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EN
Introduction. Hyponatremia is a frequently observed electrolyte disorder among patients with cancer. In 1957, Schwartz et al. reported the first case of a patient with hyponatremia due to SIADH, secondary to lung cancer. From that moment on, there has been data published that indicates patients with SIADH are less responsive to chemotherapy, have greater predisposition to central nervous system metastases and are often characterized by an advanced stage of cancer during time of diagnosis. Hyponatremia has many possible causes, and the differential diagnosis can pose a challenge. Aim. The aim of the study was to consider the occurrence of secondary hyponatremia in the course of cancer and the significance of this disorder in the prognosis of the disease. Methods. An analysis of the clinical history of the patient and a review of available literature. Results. A 66-year old patient with hyponatremia was admitted to the Department of Endocrinology, and lung cancer was determined as the cause of the aforementioned electrolyte disorder. Conclusion. SIADH secondary to cancers should be included in a differential diagnosis of every case of hyponatremia of undetermined etiology.
EN
Introduction. Lung cancer is the most common cancer in the Western world. Annually there are approximately 1.8 million new cases worldwide. It is characterized by poor prognosis with a 5-year survival of 10-17% depending on the country. Contributing to this poor prognosis is a mainly late diagnosis, as well as a fairly frequent recurrence despite radical surgery. Over the years, scientists have been searching for a tumor marker that would be useful for patients with lung cancer. Aim. The aim of this study is to discuss the significance of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the diagnosis, prognosis of the disease course, and monitoring patients with lung cancer. Methods. Review of the literature using the PubMed database, Termedia, Via Medica and the key issue: carcinoembryonic antigen as a tumor marker in lung cancer. Conclusions. Serum CEA level can be a reliable complement to the diagnosis of lung cancer. It can be helpful in preoperative prediction of disease course and qualification for adjuvant treatment of non-small cell lung cancer especially adenocarcinoma. Trends and normalization of CEA during chemotherapy have an impact on progression-free survival and overall survival (OS) of patients. Various available publications describe CEA as a marker for metastatic lung cancer, which is the most specific for metastasis in the liver and brain.
EN
Objective: The aim of the study was comparison of cancer incidence risk of lungs, stomach, colon, bladder and kidneys from ex-miners of black coal mines and the general male population of the Czech Republic. Materials and methods: The analysis was conducted in two cohorts of ex-miners according to the presence of coalworkers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP). The first cohort included the miners without CWP (N = 6705), and the second cohort included the miners who were compensated for CWP (N = 2158). Personal and occupational data was merged with the data in the National Population Register and the National Oncological Register for the period from 1992 to 2006. Cancer risk in miners in comparison to the general male population of the Czech Republic was evaluated by SIR (Standardized Incidence Ratio) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: About twice as high risk of lung cancer was found in miners with CWP (SIR = 2.21; 95% CI: 1.75–2.76). Lung cancer risk correlated with the severity of CWP (simple CWP SIR=1.96; 95% CI: 1.48–2.56, progressive massive fibrosis SIR = 4.29; 95% CI: 2.09–7.87). No increased risk of lung cancer was found in ex-miners without CWP. The risk of malignant neoplasm at the other selected sites was comparable with the risk in the general male population of the Czech Republic. Conclusions: This study found increased lung cancer risk in coal miners with CWP, but not in those without CWP, comparing with the general population. These results served as the basis for the inclusion of lung cancer in association with CWP into a new Czech list of occupational diseases.
EN
Introduction. The paper presents the results of a study of cell cultures of lung cancer and kidney cancer using lycopene performed using clinical magnetic resonance imaging. Aim. The aim of the study was to evaluate lycopene activity on tumor cell cultures. Material and methods. For this purpose, MR tests were performed using the technique of determining transverse relaxation. Results. Described here studies demonstrated that lycopene may inhibit the growth of A549 and ACHN cell lines. Conclusion. We determine changes in spin lattice relaxavity T2 to monitor treatment of lung cancer cell line A549 and kidney cancer cell line ACHN cells treatment with lycopene.
