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EN
The new institution of partnership law is a private limited company (Plt) in an organization, which has a different (standalone) legal subjectivity. The creation of this institution necessitates a regulation of the moment of its liquidation. The regulation of dissolution, broadly defined in the commercial companies code, is flawed and needs a revision of the legislator. The present article attempts to show the imperfection of the law regulating liquidation of a Plt in an organization.
EN
The study concentrates on the analysis of “Operation 100”, which was drafted by the Communist Czech and Slovak State and party authorities in 1951 in the connection to the attempts for consolidation of the situation in Eastern Slovakia after dissolution the Greek Catholic Church. It was believed by the organisers that after the liquidation of the Greek Catholic Church (1950), the fusion of two Churches would také place very quickly and the believers would be transferred to the successor Orthodox Church. The reality of the years 1950–1951 was, however, different and the organisers needed to prevent a scandal. One of the solutions was a forced resettlement of all the priests (without reference to their age, health condition, or civil profession), who rejected to convert to the Orthodox Church. The “State Church office” in Prague in cooperation with their colleagues in the Bratislava branch drafted in mid-1951 a plan called “Operation 100”, on the basis of which the priests were supposed to be moved to the Czech lands, especially the border areas, with their families (originally about 100 priests). The aim was to incorporate them into Czech society as workers. The plan was implemented in 1951–1952. The study analyses the conditions, course of events and the aftermath of the resettlement and hints at the circumstances of the 1956/1962 revision of the persecution.
EN
The text is about the process of liquidation of Workers’ Publishing Collective “Prasa-Książka-Ruch”, which had been a particularly important element of political system in The Polish People’s Republic. The author says that this subject is not widely presented in the literature. Furthermore, she claims that for proper understanding of dismantling, she had met with the former last chairman of the Collective. Those meetings had given her a chance to write about aspects which hasn't often been presented in the literature. The text presents all the aspects and ways of liquidation but also shows main disadvantages of this process. Main signification has the act from 22nd March 1990 which started the liquidation. The author presents that the most important defect of this document was preparing the act in rush and lack of consciousness of the difficulty of this process. Accordingly, it caused many negative opinions about all the process.
EN
The seminary in Białystok was formed as a result of a closure of a Seminary in Vilnius, which was founded by the bishop of Vilnius Jerzy Radziwiłł on 11th January 1582. In 1925 the Vilnius Seminary was merged with the Theological Department of Stefan Batory University (USB). In December 1939 USB was liquidated, however the Theological Department acted in secret. After mass arrests of professors and clerical students, in March 1942 bishop Romuald Jałbrzykowski and Rev. Adam Sawicki were imprisoned. A seminary was liquidated and was not reopned until October 1944. Unfortunately, authorities closed the Vilnius Seminary on 20th February 1945. Bishop R. Jałbrzykowski made a decision to move the Seminary to Białystok, where in spring, on the 8th of May 1945 it commenced its activity. A month later an order was given to remove the archbishop R. Jałbrzykowski from Vilnius. He left for Bialystok on 15th July 1945. From here he managed the part of the Vilnius archdiocese which stayed within the Poland’s borders.
PL
Potrzeba posiadania informacji o potencjalnym przeciwniku towarzyszyła ludziom od zawsze. Wiedza ta, zdobywana w sposób tajny, stanowiła ważne narzędzie wsparcia polityki bezpieczeństwa każdego państwa. Pozyskiwaniem tych informacji zajmowały się i nadal zajmują specjalnie powołane do tego służby specjalne. Działania tych służb, bez względu na system polityczny w państwie, mają za zadanie pozyskiwanie i dostarczanie informacji, które pozwolą na realizację procesu decyzyjnego w państwie, przede wszystkim w dziedzinie jego bezpieczeństwa i obronności.
