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The “Arab Spring” and the Christian Linguistic Minorities in Syria

100%
Bednarowicz S.
Orientalia Christiana Cracoviensia
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2014
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vol. 6
EN
Syria has a heterogeneous population. It reflects the complicated history of the region and constitutes evidence for many migratory waves, that have been coming to Syria for centuries.The linguistic situation of Syria is less complicated, however also here the heterogeneity is observable. The official language of Syria is Modern Standard Arabic. Nevertheless, because of the diglossia being a common state in Arab countries, this language has no use in a daily communication. This role is performed by vernacular dialects of Arabic. In western Syria are spoken the Levantine and in al-Jazira the Mesopotamian dialects. The Kurds usually speak Kurmanji, which belongs to the Iranian languages. Moreover other small linguistic communities (e.g. Adyghe, Kabardian, Turkish) exist. As far as the Christian non-Arab linguistic minorities are concerned, in 2011 it was possible to indicate speakers of four main languages: Western Aramaic, Suret, Turoyo, Armenian.
2
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Język a problematyka tożsamości na przykładzie Indii XXI wieku – wybrane problemy

85%
Kłodkowski P.
Pogranicze. Studia Społeczne
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2017
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vol. 32
EN
The article focuses on linguistic and cultural complexity in India and presents the link between a chosen language and currently promoted Hindu Fundamentalism. The theory that any attempt to implement one ideology in India would be disastrous can be supported by the description of language polyphony and religious diversity in this country. However, the political and social costs of such an operation would have a great impact on social cohesion of the heterogeneous country. The article discusses only selected aspects of the identity issues of India and does not elaborate on the historical context.
3
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Kilka uwag o historycznych fundamentach etnogenezy Friulów

71%
Bonusiak G.
UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
|
2021
|
issue 4(21)
5-16
PL
Terytorium współczesnej Republiki Włoskiej zamieszkują mniejszości etniczne, którym państwo zapewnia ochronę, rozpoznając je jako mniejszości językowe. Należy do nich społeczność posługująca się językiem friulskim, zamieszkująca północno-wschodnie rubieże państwa. Jak wszelkie inne grupy etniczne, ma ona własną historię, która wpłynęła na ukształtowanie się jej specyfiki. Po II wojnie światowej, a zwłaszcza od schyłku lat 60., naukowcy i aktywiści zintensyfikowali działania zmierzające do opisania i zrozumienia tego procesu. Zaczęto wskazywać wydarzenia, które uznano za szczególnie istotne w procesie friulskiej etnogenezy. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest poddanie ich krytycznej analizie i ukazanie ewentualnych uproszczeń czy zakłamań w przyjętych dla wyjaśnienia zjawiska ukształtowania friulskiej odrębności założeniach.
EN
The territory of the modern Italian Republic is inhabited by a number of ethnic minorities. They are protected by the State, which recognises them as linguistic minorities. These include the Friulian-speaking community in the north-east of the country. Like all other ethnic groups, it has its own history, which has shaped its specific characteristics. After the Second World War, and especially since the late 1960s, the efforts of researchers and activists to describe and understand this process intensified. They began to identify those events that were considered particularly important in the process of Friulian ethnogenesis. The aim of this article is to subject them to critical analysis and to show possible simplifications or hypocrisies in the assumptions made to explain the phenomenon of the formation of Friulian distinctiveness.
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