EN
BackgroundCancer risk (especially as regards lung cancer) in black-coal miners is mainly analyzed on the basis of mortality. The risk calculated based on mortality may differ from the values based on incidence. The aim of the study was to compare cancer risk in black-coal miners with and without coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP), based on data on mortality and the incidence of lung cancer in the Czech Republic in 1992–2013.Material and MethodsThe cohort without CWP was composed of 6687 miners, and the cohort with CWP of 3476 miners. Information on the incidence of lung cancer was obtained from the Czech National Oncological Register (NOR), and information on mortality from the National Population Register. The risk of lung cancer incidence was compared with the general male population in the Czech Republic using the standardized incidence ratio (SIR), and the risk of lung cancer mortality using the standardized mortality ratio (SMR), with the 95% CI.ResultsIn miners with CWP, a lower SMR value was found, SMR = 1.70 (95% CI: 1.41–2.04), compared with the SIR value, SIR = 2.01 (95% CI: 1.70–2.36). In miners without CWP, this was opposite, the value of SIR = 0.81 (95% CI: 0.69–0.94) was lower than the value of SMR = 0.83 (95% CI: 0.70–0.98). In miners without CWP, 17 cases of lung cancer (out of 176 cases in total) were not registered in NOR. In miners with CWP, the share of not registered cases was significantly lower (p = 0.018), and it was represented by 3% of not registered lung cancer cases, out of 156 cases with the diagnosis of lung cancer.ConclusionsIn spite of the difference between SIR and SMR, the results of both indicators were consistent with the resulting relationship between the lung cancer risk and CWP.
PL
Rak płuc jest najczęstszą przyczyną zgonów z powodu nowotworów złośliwych. Pomimo rozwoju medycyny wciąż głównymi metodami walki z rakiem płuc są operacje chirurgiczne oraz radioterapia i chemioterapia, które stanowią alternatywę dla pacjentów niekwalifikujących się do zabiegu operacyjnego. W podjęciu decyzji dotyczącej zastosowania poszczególnych technik leczenia pod uwagę są brane: stadium zaawansowania choroby, stan ogólny pacjenta i choroby współistniejące. W związku z licznymi powikłaniami występującymi w przebiegu stosowania głównych metod terapii oraz brakiem pewności co do całkowitego wyleczenia opracowywane są coraz to nowsze, skuteczniejsze rozwiązania. Artykuł zawiera krótkie opisy wybranych najnowszych sposobów w terapii niedrobnokomórkowego raka płuc (NDRP), tj. radioterapii stereotaktycznej z wykorzystaniem robota Cyber Knife, chemioterapii z zastosowaniem cysplatyny, leczenia za pomocą drobnocząsteczkowych inhibitorów tyrozynowej kinazy oraz ablacji prądem o wysokiej częstotliwości radiowej (radiofrequency ablation – RFA). Wymienione techniki są znacznie skuteczniejsze niż standardowe, a ponadto obserwuje się mniejsze zagrożenie wystąpienia powikłań po ich zastosowaniu. Z dostępnego piśmiennictwa wynika, że obecnie prowadzone są badania kliniczne nad nowymi obiecującymi metodami. Działania w kierunku poszukiwania coraz to nowszych sposobów leczenia rokują na przyszłość dając nadzieję na znalezienie niezawodnej metody, pozwalającej na całkowity powrót do zdrowia chorych ze zdiagnozowanym rakiem płuc.
EN
Lung cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer. Despite the development of medicine is still the main methods of struggle with lung cancer are surgery and radiotherapy and chemotherapy, an alternative for patients ineligible for surgery. The decision regarding the use of various treatment techniques are taken into account: stage of disease, general condition of the patient and concomitant diseases. Following a number of complications occurring in the course of the main ways of treatment and the lack of certainty as to cure the disease are developed newer, more effective solutions. The article contains brief descriptions of the latest methods in the treatment of small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), ie, stereotactic radiotherapy using a robot Cyber Knife, chemotherapy with cisplatin, treatment with small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors and the ablation of high-frequency RF (Radiofrequency Ablation – RFA). These techniques are much more effective than standard, and also observed a lower risk of complications after their use. The available literature shows that current clinical trials are ongoing to develop new promising methods. Efforts to search for newer and newer therapies hold promise for the future by giving hope to find a reliable method that allows for complete recovery of patients diagnosed with lung cancer.