EN
The need of possessing information about a potential opponent has accompanied people for ages. This knowledge, obtained in a secret fashion, has constituted an important tool supporting the security policy of every state. The task of acquiring this information has been entrusted to the specially qualified services. Their activity, irrespective of the political system of a state, aims at obtaining and providing information which enables the decision-making process of a given state to take place, especially with respect to its security and defence.
EN
The paper examines the Books of Samuel from two perspectives by posing two sets of questions: when is it legitimate (or, when is it perceived to be legitimate) to kill people, and when is this strictly forbidden? And how come to terms with one’s own mortality? The ‘ars necandi’ refers to four distinct areas: killing in war, suicide, murder and execution. Murder is absolutely prohibited, executions are best avoided, killing in war should be limited as much as possible, whilst suicide is not evaluated. The ‘ars morendi’ distinguishes between premature death, which hits hard and is difficult to process, and death in old age, which is desirable, but needs to be carefully prepared for nonetheless. David himself is threatened by a thousand deaths; his survival is a miracle, his eventual death a soberly noted fact.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono problematykę niepowodzeń gospodarczych przedsiębiorstw sektora MSP w odniesieniu do powiatu konińskiego. Zbadano strukturę mikro, małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw regionu oraz zanalizowano dane dotyczące wyrejestrowań przedsiębiorstw wpisanych do rejestru REGON. Podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, jakie są najczęstsze przyczyny niepowodzeń gospodarczych w przedsiębiorstwach sektora MSP.
EN
The article presents the problems of economic failures of enterprises from the SME sector in relation to the Konin poviat. The structure of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises in the region was examined and the data on deregistrations of enterprises entered in the REGON register were analyzed. An attempt was made to answer the question what are the most common causes of economic failures in enterprises from the SME sector.
EN
This article discusses the legal basis and the process of the liquidation of non – public higher education institution when his founder decides to apply for a permission to go into liquidation, granted by the Minister of Science and Higher Education. Fundamental obligations of the liquidator have been presented together with conditions and consequences of deletion from the registry of non-public higher education institutions. Examples of problems have been also indicated, both legal and practical that can be faced on during the process of liquidation of non-public higher education institution.
EN
The aim of this study is to present chosen issues related to the completion of the liquidation of the limited liability company and its legal succession. In the first place author describes problems connected to the term "completion of liquidation", critically referring to the current state of legislation in that matter. Further the possibility of liquidation's reversal and resumption of normal functioning of the company is discussed, together with possible interpretation problems regarding that. The next presented matters are deletion from the register and issues of company's post- liquidation rights and obligations. At the end, author presents de lege ferenda postulates and summary.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie wybranych zagadnień związanych z kończeniem likwidacji spółki z o.o. oraz jej sukcesją prawną. W pierwszej kolejności autor opisuje problematykę samego zwrotu „zakończenie likwidacji”, krytycznie odnosząc się do obecnego stanu prawnego w tej materii. Następnie przedstawiona zostaje możliwość uchy- lenia likwidacji i powrotu do normalnego funkcjonowania spółki wraz z możliwymi problemami interpretacyjnymi na tym gruncie. W dalszej kolejności zaprezentowana jest kwestia wykreślenia spółki z rejestru, a następnie problematyka polikwidacyjnych praw i zobowiązań spółki. Na koniec autor przedstawia postulaty de lege ferenda oraz podsumowanie.
EN
The aim of this study is to present issues related to the appointment of the liquidators of the limited liability company. At the beginning author presents adopted division of the cases in which liquidators are appointed: first, made by the will of the shareholders and second, by the court. Further, the issues connected to the appointment by the will of the shareholders are discussed, after which author presents issues related to the appointment by the court. At the end, author presents possible de lege ferenda postulates and summary.
