This article analyses how feelings of characters in Eilhart von Oberg’s Tristrant are portrayed by means of vocabulary describing emotions. It is concluded that negative emotions prevail in their emotional worldview.
Autorka próbuje odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy badając metafory można dowiedzieć się czegoś na temat językowego obrazu świata. Zestawiając język polski z angielskim zauważa przede wszystkim różnice ilościowe, a więc – bogactwo metaforyki pochodzenia morskiego w języku angielskim. Odzwierciedla się w tym bogactwo słownictwa morskiego i doświadczeń morskich. Przykłady polskie mogą równie dobrze odnosić się do obrazu wody czy płynu w ogóle, przykłady angielskie w dużej mierze są specyficznie morskie. W metaforyce angielskiej wykorzystuje się więcej elementów krajobrazu morskiego, angielskie widzenie morza jest widzeniem wieloaspektowym. W metaforyce polskiej dostrzega się przede wszystkim fale, nie wyróżniając zresztą ich rodzajów, w metaforach angielskich prócz kilku typów fal (wave, tidal wave, surge, ripple) pojawiają się częściej pływy i prądy. Przeniknięcie tych zjawisk do metaforyki świadczy o powszechnym ich zauważeniu, o tym, że wieloaspektowe widzenie morza właściwe jest nie tylko wąskiej grupie ludzi bezpośrednio z morzem związanych, lecz stanowi element ogólnojęzykowego obrazu tego wycinka rzeczywistości.
EN
The author tries to answer the question whether studying metaphors can tell us something about the linguistic worldview. Comparing the English language to the Polish language, the author notices mainly the quantitative differences, i.e. the wealth of maritime metaphors in English. This reflects the wealth of maritime vocabulary and maritime experiences. While the examples that come from Polish may as well refer to the view of water or liquid in general, the examples from English are specifically sea-oriented. The English perception of the sea is multifaceted; there are more elements of the sea landscape in the English metaphorical language than in Polish. In the Polish metaphorical language, mainly the waves are highlighted, however, they are not categorised in terms of their types. In English metaphors, apart from a few types of waves (e.g. wave, tidal wave, surge, or ripple), tides and currents appear more often. The fact that these phenomena permeate into metaphorical language proves that they are generally noticed, and also that the multifaceted perception of the sea is not something specific to narrow groups of people that have a direct relationship with the sea only, but it constitutes an element of a universal linguistic view of this particular aspect of reality.
In the paper, we address the question of the relation between language and culture from a Cognitive Linguistic perspective. While accounting for the role of language as an aid to cultural transmission in maintaining the community’s conceptual order, we address the question of whether the concept of a linguistic worldview aptly captures the interplay between language and culture. We suggest that, due to cumulative cultural evolution spurred by the incessant development of human knowledge, layers of conceptualisations accumulate over time. It is proposed that this palimpsest of conceptualisations results from human interaction that transcends the constraints of the present moment, encompassing the past and present, as well as delineating possible developments of the community’s future conceptual order.
Review: Dorota Filar, Narracyjne aspekty językowego obrazu świata. Interpretacja marzenia we współczesnej polszczyźnie, Wydawnictwo UMCS, Lublin 2013, 224 pp.This article is a review of Dorota Filar’s study entitled Narracyjne aspekty językowego obrazu świata. Interpretacja marzenia we współczesnej polszczyźnie (Narrative Aspects of Linguistic Worldview: An Interpretation of marzenie ‘a dream’ in Contemporary Polish), in which she attempts to capture the meaning of a word in “an expanded, dynamic form with a narrative structure”. Her volume includes both general theoretical considerations and results of detailed semantic analyses.Rec.: Dorota Filar, Narracyjne aspekty językowego obrazu świata. Interpretacja marzenia we współczesnej polszczyźnie, Wydawnictwo UMCS, Lublin 2013, 224 ss.Artykuł stanowi recenzję monografii będącej próbą ujęcia znaczenia słowa w „rozbudowaną, dynamiczną formę o strukturze narracyjnej”. Praca autorstwa Doroty Filar zawiera zarówno ogólne rozważania teoretyczne, jak i wyniki szczegółowych badań semantycznych.
