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1

Presupozycje w perspektywie logicznej

100%

Kulińska Z.

Linguistica Copernicana

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2016

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issue 13

239-250

EN

The main aim of this article is to show the problem of presupposition from the side of the logical analysis of language. Deliberations on the topic derive from the nineteenth century and are connected to Gottlob Frege. In his work titled "On sense and reference", he asks how the expressions with a referring function should be translated into logical language. He also emphasizes "assumptions for the existence of referent (designation)", whose characteristic feature is that their authenticity is a crucial condition to provide a sentence with a logical meaning. Therefore, Frege highlighted the crucial feature of presupposition that is constancy under negation. However, Frege's concept lacks unity when it comes to the level of the language on which the assumptions should be made. An opposing view on presupposition is presented by Russell and his idea of definite descriptions, which solves the problem of sentences with non-existent subject terms, of which Frege's language philosophy does not provide a precise explanation. Russel claims that denoting phrases can be expressed in the form on conjunction of the value of the sentence and thus sentences predicating on something that does not exist happen to be false. However, Russel's view differs from the one presented by a twentieth-century philosopher, Peter Strawson. The latter maintains that the problems mentioned derive from the fact that scholars do not notice the difference between sentences and sentences used to have an assertive meaning and, consequently, that the sentences cannot be true or false since this is a characteristic feature of statements. He also emphasizes a connection between them, in which one statement is a primary condition to give a logical value to another statement. Strawson called the phenomenon a presupposition and claimed that it can be recognized as a specific kind of pragmatic deduction/presupposition. The article focuses on showing the three views on presupposition on the grounds of the philosophies of language presented by scholars mentioned above.

2

Development of Technical Imagination as the Effect of Computer-Aided Process of Learning Physics

100%

Kozielska M.

The New Educational Review

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2005

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vol. 7

209-218

EN

The paper presents results of experimental investigations. The studies were undertaken with the aim to ascertain whether computer techniques, used to assist the process of learning physics, can partake in the creation of conditions leading to the development of technical imagination. The ability to make use of technical imagination is important in the process of knowledge transfer to students as well as in the development of logical, creative and abstract thinking. The experiments were carried out during laboratory classes with students from the Technical Physics of Poznan University of Technology employing the method of parallel groups with rotations. Students from the experimental group learnt a physical experiment using appropriate computer programmes, while students from the control group worked without computer support.

3

Typy umysłów

67%

Dobrołowicz W.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio J – Paedagogia-Psychologia

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2020

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vol. 33

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issue 2

EN

The article presents typologies of minds which include logical and intuitive elements. The typologies of the following authors are presented: Henri Poincaré, Carl Gustav Jung, Stanisław M. Dobrowolski and Malcolm R. Westcott. In the proposals of the mentioned scholars, especially Westcott, the author of the article noticed and pointed out many positive aspects, but at the same time he showed the need to modify them. This mainly applies to the rooted tradition of treating intuition and logic as opposing and mutually exclusive processes, i.e. incompatible at the same time in the mind of a given person. From this theoretical stand, two pure types have been distinguished so far, as suggested by Poincaré, who distinguished logical and intuitive types. The other authors cited here proposed a greater number of types, usually four (Jung and Westcott), but they used more than one division criterion, hence next to logical and intuitive types were placed, for example, weak, guessing and other types. The author of this study proposed an integrative approach, where he distinguished five types of mind, namely: 1) extremely logical; 2) logical; 3) intermediate (balanced); 4) intuitive; 5) extremely intuitive. Here we can find a brief general description of these types, as well as examples of the minds of such historical figures as Socrates, Dmitri Mendeleev, Johann H. Pestalozzi, Ignaz Semmelweis, Adam Mickiewicz, as well as the fictional (literary) character – Sherlock Holmes.

PL

W artykule zostały opisane typologie umysłów, w których uwzględnia się elementy logiczne i intuicyjne. Przybliżono typologie następujących autorów: Henriego Poincarégo, Carla Gustava Junga, Stanisława M. Dobrowolskiego i Malcolma R. Westcotta. W propozycjach tych uczonych, a szczególnie Westcotta, autor niniejszego artykułu dostrzegł i wypunktował wiele pozytywnych właściwości, a jednocześnie wykazał potrzebę ich modyfikacji. Dotyczy to głównie zakorzenionej tradycji traktowania intuicji i logiki jako procesów przeciwstawnych i wzajemnie wykluczających się, czyli nie do pogodzenia jednocześnie w umyśle danego człowieka. Z tego stanowiska teoretycznego dotychczas wyróżnia się dwa czyste typy, jak to zaproponował Poincaré, który wyróżnił typy logiczne i intuicyjne. Pozostali przywołani tu autorzy proponowali większą liczbę typów, z reguły cztery (Jung i Westcott), lecz stosowali niejedno kryterium podziału, stąd obok typów logicznych i intuicyjnych umieszczano typy np. słabe, zgadujące itd. Autor opracowania zaproponował podejście integracyjne, w którym wyróżnił pięć typów umysłu: 1) skrajnie logiczny; 2) logiczny; 3) pośredni (zrównoważony); 4) intuicyjny; 5) skrajnie intuicyjny. Zamieszczono zarówno krótką ogólną charakterystykę tych typów, jak i przykłady umysłów takich historycznych postaci, jak Sokrates, Dmitrij Mendelejew, Johann H. Pestalozzi, Ignaz Semmelweis, Adam Mickiewicz, a także postaci fikcyjnej (literackiej) – Sherlocka Holmesa.

4

Spór o naukowość eugeniki

67%

Słoniowska A.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

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2016

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vol. 14

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issue 3

9-23

EN

How to classify eugenics? Is it an ideology, outlook, or maybe a science? These are the questions asked by philosophers and historians for a long time, but there is still no answer. Even the people who created this idea did not know how to specify it. They wanted to characterize eugenics as science, but the problems with logic and methodology increased. They made a formal fallacy and entrusted too much to induction. The lack of knowledge about heredity was also a serious problem. For all that, they tried to create a new scientific theory based on eugenics. Recently, most historians claim that old eugenics failed, however some have a different opinion. It seems that this view depends on individual’s emotional and subjective assessment of modern researchers.

PL

Jak zakwalifikować eugenikę? Czy jest ona ideologią, światopoglądem czy może nauką? To pytania, które od dawna zadają sobie filozofowie i historycy. Wciąż nie ma na nie odpowiedzi. Nawet ludzie, który stworzyli tę ideę nie potrafili jednoznacznie określić czym ona jest. Zależało im na tym, żeby eugenikę zaliczyć do grona nauk. Mieli jednak duże problemy z metodologią oraz logiką. Popełniali błędy formalne i zbyt mocno zawierzyli indukcji. Problemem był również brak wiedzy na temat dziedziczności. Mimo wszystko próbowali stworzyć teorię naukową oparta na eugenice. Współcześnie większość historyków twierdzi, że próba ta się nie powiodła, jednak niektórzy są innego zdania. Wydaje się, że ta kwestia zależy od indywidualnej, emocjonalnej i subiektywnej oceny badaczy.

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1 Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio J – Paedagogia-Psychologia

1 Linguistica Copernicana

1 Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

1 The New Educational Review

1 2020

2 2016

1 2005

1 Dobrołowicz W.

1 Kozielska M.

1 Kulińska Z.

1 Słoniowska A.

Presupozycje w perspektywie logicznej

Development of Technical Imagination as the Effect of Computer-Aided Process of Learning Physics

Typy umysłów

Spór o naukowość eugeniki