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EN
Liberal conservatism was often able to consolidate leadership. This is demonstrated by the governments of R. Peel and M. Thatcher. However, these same figures indicate that combining liberalism with conservatism at times also caused political conflicts and disputes in the Tory party. Thatcherism can be identified in the overwhelming opposition to the paternalistic tradition of post-war governments of W. Churchill, H. Macmillan and E. Heath, but according to some commentators, there is an important continuity between them, which does not invalidate the libertarian rhetoric of the Iron Lady. Regardless of whether Peel, or Thatcher actually committed a betrayal of conservatism in favor of liberalism, the tension between conservatism and liberalism remains an essential element of the main identity and ideological divisions on the British political scene.
EN
This article concerns the issue of the attitude of Polish libertarian parties to Polish integration with the European Communities/European Union. Included within the politi-cal parties which were the subject of interest for the author are: the Union of Real Politics, the Congress of the New Right Wing, the Libertarian Party and the Renewal Coalition of the Republic of Freedom and Hope. It should be emphasized that the purpose of the elaboration was not only to present the inclination of these parties to the EC/EU, but also to indicate the possible differences between them on this particular issue. On the basis of research methods used in the article (analysis of sources, histori-cal method, comparative method) it has been demonstrated that Polish libertarian parties – propagating the ideas of minimal state and laissez-faire economy – are scepti-cal to Polish integration with EC/EU. Simultaneously it must be noted that the attitude to the European integration process – as shown in the example of the Union of the Real Politics – may, under the influence of changing political situation, succumb to minor changes.
EN
The main subject of the article is the ideology of the European universalism, which is interpreted by the author as the ideology of democracy and human rights. In the first part of the paper the inner function of this ideology is interpreted. This function consists on the legitimisation of western socio-political system. According to the author this ideology directly legitimizes western socio-political system, and only indirectly capitalism as an economical system which coexists with the democratic state. In the second part of the paper the external function of the European universalism – that is the legitimization of the western imperialism. The author of the article differentiates the inner form of the ideology (that is the ideas embedded in the consciousness/subconsciousness of people), the political doctrine of the ideology (that is what is spoken by the politicians) and its academic discourse.
PL
Dobrym zwyczajem jest uzasadnienie sensu naukowego przygotowywanych projektów badawczych, odtworzenie celów, motywacji autorów. Projekt pt.: Wpływ i władza w systemie demokratycznym powstał w określonych warunkach, przestrzeni społeczno-ekonomiczno-politycznej. Ostatnie lata przyniosły lub restaurowały szereg pytań badawczych dla politologów, zajmujących się zarówno teorią jak i praktyką funkcjonowania systemów demokracji liberalnej. Coraz bardziej natarczywa staje się teza, iż w naszym kontekście cywilizacyjnym demokracja liberalna znajduje się „na zakręcie” (oczywiście już nie pierwszym). Coraz liczniejsza staje się grupa państw, które kwestionują aksjologiczne, normatywne i instytucjonalne podstawy demokracji liberalnej. Narastają liczne pęknięcia i sprzeczności targające społecznościami – z etykiety – demokratycznymi, obywatelskimi, liberalnymi. Potęgują się napięcia w ramach struktury własnościowej, dystrybucji i redystrybucji dóbr, zarówno wewnątrzsystemowe jak i międzyregionalne (vide: kapitalizm peryferyjny). Narasta nieufność do polityki, polityków, władzy, elit, mediów oraz samej demokracji, jako systemu (vide: demokracja liberalna, jako wróg). Stąd pierwsza część poniższych artykułów stawia pytania: o charakter, stan, kondycję współczesnych demokracji liberalnych.
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