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EN
Local self-government reforms were one of most important elements of political transformations in the post-communist countries. Currently Ukrainian authorities pay much attention to this problem, however all previous attempts of reforms were insufficient. The paper deals with theoretical aspects of local self-government models in a functional approach and discusses challenges that Ukraine will face during the reform. The author concludes that despite of positive tendencies of the reform, it brings serious threats to Ukrainian statehood.
EN
Slovenian communities were eager to re-establish autonomous local governments after the introduction of democracy. These newly established municipalities corresponded territorially to the previous regime’s local communities; however, only 194 municipalities were formed from over 1,200 communities. Some municipalities comprised a cluster of communities, some of which later became proponents of splits, due to the sense that they were being neglected by the rest of the municipality and in the hope of receiving more funds as separate municipalities. Although stricter criteria for establishing municipalities were imposed and the scope of formal initiators was narrowed to limit the splits, the proponents found loopholes in the form of political patrons (deputies) and, as a last resort, sought justice from the constitutional court. The splits occurred in both underdeveloped and developed municipalities. The breakaway municipalities were not more developed than the mother municipality; about a third were less developed. There were no clear financial advantages in creating separate municipalities.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest problemom decentralizacji, dokonującej się na Ukrainie po roku 2014. Analizie poddany został pierwszy etap reformy administracyjno-terytorialnej – reforma samorządu lokalnego i terytorialnej organizacji władz. Na tym etapie tworzone są podstawy pod budowę funkcjonowania pełnoprawnego samorządu lokalnego – spraw­nej wspólnoty lokalnej. Pod pojęciem tym rozumie się wspólnoty terytorialne siół (osiedli i miast), które w rezultacie dobrowolnego łączenia się są zdolne samodzielnie lub za po­średnictwem odpowiednich organów jednostek samorządu lokalnego zapewnić członkom wspólnoty odpowiedni poziom usług w zakresie: edukacji, kultury, ochrony zdrowia, po­mocy społecznej, gospodarki komunalnej, z uwzględnieniem zasobów kadrowych, finan­sów, rozwoju infrastruktury w jednostkach administracyjno-terytorialnych. Autor rozwa­ża dotychczasowe osiągnięcia w zakresie łączenia wspólnot terytorialnych i odnotowuje wzmocnienie potencjału finansowego i zasobów w połączonych wspólnotach. Jednocześnie autor zwraca uwagę na szereg obiektywnych i subiektywnych czynników wpływających na tempo reformy. Do czynników obiektywnych zalicza niedoskonałość uregulowań prawnych funkcjonowania nowych instytucji i stosunków, pojawiających się w procesie zmian. Czynniki subiektywne to przede wszystkim brak woli politycznej po stronie decydentów pań­stwowych, w pierwszej kolejności deputowanych Rady Najwyższej, ale także sprzeciw ze strony elit lokalnych politycznych i administracyjnych. Negatywny wpływ na proces łącze­nia wspólnot ma stosunek samych wspólnot do proponowanych zmian, a także sprzeczność poglądów w tej sprawie pomiędzy wspólnotami a organami władzy państwowej.
EN
The article considers the issues of decentralization, implemented in Ukraine after 2014, and the reforms of local self-government and territorial authority organization in Ukraine as the first stage of the administrative reform. The goal of this stage is creation of capable territorial communities as the basis for the fully functional local self-government. A capable territorial community is a voluntary association of territorial communities of villages (towns, settlements), which is be able to provide the proper level of services, particularly in the fields of education, culture, health protection, social services, housing and communal services, in­dependently or through appropriate local government, in view of human resources, financial provision and development of the infrastructure of the respective administrative-territorial unit. The author considers the intermediate results of the process of association of territorial communities and observes the improvement of financial and resource opportunities in the connected communities. At the same time, he focuses on a number of objective and subjec­tive factors affecting the reforms rate. Objective factors include the lack of legislative regu-lation of new institutions and relations arising in the process of change. Subjective factors are the lack of political will on the part of decision makers, primarily among the members of Parliament, as well as opposition from local political and administrative elites. Another im­portant factor is the disinclination of the communities to unite or a substantial difference of approach to association between state authorities and communities. Identification and analy-sis of such factors are important for prognostication and preventing delays in the territorial communities association process, as well as for the implementation of the entire reform.
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