A physical object from Cardinal Nicolaus Breakspear’s legation to Scandinavia, 1152-54 This article gives an account of the background and discovery of the only remaining physical object from Cardinal Nicolaus Breakspear’s legation to Scandinavia 1152–54 on behalf of Pope Eugenius III. The Pope had invested in Cardinal Breakspear the authority to negotiate and make decisions on the organisation of the church in the three Scandinavian kingdoms: Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Until then, the church in the whole of Scandinavia was under the archbishop of Lund. Lund at that time was part of Denmark, not of Sweden, as it is today. During his time in Norway, Cardinal Breakspear (c. 1100–1159) reorganised the Norwegian church under its own archbishop in Nidaros (Trondheim), and established a new Norwegian diocese in Hamar. The Pope’s plan was in addition to establish another archbishopry in Sweden, but that could not yet be achieved due to internal Swedish disagreements. The Sweden church, therefore, remained under the archbishop of Lund. When Cardinal Breakspear left Scandinavia from the town of Lomma close to Lund, he somehow must have dropped a lead seal which was attached to a letter from the Pope. This seal was then accidentally refound in the middle of the 1980s when Mr. Per Olsson dug in his garden in Lomma. He thought he had found an old coin and kept it in a drawer in his house. Per Olsson’s son, Magnus Linnarsson, later found out that the seal was from Pope Eugenius III. It is highly probable that this seal today is the only remaining physical artifact of Cardinal Breakspear’s legation to Scandinavia 1152–54. Cardinal Breakspear soon after his return to Rome became the new Pope under the name (H)Adrian IV. Until Pope John Paul II visited Norway in 1989, Nikolaus Breakspear is the only Pope ever to have set foot in Norway, and that happened before he was elected Pope. The seal is since 2011 included in the collections of Lund’s Historical Museum.
The author of this paper discusses the origins and development of integral psychology. He emphasises the fact that integral psychology creates a specific bridge between individual currents in psychology, offers the possibility to analyse their mutual relations, and provides the basis for more fruitful interaction. One of the assumptions of integral psychology is that conscience is material, meaning that it is inseparable from material processes and that conscience and matter constitute the interior and the exterior of each holon, respectively, always appearing together. Making such assumptions may not solve the body-mind problem, but it makes the reader look through contemporary paradigms again, including those in the field of linguistics. The assumptions of integral psychology provide modern research with new tasks, such as beginning to consider not just the worlds perceived by the senses and the mind, but now also those of the spiritual realm. Current linguistic research focuses on mental and sensual cognition passing over spiritual cognition from trans-personal levels. The author postulates that to broaden the linguistic research perspective, i.e. going on to empirical issues in a broad sense, one must begin by covering trans-personal areas (areas between mental and existential level). Furthermore, the development of all research, including linguistic research, results from the ability to deal with problems at various cognitive levels that, among others, originate from seriously considering various notions, such as by studying transpersonal levels.
Part I of the current issue of Scripta Neophilologica Posnaniensia (Tom XVIII) has been entitled Imago mundi and contains a number of papers which were presented during an international conference entitled Image management: communicating through image, word and space. The subject matter of the Conference has generally focused on communication as a significant factor which participates in shaping the image of the individual communicators, institutions and social media, as well as on its effective management. The Conference took place at Adam Mickiewicz University on the 9th of June, 2017. It was organized jointly by the Department of Ecocommunication at AMU and Language, Culture and Politics Association (LCPA). Professor Aldona Sopata, Dean of the Faculty of Modern Languages and Literature, kindly opened the Conference.
„Bitwa o każdy grób”. Semantic, syntactic & functional analysis of the titles in the guidebook Przewodnik po powstańczej Warszawie The aim of this article is the presentation of the titles functions such as informative, compositional and ideational in the guidebook of the Warsaw Uprising 1944. The authors of the book tell about the places, but they present also participants and witnesses of the Warsaw Uprising. The semantic and syntactic analyses of the nominalizations, which served as the titles in this book are presented. The purpose of this section is to demonstrate relations between the syntactical shape of particular title and the content of the given text. The article shows the connection between shape of semantic structure and the informative power of the particular text. The article brings also formal classification of the analyzed titles. Some of them consist of nominalizations (18%), some perform as the sentences (5%), as phrases with participles (9%), as phrases with infinitives (1%). In the conclusions I claim, that the formal choices in the titles are suitable for modern reader, which is capable of perceiving the news from the new media, such as Internet.