EN
Radioactivity accompanied by ionizing radiation has always existed on the Earth, as well as in space, and so in every living tissue there are traces of radioactivity. With the discovery of the said radiation and identifying its effects on the human body, the fear of this phenomenon appeared. At high doses radiation causes serious tissue damages, while at small doses it can cause cancer and induce genetic defects. The best antidote for fear is knowledge. It is important to know the margins safety of radiation for human life. As a result, the topic of radioactive contamination of the environment has now become one of the most significant. In recent years the radon problem is a subject of a wide debate of geologists, geophysicists, ecologists, physicians, specialists in radiome-try, and, of course, philosophers and sociologists, since the need for assessing the poten-tial radon danger concerns human lives, human functions in society, and human future.
EN
Objectives This study has researched the significance of histologically raised findings and lung dust analyses in the context of claiming the recognition of and thus compensation for an asbestos-associated occupational disease. Material and Methods For this approach, all findings from the German Mesothelioma Register in 2015 that included lung dust analyses were evaluated and were compared with information on asbestos fiber exposure at work based on fiber years, and with the results of radiological findings. Results For 68 insured persons, recognition of an asbestos-induced lung disease according to Section 4104 of the German Ordinance on Occupational Diseases (Berufskrankheitenverordnung – BKV) could be recommended solely on the basis of the histological examinations of lung tissues and complementary lung dust analyses. Neither did the calculation of the cumulative asbestos dust exposure at work yield 25 fiber years, nor could bridge findings (e.g., plaques) be identified. In addition, the autopsies of 12 patients revealed plaques that had not been diagnosed during radiological examinations. These results show that – irrespective of the prescribed working techniques and radiological diagnosis – pathological/anatomical and histological diagnostics are often the only way for the insureds to demonstrate the causal connection between asbestos and their disease. Even after long intervals of up to 40 years post last exposure, the asbestos fibers would still be easily detectable in the lung tissues evaluated. Conclusions Whenever suitable tissue is available, it should be examined for mild asbestosis with the aid of a lung dust analysis. Otherwise there is a risk that an occupational disease is wrongfully rejected. In the context of health insurance, the lung dust analysis and the resulting proof of the presence of asbestosis often constitute one option of providing evidence of an occupational disease. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(3):293–305
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Silicosis in Switzerland

75%
EN
Objectives The correlation between quartz dust concentrations in the Swiss enterprises and the incidence of silicosis and other related diseases acknowledged as occupational diseases (OD) was investigated. Material and Methods Quartz dust concentrations were obtained from Suva’s databases of occupational health surveillance measurements between 2005 and 2014. Information on quartz dust-related diseases was from medical dossiers of workers with OD acknowledged by Suva between 2005 and 2014. Results The median quartz dust concentration of the 2579 measurements between 2005 and 2014 was 0.09 mg/m³ (alveolar fraction). Out of all measurements, 28% were above the Swiss occupational exposure limit (OEL) of 0.15 mg/m³ (alveolar fraction). One hundred eighty-one individuals suffered from acknowledged quartz dust-related disease (179 silicosis and 2 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)). Additionally, 8 out of these workers were diagnosed with lung cancer and 55 with COPD of a non-specified cause. Out of all workers, 46% were exposed to silica dust for the first time before 1975 when the current Swiss OEL was introduced. Out of the foreign workers, 63% began to work abroad, during which they could have at least partly acquired their silicosis. Out of all workers, 75% were ever-smokers. Conclusions The incidence of silicosis decreased drastically from approximately 300 cases/year in the 1970s to fewer than 20 cases/year 20 years ago. Several findings of this study that could help to interpret the ongoing occurrence of the disease include excessive exposure in or outside of Switzerland in former or current times, vulnerability to the development of silicosis due to cigarette smoke, or poor compliance with wearing breathing masks. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(5):659–676
PL
Podsumowano perspektywy immunoterapii w raku płuca. Wobec dotychczasowej niskiej skuteczności leczenia konwencjonalnego, wciąż poszukiwane są nowe, obiecujące narzędzia terapeutyczne. W raku płuca stosuje się immunoterapię zarówno bierną, jak i adaptatywną. W skrócie, założeniem tej strategii jest powstrzymanie ucieczki raka spod nadzoru immunologicznego, co wiąże się z mechanizmami immunoedycji przez nowotwory. W tym miejscu szczególną uwagę zwrócono na przeciwciała monoklonalne zastosowane w raku płuca, zazwyczaj jako leczenie adiuwantowe w zaawansowanych stadiach choroby. Ich celami są w pierwszej kolejności punkty kontrolne układu odpornościowego, tj. cząsteczki CTLA-4 oraz PD-1/PD-L1. Opisano wstępne wyniki badań klinicznych z użyciem takich przeciwciał monoklonalnych jak ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab, cetuximab, necitumumab i nimotuzumab.