PL
Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie regulacji dotyczących ustanawiania likwidatorów w spółce z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością. W pierwszej kolejności wskazany jest przyjęty podział przypadków ustanowienia likwidatorów na dwie kategorie - z woli wspólników oraz przez sąd. Następnie omówione zostały aspekty dotyczące ustanawiania likwidatorów z woli wspólników (do której to kategorii zalicza się ustanowienie tzw. „likwidatorów ustawowych”) oraz zagadnienia związane z ustanawianiem likwidatorów przez sąd. Na koniec autor przedstawia możliwe postulaty de lege ferenda oraz podsumowanie.
PL
Celem artykułu było przedstawienie procesu likwidacji Zakładów Górniczych ,,Lena” w Wilkowie koło Złotoryi. Zostały one utworzone w miejscu przedwojennej niemieckiej kopalni. Pierwszą rudę w Polsce uzyskano w 1950 roku i nieprzerwanie kontynuowano eksploatację złoża przez kolejne dwadzieścia cztery lata – do 1973 roku. W pracy wymieniono czynniki, które doprowadziły do zamknięcia tej jednostki gospodarczej, oraz ich następstwa wpływające na miejscową ludność. Ponadto omówiono charakter kopalni, typ złoża, infrastrukturę, problem odpływu wykwalifikowanej kadry pracowniczej, dysproporcje płacowe oraz trudności związane z dojazdem do pracy. Opisano przebieg postępowania wygaszającego zakład – od chwili wydania decyzji, przez rozbiórkę zaplecza maszynowego, zatapianie kopalni, sprzedaż środków obrotowych i trwałych, aż do momentu uruchomienia nowego przedsiębiorstwa.
EN
The goal of this article is to present the process of liquidation of the “Lena” mining plant in Wilków near Złotoryja. It was created in the place of a pre-war German mine. The first ore in Poland was obtained in 1950 and the exploitation of the deposit continued for the next twenty-four years until 1973. The paper lists the factors which led to the closure of this economic unit and their consequences for the local population. In addition, the article discusses the nature of the mine, the type of deposit, infrastructure, the problem of the outflow of qualified staff, wage disparity and difficulties related to commuting. It also describes the course of the proceedings of the phased closure of the plant, from the moment of the decision, through the demolition of the machine facilities, dumping the mine, sale of current and fixed assets, until the start-up of a new company.
RU
В статье дается историографический анализ вопросов завоевания и ликвидации Гарабагского ханства в работах современных исследователей. Стратегическое положение Гарабагского ханства и наличие на его территории пяти меликств способствовали обоснованию в современной историографии как значимости Гарабагского ханства в южнокавказской политике царизма, так и разнообразия способов реализации захватнических планов России в отношении Гарабагского ханства. В исследованиях наблюдается общность мнения по поводу вынужденности подписания гарабагским правителем Кюракчайского договора. Разбирательство же авторами условий Кюрекчайского трактата и вопросов упразднения Гарабагского ханства стали ображением целеустремленности политики российского правительства. Своего рода кульминацией последней явилась переселенческая политика царизма. Этнодемографические изменения в Гарабаге вследствие переселенческой политики царизма, такие свидительствующие о стратегической значимости данного региона для России, позволили пронаблюдать общность мнения, позвелилось прокадности общность мнения у большинства исследователей в отношении целей этой политики, направленной на увеличение численности армян в Гарабаге с целью создать здесь свою христианскую опору. В свою очередь, рассматриваемые в статье труды современных историков выявили новый, свободный об канъюктурных концепций подход к данной теме и довели суть политики. России в Гарабагском ханстве, что для завоевания этого региона, постоянно остававшегося в центре внимания России, как и Южного Кавказа в целом, она использовала все доступные ей методы.