The Image of the Speaker in the Reviews by Henryk Sienkiewicz The aim of the article is to investigate the ways in which the speaker in the reviews by Henryk Sienkiewicz presents himself to the reader and to describe the roles he performs. The present analysis indicates that there is a correspondence between the image of the speaker and the type of the review. On the one hand, in case of reviews with a complex structure and a diverse illocutionary potential, i.e. academic reviews, polemical reviews which discuss and assess various aspects of the literary work, the speaker frequently assumes the roles of an expert, a connoisseur or a teacher, which often permeate and complement one another. On the other hand, reviews in the form of an overview or a summary usually feature a speaker-informer. Regardless of the genre, the speaker manifests his presence in the first-person plural forms and pronouns (my, nasz; Eng. we, our) and uses surprisingly few singular forms. What may explain the employment of the “my” (“we”) form as the plural of modesty is an attempt to make the text of the review seem more objective, while the inclusive “my” (“we”) serves persuasive purposes.
Images as constituents multimodal texts are in linguistics treated as peripheral elements. Nowadays, however, printed and digital text of commercial nature not only constantly use language and images to shape their messages and to persuade but also combine these two semiotic codes to form one whole. A linguistic analysis of any multimodal text has to consider the functional, structural and argumentative combination of language and image. Therefore the author of the paper suggests to conduct linguistic analyses of multimodal texts within the framework of “linguistics of image” focused on speech actions. As the formal fields of research of the linguistics of image the author proposes and presents: text structure, iconicity in language and typography while the addressed issues, the substantial aspects, should be: the image-based nature of metaphors, phraseologisms and figurative speech, as well as remotivation of image-evoking word combinations, and the language-image correlation. The combination of both aspects, formal and substantial, of text linguistics is presented on the bases of text design.
The paper concerns eponyms, i.e. lexems derived from proper names, pertaining to fabrics and materials in the German language. The research material was excerpted from the publication "Eigennamen im deutschen Wortschatz. Ein Lexikon" by Rudolf Köster. The article seeks to answer three questions, i.e. as to: what forms the examined lexems take on, where they come from, and what the causes of their belonging to one of the three grammatical types are.
The article analyses the structural, pragmatic, cognitive and stylistic aspects of a handbook entitled Introduction to governance, featured in the first Polish popular-scientific journal – “Nowe Wiadomości Ekonomiczne i Uczone” published in Warsaw in 1758–1761 by Wawrzyniec Mitzler de Kolof. It has been demonstrated that the text under analysis, which can be classified as a utility text, shows conspicuous elements of two styles – ordinary (unsophisticated vocabulary; simple syntactic structures; proverbs) and scholarly (pronounced text segmentation, perspective of the author setting himself aside from the recipient; economic terminology; defining new or more difficult concepts; references to foreign (Latin and/or German) counterparts of Polish names of plants).
In 2004 and 2006, the present writer published two books in which he claimed that Old Church Slavic was a compromise between the Macedo-Bulgarian dialect and the Moravo-Pannonian one. In 2007 appeared an article by Bogdan Walczak in which he wrote that Manczak’s opinion is by no means new, that it is identical with the opinion of Leszek Moszynski on that subject. The present writer draws attention to several differences between both claims. Among others, he mentions the fact that Moszyński dealt with borrowings from Latin and Old High German in Old Church Slavic, whereas the present writer examined only native words in that language.
Starting with questions about the definition of the language spoken in Austria, the author arrives at the anthropocentric theory of human languages with the basic concept of idiolect and polylect. From this point of view the differences in language use between Austria and Germany can not only be described, but also interpreted as differences between certain groups of idiolects. The fact that terms that are typical for Austria are used in the translation offices in the European Union should already have led to a larger German-Austrian word list which could be used by translators and interpreters. The latter already work with the help of certain Austrian dictionaries within the field of languages for special purposes, e.g. of law and administration. Furthermore, such dictionaries ought to be used more frequently by language teachers, especially in the translation departments, where the students already could become aware of the fact that German belongs to the group of pluricentric languages.
The paper investigates the exposure of Polish learners of languages for legal purposes to popular culture, including different types of foreign law-related TV productions (feature films, series and TV courtroom shows) that could be exploited as authentic legal language teaching materials. An empirical study, inspired by a multinational research project into student views on the image of law and lawyers, will try to elucidate the fact that law-related pop culture engages the interests of non-native learners of languages for legal purposes. Furthermore, the issues of authentic video materials per se and legal consciousness will be highlighted. The paper concludes with recommendations for further research.
