terms in use. In Hobongan, measurements in the form of estimates are primary and obligatory. Quantification with numbers is exclusively a type of symbolic and symbolized reasoning that must be combined with the estimate terms in order to be acceptable and functional.
Wyspowa gwara staroobrzędowców w Polsce obok wielu osobliwości związanych z jej funkcjonowaniem nw otoczeniu obcojęzycznym zawiera również pojedyncze przypadki form mających paralele w historii języka rosyjskiego i nieznanych we współczesnych gwarach rosyjskich lub w języku literackim. Do archaicznych można zaliczyć przysłówek исто (‘jak należy’), partykułę дей (‘podobno’, zam. де lub дескать), formę ямаем (‘mamy’ zam. маем), jak też кашчуны i кашчунничать dla oznaczenia bezkarnych wygłupów (psot i żartów) młodzieży na kilka dni przed Bożym Narodzeniem (por. współczesne ros. кощунство, кощунствовать na oznaczanie czynów świętokradczych).
EN
The Old Believers island dialect in Poland includes many peculiar elements resulting from its functioning in an alien, i.e. Polish, environment, and at the same time it has at its disposal some forms which are unknown in contemporary Russian or its dialects and have their parallels in the history of Russian. They could be interpreted as archaisms. In this paper some of them are considered in detail: the adverb исто (‘well, truly’), the particle дей (instead of де or дескать – ‘say’), the verbal form ямаем (instead of маем or имеем – ‘we have’) and the forms кашчуны, кашчунничать (‘mischiefs, pranks’, ‘play pranks’) designating the pranks played at Christmas Eve by young people (comp. кощунство, кощунствовать – ‘blasphemy, blaspheme’ in modern Russian).
Enantiosemy describes a situation in which a lexical unit acquires opposing meanings as a result of long-term semantic development. In this article, using several examples from Old Czech, I show how the enantiosemic status of words results from the development of lexical units or (sub-)systems. In the first example, the verb ublížit (to harm) has gained (on the background of words blízký, bližní, přiblížit, etc.) negative conceptual content through the systemic usage of the directional meaning of the prefix u-. In another example, the verb odpravit has changed its meaning from ‘to arrange regularly’ to ‘to murder’ during its own complicated semantic development (‘to make sth rightly’→‘to punish sb rightly’→‘to put sb to death’→‘to murder’). Finally, it is shown that the meanings ‘to love’ and ‘to hate’ of the Old Czech verb náviděti have become the result of a double progressive artificially-created opposition to the initial common Slavic nenáviděti – the previous concept, presented both in linguistic and in popular literature on its polysemy, is thus incorrect.
The role of “portraits of words” card index in the compiling of new generation dictionariesThe article presents the concept of “portraits of words” card index as a necessary tool of the analysis of language changes for the compiling of dictionaries of new generation. Such card index contains information not only about the use of words in the texts of various functional styles, time, subject and purpose, but also about their systemic characteristics: paradigmatic, syntagmatic and epidigmatic (derivational and associative). The information about a word gathered in the card index of this type serves as guidelines for its verification in the corpus as well as in the various text databases, including online resources. It allows to check the use of new words, their spelling variations, development of their semantics, the course of their competition with other nominations of the same realities, processes or attributes in the texts. A “portraits of words” card index, as juxtaposed with the corpus and texts, signals the need to supplement the corpus with certain types of texts, as well as the need to change the annotation of its texts. This enables the preparation of verified materials for the compiling of new generation dictionaries. Rola kartoteki „portretów słów” w tworzeniu słowników nowej generacjiW artykule przedstawiono koncepcję kartoteki „portretów słów” jako narzędzia analizy zmian językowych niezbędnego przy tworzeniu słowników nowego pokolenia. Kartoteka taka mieści w sobie informacje nie tylko o tym, jak słowo używane jest w tekstach o różnych stylach funkcjonalnych, z różnych okresów, o różnej tematyce i różnym przeznaczeniu, lecz także o jego charakterystykach systemowych: paradygmatycznych, syntagmatycznych i epidygmatycznych (słowotwórczych i asocjacyjnych). Informacje na temat słowa zgromadzone w takiej kartotece będą służyć jako swego rodzaju punkty orientacyjne przy weryfikacji występowania danego wyrazu w korpusie i bazach tekstów, zwłaszcza w internecie. Informacje te dają możliwość przeprowadzania porównań z tekstami pod kątem występowania nowych słów, wariantów ich pisowni, rozwoju ich semantyki, przebiegu ich konkurencji z innymi sposobami opisu tych samych realiów, procesów czy cech. Kartoteka tego rodzaju, w zestawieniu z korpusem i tekstami, sygnalizuje konieczność uzupełnienia korpusu o pewne rodzaje tekstów, a także potrzebę zmiany oznaczeń umieszczonych w korpusie tekstów – a tym samym pozwala na przygotowanie zweryfikowanego materiału wyjściowego do tworzenia słowników nowego pokolenia.
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