The article deals with the issue of mirroring stereotypes through language which is presented in this material as an important tool of reflecting opinions, beliefs and judgements about ethnic others. The paper discusses different linguistic means which help to express cultural stereotypes commonly held in societies. On the basis of the opinions, comments and observations of different scholars, the author of the article distinguishes items which are essential for linguistic reproduction of cultural (mental) stereotypes. In his account he demonstrates how closely stereotypes are linked with the linguistic signs in use. Although the paper examines the notion of stereotyping from a linguistic perspective, it also refers to the assumptions of the cognitive and cultural approaches to stereotyping.
Many abstract phenomena and concepts can be described with the help of language. The world is perceived through language and language is one of the tools for describing it. Starting point of my article forms the concept of the linguistic worldview Bartmiński (2012). Particular means of expression are phrasemes, which reflect in a compact way the perception of the world by the users of a certain language. As part of the research, a comparative analysis of the German and Polish phrasemes is carried out, the obligatory component of which is the lexeme Hand/ręka. The empirical material comes from the phraseological dictionaries of both languages. Phraseological units are divided into groups according to their semantics. The aim of the analysis is to show the variety of meanings of the examined phrasemes and the possibilities of expression that the structures mentioned above open up for us. The analysis of the compiled corpus allows a general conclusion to be drawn: the semantic groups of phrasemes that have been created and examined, which contain the lexeme Hand/ręka, show a visible symmetry. Among other things, it can result from the fact that the hand and its functions are perceived in a similar way in both German and Polish, which seems to be important information for the linguistic worldview of both cultures. The added value lies primarily in gaining insights into the linguistic worldview of both cultures and thus preventing linguistic decals, incomprehension or linguistic rudeness that result from a lack of knowledge of the possible different meanings of certain expressions between languages. This analysis can contribute to further research into the linguistic world view that is visible in phrasemes with the lexeme Hand/ręka.
In the paper, we focus on the question of science popularisation as translation. We develop a Cultural Linguistic account of how conceptual metaphors help tailor the abstract conceptual content to the needs of non-experts. Since the issue linking the various topics in our paper is the mind-reality relation, we offer a linguistic analysis of selected conceptual metaphors in Michał Heller’s Philosophy of Chance. We provide insights into the worldview emerging from the author’s narrative about the evolution of the concept of CHANCE.
Space, time and motion are crucial concepts in human thinking. They tend to be expressed differently in different languages and this can present difficulties for language learners. This paper summarises the basic linguistic means of expressing time, space and motion in contemporary Czech and attempts to systematise the existing linguistic research related to these topics. The analysis focuses on deictic, lexical (e.g. verbs of motion) and phrasal units and on selected grammatical categories (especially time, aspect and case) and points out specific features of a “Czech” understanding of the concepts as revealed by the given linguistic expressions. In Czech utterances, the concepts are usually interconnected, with several means connected with the concepts often appearing simultaneously. The “Czech” conceptualisation of space, time and motion is complex, but it is nevertheless organised in various ways (for example, along selected oppositions, metaphors or image schemas, using a specific categorisation of motion in verbs of motion). Furthermore, space and motion often function as a source domain for metaphors of more abstract concepts. It is suggested that this overview could provide some background for research into the use of Czech as a non-native language.
The linguocultural image of hand in Polish folk languageThe goal of this paper is a reconstruction of the linguocultural image of ręka (hand) in the Polish folk language, as defined by a cognitive model proposed by Bartmiński in the 1980’s. Among the sources considered here are the linguistic system itself (as exemplified by dictionaries of the Polish language, etymological dictionaries, dialect dictionaries) as well as literary texts, including folk songs and prose (e.g. riddles, sayings, fairy tales), and folk traditions and beliefs, recorded in the FOLBAS computer base and in the UMCS Ethnolinguistic Archives. From all these sources there emerges a rich and complex image showing this part of the body mainly from a functional perspective and appreciation of its role in Polish folk culture.