This article analyzes the origin of seven lexemes that are found in Čakavian dialects. They are not part of standard Croatian and so far they have not been discussed in the literature on Slavic etymology. The lexemes that are analyzed include grȍbja ‘a pile of stones’ (from Common Slavic *grobja ‘ditch, embankment, knoll’); madlȅt ‘to become darker’ i madlȉti ‘to become pale or weaker’ (from Common Slavic *mъdъlěti ‘become weak, helpless, feeble, faint, weaken’); mājȅt se ‘to become darker, make one’s head swim, feel dizzy’ (from Common Slavic *majati ‘wave (e.g. a hand); brandish’); plât ‘canvas, canvas fabric, thigh’ (from Common Slavic *platъ ‘a piece of fabric, canvas’); plátiti ‘to split, to open something’ (in Standard Croatian only the prefixed form rasplátiti ‘to split, to slit’ is found; the related form in Common Slavic is *platati ‘cut up into pieces or slices’); prȉlo adi. n. ‘turbid, rotten, decaying’ (a Common Slavic relic *p(ь)rěti ‘to be exposed to moisture and heat, chafe, deteriorate, rot’); skūlȉt ‘cry, moan’ (< psł. *skoliti ‘bark, howl, whine’).
In this article we aim to consider causes of poor lexical competence and a limited command of productive vocabulary, which we have observed in selected first-year students of German. In the theoretical part of the article, we focus on the specificity of learning vocabulary of a foreign language, we explain the con-cept of a strategy in learning lexis and also take a closer look at some components of lexical competence. We further discuss some factors which may facilitate learning vocabulary. In the analytical part of the paper, we present some strategies of learning lexis that have been evidenced in the data gathered from a group of first-year students of German. Specifically, we have collected some data which reveal their meaning recognition techniques and strategies they adopt to learn new words and expand their command of German vocabulary. The analysis highlights both some strengths and weaknesses of the lexical learning habits of the respondents. It allows us to draw some conclusions relevant for teaching techniques in school education.
Posługując się materiałem języka macedońskiego, tj. jednego ze słowiańskich języków bałkańskich ocenianych często jako analityczne, autorka dowodzi, że ocena struktury gramatycznej danego języka jako „analitycznej” polega w dużej mierze na konwencji graficznej, która prepozycyjne formanty kategorialne („afiksy fleksyjne”) każe nam oceniać jako odrębne formy wyrazowe, podczas gdy formanty postpozycyjne uznajemy za rozszerzenie odpowiedniej „odmienianej” formy danego leksemu. De facto mamy do czynienia z charakterystycznym dla wielu języków europejskich procesem przenoszenia eksponentów kategorialnych z postpozycji w prepozycję. Proces ten jest od dawna obserwowany w językach romańskich, także w angielskim, ostatnio obserwujemy go i w innych językach germańskich, typowy jest dla kodów językowych objętych pojęciem ‘Average Central European’; polski jak i cała słowiańszczyzna północna jest pod tym względem konserwatywny, ale w grę wchodzi raczej tempo niż kierunek zmian. Opisywany proces motywowany jest semantycznie – u jego podstaw leży chęć zapewnienia maksymalnej przejrzystości relewantnych sygnałów gramatycznych – ważnej zwłaszcza w środowiskach wielojęzycznych – a tym samym chęć zapewnienia powodzenia procesu komunikacji.
The article is devoted primarily to two Polish proverbs: “Każdy rad tam chodzi, gdzie się urodzi” (Everyone likes to go where they were born) and “Każdy tam ciągnie, gdzie się ulągnie” (Everyone is drawn to where they came from). They were mentioned by Julian Krzyżanowski, who concluded that their meaning is erotic, pornographic even, a view challenged and rejected in the article, and replaced with the author’s own explanations. Three most important meanings have been established: 1. when urodzi and ulągnie denote growth, prosperity, profit; 2. concern a return to the birth place: home, town, homeland; 3. tell us that people are ruled by inclinations, customs, nature, i.e. old Polish nałogi (habits) and przyrodzenie (nature); cf. M. Rej’s “Muszą myśli nasze tam ciągnąć, gdzie je przyrodzenie wlecze; do czego kogo nałóg a przyrodzenie ciągnie, tym się zawżdy para i tego pilnie szuka” (Our thoughts are necessarily drawn to where nature attracts them, what habit and nature attracts one is what one always does and diligently seeks). The author has also established that the Polish proverbs in question have their European predecessors: Greek, Latin, Egyptian, e.g. “Habit is the second nature of man” (Aristotle), “Everyone is dragged on by their favorite pleasure” (Trahit quemque sua voluptas – Virgil); “To each his own is beautiful” (Suum cuique pulchrum — Cicero), “You will return to your own mud floor, you will find your sycamore (Egyptian).
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