EN
The article provides a historiographical analysis of the issues of the conquest and dissolution of the Garabagh Khanate in the works of modern researchers. The strategic position of the Garabagh Khanate and the presence of five melikdoms on its territory contributed to the substantiation in modern historiography of the significance of the Garabagh Khanate in Tsarist policy towards the South Caucausus, and the variety of ways to implement Russia’s aggressive plans for the Garabagh Khanate. In the studies, there is a common opinion about the forced signing of the Kurakchay Treaty by the Garabagh ruler. The consideration by the authors of the conditions of the Kurakchay treaty and the dissolution of the Garabagh Khanate became an image of the Russian government’s policy focus. A kind of culmination of the latter was the resettlement policy of tsarism. Ethno-demographic changes in Garabagh as a result of Tsarist resettlement policy, which suggests the strategic importance of this region to Russia, made it possible to observe shared elements in the opinions. There is a general consensus among most researchers regarding the goals of this Policy aimed at increasing the number of Armenians in Garabagh to create a stronghold of Christianity. The works by modern historians considered in the article, in turn, have revealed a new approach to this subject matter, free of opportunistic concepts, and brought to tight the essence of Russias policy in the Garabagh Khanate, that Russia used all methods available to conquer this region and the South Caucasus, which has remained Russia’s center of interest.
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EN
The study presents comments on the legal situation of natural persons who hire employees. Special attention was also paid to employers who hire employees to meet their personal needs or to work in a household. The necessity to limit the application of some provisions of the Labor Code to such employers was pointed out as justifi ed by the specifi city of functioning of such employers and as a possible factor in the reduction of illegal employment.
EN
The 2008 issue of YARS contained an overview of EU law developments in the period of time from 2004 to 2007. This overview covers the years 2008-2009. It confirms that State aid cases remained numerous (6 in total) and that the Commission’s enforcement activities in the area of State aid control continued at a similar pace as before. With respect to other areas of competition law and policy, the overall picture shows a relatively high level of scrutiny in mergers (5) and antitrust cases or inquiries (2). Moreover, EU Courts adopted several decisions in Polish cases, notably in the regulatory field (electronic communications) and State aid control (partial annulment in Huta Częstochowa (Operator) as well as the rejection of a request for interim measures in Technologie Buczek). The regulatory court cases show the Commission’s consistency in pursuing Member States in their failure to implement or to correctly implement the EU Electronic Communications package. In the state aid related Huta Częstochowa (Operator) judgement, the General Court (GC, formerly the Court of First Instance, CFI) partially annulled the scrutinised Commission decision since the Commission failed to identify the actual benefit related to the receipt of the aid in question. The jury is still out in the case concerning Technologie Buczek because the interim measures judgement says little about the potential outcome of the pending main appeals.
FR
Le YARS de 2008 contenait un aperçu des développements du droit de l'UE pendant la période de 2004 à 2007, alors que celui-ci couvre les années 2008-2009. Il confirme que les cas d'aides d'État sont restés nombreux (6 au total) et que la mise en œuvre du contrôle des aides d'État par la Commission a continué au même rythme. En ce qui concerne les autres secteurs du droit de la concurrence et de la politique de concurrence, le nombre de contrôles des concentrations et des cas ou des enquêtes antitrust est relativement élevé (2). En outre, les cours de l'UE ont rendu plusieurs arrêts dans des cas polonais, notamment dans le domaine réglementaire (communications électroniques) et du contrôle d'aides d'État (l'annulation partielle dans Huta Częstochowa (opérateur) ainsi que le rejet d'une demande de mesures provisoires dans Technologie Buczek). Les arrêts dans le domaine réglementaire montrent la cohérence de la Commission dans les actions contre les États membres qui ont manqué à leur obligation de mettre en oeuvre, ou de mettre en œuvre correctement, le Paquet Télécom de l'UE. Dans l'arrêt Huta Częstochowa (opérateur) concernant les aides d'État, le Tribunal (précédemment le Tribunal de Première Instance, TPI) a partiellement annulé la décision de la Commission puisque la Commission n'a pas réussi à identifier l'avantage réel de la réception de l'aide en question. Le jury est toujours en train de délibérer dans le cas concernant Technologie Buczek parce que l'arrêt sur les mesures provisoires dit peu sur les résultats potentiels des appels principaux en cours.
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