The names of values in the linguistic worldview of LithuaniansReviewKristina Rutkovska, Marius Smetona, Irena Smetonienė. Vertybės lietuvio pasaulėvaizdyje. Monografija [Values in the linguistic worldview of Lithuanians: A monograph]. Foreword in Polish and Lithuanian by Jerzy Bartmiński. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto Filologijos fakultetas, Akademinė leidyba, 2017, 300 pp. ISBN 978-9955-33-715-7Lithuanian ethnolinguistics is a relatively young discipline. In 2017, it was enriched by a valuable monograph written by three researchers from Vilnius University: Kristina Rutkovska, Marius Smetona and Irena Smetonienė, participants in the international project EUROJOS, who have made a significant contribution to the Leksykon aksjologiczny Słowian i ich sąsiadów (Axiological lexicon of the Slavs and their neighbours).Their study entitled Vertybės lietuvio pasaulėvaizdyje (Values in the linguistic worldview of Lithuanians), with a foreword by Jerzy Bartmiński, offers a full semantic description of six key names of values (concepts): HOME, FAMILY, WORK, EUROPE, FREEDOM and HONOUR. It also analyses two concepts stemming from the most archaic sources of human culture: FIRE and WATER. Nazwy wartości w językowym obrazie świata LitwinówRecenzjaKristina Rutkovska, Marius Smetona, Irena Smetonienė. Vertybės lietuvio pasaulėvaizdyje. Monografija [Wartości w językowym obrazie świata Litwina. Monografia]. Przedmowa w języku polskim i litewskim Jerzego Bartmińskiego. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto Filologijos fakultetas, Akademinė leidyba, 2017, 300 ss. ISBN 978-9955-33-715-7Litewska etnolingwistyka jest dyscypliną młodą. W 2017 roku wzbogaciła się o cenną monografię napisaną przez troje badaczy z Uniwersytetu Wileńskiego, Krystynę Rutkowską, Mariusa Smetonę i Irenę Smetonienė, uczestników międzynarodowego projektu EUROJOS, współpracujących przy tworzeniu Leksykonu aksjologicznego Słowian i ich sąsiadow.Opracowanie pod tytułem Vertybės lietuvio pasaulėvaizdyje [Wartości w językowym obrazie świata Litwina], z przedmową Jerzego Bartmińskiego, zawiera pełne charakterystyki semantyczne sześciu kluczowych nazw wartości (konceptów): DOMU, RODZINY, PRACY, EUROPY, WOLNOŚCI i HONORU oraz dwóch pojęć, WODY i OGNIA, sięgających najbardziej archaicznych źródeł kultury ludzkiej.
The purpose of the article is to present an integrated research approach based on fundamental principles of cognitive ethnolinguistics and studies of multimodality in texts and discourse, and to apply it to a) reconstruction of stereotypes meaning, and to b) carry out a comparative study of the way the stereotypes are construed in four different languages.
The aim of the article is to present the ways of conceptualization of sound in Polish and Russian musical critical texts. For the purpose of the article 145 examples in Polish and 145 examples in Russian were analyzed. The material has been divided into three groups based on the type of sense: a visual approach to sound impressions, a tactile approach to sound impressions and a tastebased approach to sound impressions. The analyzed research material was presented with the use of the linguistic worldview methodology, and grouped into categories. The results of the comparative analysis showed a multiplicity of similarities in the types of categories, as well as in the types of synaesthetic metaphors. The largest groups of conceptualizations are those with Aristotelian origin: QUALITY, SUBSTANCE and SHAPE. Synaesthetic metaphors based on the visual approach to sound impressions proved to be the most widespread. The analyzed texts have provided a huge variety of conceptualizations and synaesthetic metaphors in Polish and Russian musical critical texts which constitute a part of the linguistic worldview of sound.
This paper is an attempt to reconstruct the picture of a groundbreaking historical event captured in oral accounts from Warmia. To this end, terms from the fi eld of ethnolinguistics, in particular linguistic worldview and point of view, have been applied. The analysis of the texts has revealed a clear opposition marked by lexemes polski (Polish) and niemiecki (German) and their derivatives as well as positive evaluation of what is local (Warmian). At the lexical level, borrowings from German (welować ‘to elect’), dialectal lexis (poszczwać ‘to bait’) and a signifi cant share of collocations referring to the situation of elections (odprawiać wiece) can be distinguished. What plays an important role in the picture of the plebiscite is the language exponents of negative phenomena and emotions, e.g. acts of violence, feeling of fear. The predominant stylistic devices employed are metonyms and metaphors.
