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Unpacking the geography of tourism innovation in Western Cape Province, South Africa

100%
Booyens I., Rogerson C. M.
Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series
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2016
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vol. 31
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issue 31
19-36
EN
This paper interrogates the geography of tourism innovation in the Western Cape, South Africa. In particular, innovations by tourism firms are mapped and local tourism innovation networks are analysed. Networking behaviour is examined since it is regarded as indispensable for accessing knowledge and learning for innovation purposes. The analysis draws on a broader investigation of tourism innovation and networking within the Western Cape province. It is revealed that the main tourist regions in the Western Cape are also the most innovative. Whilst external networking relations are observed to be highly significant for tourism innovation, local embeddedness remains critical for stimulating path creation and exploiting local core competencies for the competitiveness and survival of tourism firms and destinations.
2
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Corporate Governance and Local Embeddedness of the Hungarian Cooperative Banking Sector

100%
Gál Z., Kovács Z.
Bezpieczny Bank
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2018
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vol. 71
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issue 2
30-54
EN
Traditional cooperative banks are considered as locally and socially embedded, lending to local clients from locally collected deposits and financing the local economy.. To offset their disadvantage due to their insufficient size, they exploit the information advantage deriving from their geographical proximity to their clients and the advantages of their peculiar corporate governance deriving from the member-ownership. This paper examines the relevant theories on cooperative finance, while examining the underlying geographical and corporate governance aspects in a less advanced transition economy environment. Governments’ preference towards commercial banking and at the same time their negligence towards the cooperatives in general led to a loose financial regulation of the sector. The limits of cooperatives’ corporate governance and demutualization intensify when loosing social/local embeddedness. Cooperative banks, located in the periphery with insufficient socio-economic conditions to develop closer relationships with borrowers accelerate capital flight from their regions. Commercial cooperatives entering new markets show higher lending activity but have more non-performing loans due to the lost information advantage.
3
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WIĘZIOTWÓRCZE FUNKCJE PRZEDSIĘBIORSTW SPOŁECZNYCH

72%
Rymsza M.
Polityka Społeczna
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2011
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vol. 38
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issue 7(448)
14-18
EN
The paper gives the characteristics of social entrepreneurship of the “old” social economy (born on the turn of XIX and XX centuries), and of the “new” social economy (developing on the turn of XX and XXI centuries) as well as social enterprises of different kinds. The main important, taking into account its function in building social capital and strengthening social bonds, is a distinction between social enterprises (SE) focused on reintegration of individuals excluded from the labor market because of their personal deficits, called WISE (work integration social enterprises) and social enterprises used as vehicles for economic development of marginalized communities (social enterprises locally embedded - SELE). The general tendency brings for WISE to involve vertical ties in reintegration programs, and SELE to built networks of stakeholders based on horizontal ties. The author argues that in current Poland the chance for surviving and development have social enterprises of a hybrid type, which combine two kind of social mission: reintegration of individuals excluded from the labor market and empowering marginalized local communities.
4
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The Importance of Locally Embedded Personal Relationships for SME Internationalisation Processes – from Opportunity Recognition to Company Growth

72%
Ratajczak-Mrozek M.
Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation
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2014
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vol. 10
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issue 3
89-108
EN
The purpose of the paper is to present the importance of locally embedded personal relationships and individuals’ networks for the rise of small and medium enterprises (SMEs)’ opportunities in the internationalisation process (especially the market entry phase) as well as their international operations and growth. Above all, the aim of the article is to answer the question what is influencing the actual impact of these resulting opportunities on internationalisation and growth. This paper adopts both a conceptual and empirical approach to the problem based upon a critical review of pertinent literature. Two case studies of companies from industries representing different levels of technological advancement, that is the furniture industry and IT industry, are presented.The theoretical and empirical analysis presented in the article points to the fact that relationships simultaneously facilitate opportunity recognition and themselves constitute such an opportunity. The analysis carried out as part of the case study proves that main factors determining the rise of the opportunity based on locally embedded personal relationships are trust and mutual understanding, in this way emphasising the importance of relational embeddedness. At the same time the realisation of these opportunities and therefore their impact on the internationalisation process and a company’s growth requires additional social factors (an entrepreneurial attitude) as well as economic factors (such as quality and competitive prices).
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