EN
Perspectives of immunotherapy in lung cancer were summarized. Due to the low effi cacy of conventional treatment, there is an increasing need to introduce new, promising therapeutical tools in disease management. Adaptive and passive immunotherapy are both used in lung cancer. In brief, the rationale of this strategy is to oppose the carcinoma immune escape mechanisms associated with tumour immunoediting. Herein, the attention was focused on monoclonal antibodies currently applied in lung cancer, usually as adjuvant therapy in advanced stages of the disease. Their targets are preferentially the immune check-points, i.e. CTLA-4, as well as PD-1/PD-L1 molecules. The preliminary results of clinical trials with the use of monoclonal antibodies such as ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab, cetuximab, necitumumab and nimotuzumab were described.
XX
The aim of the paper is twofold. The first one is to present the multi-state life tables associated with the insurance against the risk for lung cancer. Probabilistic structure of the model regarding incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer takes into account many factors such as a patient’s health condition (mild and critical), the probability of remaining in mild state of health and the probability of state of health deterioration. The lifetime in a critical state is analyzed in detail. The probability of death of a patient is also analysed according to the health condition. The analysis of the influence of inequalities in health caused by gender, biological sex and age on the probabilistic structure pose the second aim of paper.
EN
Introduction: Lung cancer is the most frequent malignancy in Poland and is the first cause of death in oncology. The aim of the study is to analyze selected parameters of inflammation in lung cancer. Material and methods: 48 patients with lung cancer were included in the study group and 30 persons in the control group. The group was divided according to the level of severity - 19 with low/moderate stage (I-IIIA), 29 with high (IIIB and IV) and to histopatho- logical type - 9 with small cell carcinomas, 39 with non-small cell carcinomas (therein 18 - adenocarcinomas and 21 squamous carcinomas). The concentrations of circulating immune complexes (CIC), C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophils, lymphocytes and their associated indicators were examined: CRP/CIC, NLR (neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio), PLR (platelet/lymphocyte ratio). Results: The average parameter values were significantly higher among people with lung cancer. The median value of CIC was significantly higher in the group with advanced cancer (0.30 vs 0.23, p<0.01 compare to stage I-IIIA). The median PLR and platelet counts among patients with squamous cell carcinoma were significantly higher compared to adenocarcinomas (215 vs 138.5, p = 0.037, 388.0 thousand/ul vs 277.5 thousand/ul, p = 0.034). Conclusion: Based on the results of our work, we suggested the dominance of a specific humoral response in the more advanced stage of lung cancerogenesis. The process of carcinogenesis is associated with various activities of neutrophils and lymphocytes.
PL
Wprowadzenie: Rak płuca jest najczęstszym nowotworem w Polsce i pierwszą przyczyną zgonów w onkologii. Celem pracy jest analiza wybranych parametrów stanu zapalnego w raku płuca. Materiał i metody: Grupę badaną stanowiło 48 chorych z rakiem płuca oraz 30 przypadków grupy kontrolnej. Chorych podzielono wg stopnia zaawansowania - 19 z niskim/ umiarkowanym stopniem zaawansowania (I-IIIA), 29 z wysokim (IIIB i IV), a także wg typu histopatologicznego - 9 z rakiem drobnokomórkowym, 39 z niedrobnokomórkowym (w tym 18 z gruczolakorakiem i 21 z rakiem płaskonabłonkowym). Zbadano stężenia krążących kompleksów immunologiocznych (KKI), białka C-reaktywnego (ang. C-reactive protein, CRP), neutrofilów, limfocytów oraz związanych z nimi wskaźników: CRP/KKI, neutrofil/limfocyt (ang. neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, NLR), płytka krwi/limfocyt (ang. platelet/lymphocyte ratio, PLR). Wyniki: Średnie wartości badanych parametrów były istotnie wyższe wśród osób z rakiem płuca. Mediana wartości KKI była istotnie wyższa w grupie z zaawansowanym nowotworem (0,30 vs 0,23, p<0,01 w porównaniu ze stopniem I-IIIA). Mediany wskaźnika PLR oraz liczby płytek krwi wśród osób z rakiem płaskonabłonkowym były istotnie wyższe porównując do gruczolakoraka (215 vs 138,5, p = 0,037; 388,0 tys/ul vs 277,5 tys/ul, p = 0,034). Wnioski: Na podstawie wyników pracy zasugerowaliśmy dominację swoistej odpowiedzi humoralnej w bardziej zaawansowanym stadium kancerogenezy płuca. Proces kancerogenezy związany jest z różną aktywnością neutrofili i limfocytów.