Kuszak Kinga, Językowy obraz wojny według uczniów klas IV-VII szkoły podstawowej [Linguistic Image of War According to Students of Years 4-7 of Primary School]. Studia Edukacyjne nr 56, 2020, Poznań 2020, pp. 39-56. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 1233-6688. DOI: 10.14746/se.2020.56.3 The article discusses the linguistic image of war as an element of the linguistic worldview, based onstatements made by students of years 4-7. The author follows Jerzy Bartmiński’s assumption that a linguisticworldview is a linguistic interpretation of reality, which can be defined as a set of judgements about the world. These judgements may be fixed in the language itself, in its grammatical forms, lexicon, clichéd texts (e.g. proverbs), or as implied linguistic forms and texts. Language is a means of interpreting the world and the words used not so much to “render a photographic reproduction of things” as to “portray” them mentally. The author, inspired by Franciszek Hinczer’s research on war conducted in 1919 among students aged 8-14, asked students of two primary schools (302 people in total) about their opinions on the same topic. The students taking part in the research, conducted a hundred years after the study was published in the Szkoła Powszechna journal, answered the following questions: What do they think a war is? What do people do during a war? What do adults do during a war and what do children do? The students’ statements were analyzed and categorized. Each selected category was illustrated with sample answers from the respondents. The presentation of the results was preceded by an analysis of the notion and image of war in selected dictionaries of the Polish language.
The author of the paper will attempt to scrutinise, with reference to contextual arguments, a linguistic image of the Egyptian creator in the Old Kingdom religious texts which will be analysed with use of linguistic worldview method. An important inspiration for the author were the studies of Slavonic antiquity conducted by V.V. Ivanov and V.N. Toporov within the structural paradigm using the notion of opposition and the Egyptological, philosophical, anthropological and linguistic studies of J.P. Allen, J. Assman, H. Altenmüller, E. Hornung, P. Tillich, P. Wheelwright and R.A. Rappaport, and Polish scholars – T. Dobrzyńska, M. Makuchowska and the late philosopher L. Kołakowski. The paper is, however, solely an introduction to a further study. The author of the paper is making efforts to define an image of the creator expressed through and in the Egyptian language, reconstituted from fragmentary verbal messages, pictures recorded and preserved in language. It seems crucial that the Egyptian creator-god as “completed one”, comprising in himself all living beings, is embodied in his children and the whole created world.
The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate that the grammatical structure of a language is derived from conceptual models belonging to the linguistic image of the world. Grammatical categories are connected with historical, cultural, social areas of experience creating models of knowledge contained in the human mind. Every language expresses the interpretation of the world and make the interpretation possible; it is “the mediator” between people and the world. The conventional character of a language is specially emphasized in creative (poetic) texts; it is often the subject of individual reflection: a conventionalized way of expressing human experience may be dubious, provoke discussions, surprise or become the subject of poetic games with the language. The games with grammar (creating new word formations, new syntactic schemas, using grammatical categories which are contrary to the principles of the language) lead to the disclosure that we speak about the world that we see, not about the world that really is. The article analyzes unconventional expressions found in present-day poetry. Such expressions prove that the poetic interpretation of the world is connected with the linguistic worldview but can also express textual re-interpretation of the way of thinking characteristic of a given speech community.
The article attempts to reconstruct the Polish linguo-cultural image of rak ‘crayfish’ (Astacus astacus). Following the model of Dictionary of Folk Stereotypes and Symbols, the data taken into account include the word’s etymology, its lexicographic treatment (including phraseology) in dictionaries of contemporary Polish, in dialectal dictionaries and in dictionaries of former stages of Polish, texts of folklore, and ethnographic accounts. The following definition of the crayfish has been proposed accordingly “The crayfish (rak) is a small, hairless and featherless animal of little value, its body being protected by a carapace. It has long antennae, two prehensile and sharp chelipeds that are used for protection, many legs and eyes located in the back of the body. It lives in water (rivers and ponds), in holes it builds for itself. It isn’t known where it spends the winter. It can pinch, moves backwards in an ungainly and slow manner, makes no sound and kills its victims by biting into their bodies. It is closest to fish. Crayfish are sought for their meat, of which they have very little – they are then roasted or cooked. They are considered exquisite food. Parts of the crayfish’s body are used as medicine for various ailments. The crayfish is thought to be connected with the underworld”.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą rekonstrukcji językowo-kulturowego obrazu raka (Astacus astacus) w polszczyźnie. Wzorem Słownika stereotypów i symboli ludowych pod red. Jerzego Bartmińskiego wykorzystano informacje etymologiczne, a także dane zawarte w słownikach współczesnego języka polskiego, dawnej polszczyzny i gwarowych (w tym zasób frazematyki), teksty folkloru oraz przekazy etnograficzne. Na podstawie tak dobranego materiału udało się sformułować następującą definicję raka „Rak to czerwone stworzenie z ostrymi, służącymi do obrony szczypcami, a także długimi wąsami, małe i małowartościowe, pokryte pancerzem, nieowłosione i nieopierzone, o wielu odnóżach i oczach zlokalizowanych w tylnej części ciała, żyjące w wodzie (rzekach i stawach), w wykopanych przez siebie norach. Nie wiadomo, gdzie spędza zimę. Szczypie, porusza się wspak, niezgrabnie i powoli, nie wydaje głosu, wgryza się w ciało swojej ofiary, powodując jej śmierć. Najbliższa jest mu ryba. Raki dla mięsa, którego dostarczają w niewielkiej ilości, są poławiane przez ludzi, a następnie pieczone lub gotowane. Uchodzą za wykwintne pożywienie. Części ciała raka są lekarstwem na wiele chorób. Rakowi przypisuje się związki ze sferą podziemną”.
Badacze języka dzieci stwierdzają, że we wczesnych fazach przyswajania leksyki słownik dziecka zawiera głównie nazwy osób, przedmiotów użytkowych z najbliższego otocznia oraz nazwy zwierząt. Wychodząc z założenia, że te sfery rzeczywistości (świat zwierząt i roślin) są dziecku bardzo dobrze znane, autorka stawia następujące pytania: jak wybrane elementy tej rzeczywistości tkwią w świadomości językowej dzieci, jakie cechy mają struktury kognitywne pośredniczące między znakami językowymi a ich odpowiednikami w realnym świecie, mówiąc inaczej, jakie są mechanizmy konceptualizacji tego wycinka świata. Przedmiot badań stanowią interpretacje znaczeniowe wyrazów podane przez 6-letnie dzieci, narzędziem zaś jest ankieta zawierająca 40 wyrazów odnoszących się do pewnych sfer rzeczywistości pozajęzykowej. Są to: (I) Człowiek, (II) Zwierzęta, (III) Rośliny, (IV) Zjawiska astronomiczne i atmosferyczne, (V) Istoty nadprzyrodzone, (VI) Postacie fantastyczne. Zwierzęta są reprezentowane przez wyrazy: osa, ryba, wróbel, kot, rośliny przez: różę i dąb. Wnioski: wypowiedzi dzieci zawierają utrwalone w języku cechy stereotypowe roślin i zwierząt (np. rozłożystość, twardość, czy przekonanie o szczególnej pozycji wśród drzew podawano jako typowe cechy dębu; zaś wygląd, zapach, kolce, czerwony kolor płatków, zdolność kłucia, a nawet symbolizowane uczucia miłości uznano za typowe cechy róży).
EN
The researchers of children’s language state that at early stages of vocabulary acquisition the dictionary of a child contains mainly names of people, objects of everyday use in the immediate environment, and the names of animals. Assuming that these spheres of reality (the world of animals and plants) are well known to a child, the author asks the following questions: how selected elements of this reality are reflected in children’s language awareness? Which features do the cognitive structures that mediate between linguistic signs and their counterparts in the real world posses? Or, to put it differently, what are the mechanisms of conceptualization of this section of the world? The subject of research constitutes the interpretations of meanings provided by 6 year old children. The research tool used was a survey containing 40 words related to certain spheres of extralinguistic reality. The spheres included: (I) Humans, (II) Animals, (III) Plants, (IV) Astronomical and atmospheric phenomena, (V) Supernatural creatures, (VI) Fantastical creatures. Animals are represented by the following words: osa [wasp], ryba [fish], wróbel [sparrow], kot [cat]; and róża [rose] and dąb [oak tree] for plants. Conclusions: linguistic expressions provided by the children that took part in the study contain stereotypical features of plants and animals perpetuated in language (e.g. branchiness, hardness, or the belief about a specific position among trees was reported as a typical features of the oak tree; while the appearance, smell, prickles, the red colour of the petals, the ability to prick, or even symbolizing the feeling of love was reported as typical features of the rose).