Medycyna Pracy
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2014
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vol. 65
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issue 6
799-818
PL
Crystalline silica is commonly found in the work environment. Possible health effects of occupational exposure continue to be the subject of extensive research. The aim of this paper was to analyze the recent findings concerning the health effects of exposure to crystalline silica, taking into account different levels of exposure. This work is based on the relevant information from the papers retrieved from the following databases: EBSCO, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science, using the following keywords: crystalline silica, quartz, health effects. The review of the results confirms the multi-faceted harmful effects of crystalline silica. Prolonged occupational exposure, apart from silicosis and non-cancer respiratory diseases, may also result in the development of lung cancer, and autoimmune and chronic kidney diseases, the pathogenesis, which has not been completely explained yet. The exposure to the crystalline silica at concentrations close to the current occupational exposure limit value does not exclude the risk of the following pathologies: silicosis, lung cancer, other lung diseases and renal diseases. It is not feasible to completely eliminate the crystalline silica dust from the work environment. The best way to reduce the health effects of the exposure is to minimize the concentrations of silica dust. Further progress in clarifying the true mechanisms of interaction between silica dust and lung cells, the determination of the importance of surface properties of the silica particles in the pathogenic processes and explaining the effects of co-morbid dust in the work environment may help to prevent the harmful effects of silica dust. Med Pr 2014;65(6):799–818
EN
Krystaliczna krzemionka powszechnie występuje w środowisku pracy. Możliwe zdrowotne skutki zawodowego narażenia są nadal przedmiotem wielu badań. Celem niniejszej pracy była analiza aktualnych wyników badań dotyczących zdrowotnych skutków narażenia na krystaliczną krzemionkę, z uwzględnieniem różnych poziomów ekspozycji. Podstawę opracowania stanowiły publikacje zawarte w bazach: EBSCO, Scopus, ScienceDirect oraz Web of Science, znalezione z użyciem słów kluczowych: crystalline silica, quartz, health effects. Przegląd wyników badań potwierdza wielokierunkowe szkodliwe działanie krystalicznej krzemionki. W następstwie długotrwałej zawodowej ekspozycji, oprócz krzemicy płuc i nienowotworowych chorób układu oddechowego, może rozwijać się rak płuca, a także choroby o niewyjaśnionej ostatecznie patogenezie – choroby autoimmunizacyjne i choroby nerek. Ekspozycja na krystaliczną krzemionkę występującą w zakresie stężeń zbliżonych do obecnie obowiązujących wartości dopuszczalnych nie wyklucza ryzyka wystąpienia następujących patologii: krzemicy, raka płuca, innych chorób płuc oraz chorób nerek. Wyeliminowanie pyłu krystalicznej krzemionki ze środowiska pracy jest praktycznie niemożliwe, a głównym sposobem ograniczania zdrowotnych skutków narażenia nadal pozostaje jego minimalizowanie. Ważnym elementem zapobiegania szkodliwemu działaniu krzemionki może być dalszy postęp w dokładnym wyjaśnieniu mechanizmów interakcji pyłu krzemionkowego z komórkami, ustalenie znaczenia właściwości powierzchniowych cząstek w patogenezie oraz dokładne poznanie interakcji z pyłami współwystępującymi w środowisku pracy. Med. Pr. 2014;65(6):799–818
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