The purpose of this article is to attempt to reconstruct the concept слобода (freedom) in the Serbian language. The analysis is based on survey data and their interpretation in relation to a broad context of culture, history and language. The starting point for the analysis are responses gathered in the Associative Dictionary of the Serbian Language. Associations are classified according to formal types, such as contrastive, metaphorical and metonymic associations. In terms of meaning, the responses were divided into the following conceptualizations: слобода personal freedom, слобода as struggle for independence, слобода as a bird, слобода as a boundless space, слобода as blue and white colors, слобода as a white horse, слобода as a place where we feel at ease, слобода as nature, слобода as a bridge, слобода as free will, слобода as the highest value. Presented associative fields have been documented with examples of idioms, proverbs, dictionary definitions, lyrics, and literary texts.
PL
Celem artykułu jest rekonstrukcja konceptu слобода (wolność) w języku serbskim w oparciu o dane ankietowe i ich interpretację w nawiązaniu do szerokiego kontekstu kulturowego, historycznego i językowego. Punktem wyjścia dla analizy są odpowiedzi respondentów zebrane w Słowniku skojarzeń języka serbskiego. Asocjacje zostały podzielone pod względem formalnym na kontrastywne, metaforyczne i metonimiczne. Pod względem znaczeniowym dokonano podziału na następujące konceptualizacje: слобода jako wolność osobista, слобода jako niezależność, слобода jako walka, слобода jako ptak, слобода jako bezgraniczna przestrzeń, слобода jako błękit i biel, слобода jako biały koń, слобода jako miejsce, gdzie czujemy się swobodnie, слобода jako przyroda, слобода jako most, слобода jako wolna wola, слобода jako najwyższa wartość. Prezentowane pola asocjacyjne zostały udokumentowane przykładami frazeologizmów, przysłów, definicji słownikowych, słów piosenek czy tekstów literackich.
Jedną z najważniejszych opozycji organizujących obraz świata utrwalony w polszczyźnie jest opozycja „swoi / obcy”. Biegun obcości zwykle zyskuje ocenę negatywną tylko dlatego, że wiąże się z odmiennością, jest to bowiem typowy sposób kształtowania poczucia odrębności, samookreślania się i wzmacniania wspólnoty. Przyczyną negatywnego wartościowania grupy, do której nie należymy, może być jednak także przeświadczenie, że zachowania i działania członków tej grupy są naganne moralnie, gdyż ich istotą jest wzajemne popieranie się ludzi ze sobą związanych w celu osiągnięcia własnych korzyści lub realizacji nieuczciwych interesów. Dezaprobatę wyrażają nazwy grupy: klan, klika, koteria, sitwa, mafia, nomenklatura, układ i utworzone od nich określenia, np. koteryjne (interesy), klanowa (solidarność), a także nazwy abstrakcyjne typu nepotyzm, kolesiostwo, kumoterstwo.
EN
One of the most important oppositions in Polish is that between “us” and “them”. The “them” pole is usually evaluated negatively just because it is different: in this way a group creates its distinctness, self-identity and internal bond. Another reason might also be the conviction that the behaviour and actions of the other group are morally wrong because they are based on mutual support aimed at self interest and illegal profit. Disapproval can be expressed by the names of the group such as klan ‘clan’, klika ‘clique’, koteria ‘coterie’, sitwa ‘cabal’, mafia ‘mafia’, nomenklatura ‘the authorities and their favourites’, układ ‘scheme’ and their derivatives, e.g. koteryjne (interesy) ‘interests of the coterie’, klanowa (solidarność) ‘clan solidarity’, as well as abstract concepts such as nepotyzm ‘nepotism’, kolesiostwo ‘favouritism’ or kumoterstwo ‘back-scratching’.
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