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Budowa techniczna XVII-wiecznych malowideł ściennych w cerkwi św. Jerzego w Wielkim Tyrnowie (Bułgaria)

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Brochwicz Z., Dymitrowa Wałkowa M.

Ochrona Zabytków

1972

issue 3

143-159

The su b je c t of in v e stig a tio n s discussed by th e a u th o r a re fo rm in g th e 17th c e n tu ry m u ra l p a in tin g s in St. G eorge o rth o d o x ch u rch a t Turnovo, Bulgaria. As a re s u lt o f d e ta iled e x am in a tio n s th e s tru c tu r e of p a in tings p re s e n t in naos and n a rth e x has b een s e ttled as w e ll a s th a t of th e p a in tin g s in an aisle connecting th e b o th p a rts of th is sa c red building. The p a in tin g s w e re ex e cu ted on th e d ry p la s te r by th e use of a m ix ed g lu e -tem p e ra te ch n iq u e . As th e b inder, fin a lly id e n tifie d by p a p e r ch rom a to g rap h y , was used the m ix tu r e of g lu tin glue an d egg yolk emulsion. In th e p a in te d p o rtio n s of h um a n fle sh and o th e r a re a s th e y e llow coloured p re -p a in te d lay e rs have been found, c o n ta in in g th e same b in d e r as th e p a in te d lay e r p ro p e r. In th e rem a in in g p o rtio n s of polychromy th e p a in te d la y e r was laid d ire c tly on p la ste r. Th e p a le tte of pigm en ts u sed can be d escrib ed as one r a th e r limited . Within th is p a le tte a re p rev a ilin g th e e a r th p igm en ts lik e ochres, iron red s and g re en e a rth . The ra n g e of a rtific ia l pigm en ts is re p re s en te d by p lum b o -p lum b ic oxide P b 3C>4. In add itio n , th e m a la ch ite g re en C uC 0 3*Cu(0H)2 was sp o rad ic a lly en c o u n te re d b u t in all in stan c e s as an a dm ix tu re to o th e r pigments. As th e w h ite colour th e lime w h ite C aC 0 3 w a s used an d th e only id en tified black colour w a s p re p a re d from ch a rre d wood. Th e p a in tin g s in naos an d n a rth e x a re m a rk ed ly d iffe rin g as to th e ir ch a ra c te r. The firs t of th em a re m u ch d a rk e r , more “s a tu r a te d ” w ith colour, much m o re re s is ta n t to th e a c tio n of w a te r an d th u s b e tte r p re s e rv e d w h e re a s th e la tte r a re lig h te r, have the p a s te l tone, a re re a d ily w a sh ab le an d by f a r more d amag ed . The above fe a tu re s may be considered as an ev id en c e th a t th e p a in tin g s in n a rth e x co n ta in a th in n e r b in d e r. As th e su p p o rt fo r p a in tin g s th e d o u b le -la y e r lim e - c a rb o n a te p la s te rs were used, v e ry ty p ic a l as to th e ir s tru c tu r e d e riv ed from trad itio n s of th e B y z an tin e p a in tin g school. In th e bottom p la s te r la y e rs as a fille r h a s b een found a k in d of no m o re p re c ise ly id en tified s traw (11—14 p e r cent) wh ile in th ose n e a re r to th e su rfa c e th e cu t flax fib re s (3 to 8 p e r cent). Th e lime b in d e r h a s been found in n e a rly th e same am o u n ts b oth in bottom lay e rs (58 up to 67 p e r cent) an d in u p p e r lay e rs (71 to 72 p e r cent). As th e basic fille r, however, m ic ro -c ry sta llin e fra gm e n ts were fo u n d in am o u n ts not exceeding 20 p e r cent. The san d g ra in s a re p re s e n t in q u ite negligible q u a n titie s (ab o u t 1 p e r cent) and, sim ila rly to p o tte ry fra gm e n ts an d ch arcoal, th e y should be co n sid e red as r a th e r co n tam in a tio n s only. The p resen ce of c h rom a - to g ra p h ic a lly id en tified sta rc h m a tte r (flour) has also been sta ted in p la ste rs. In ad d itio n to technological ex am in a tio n s a n um b e r of te s ts to re c o n s tru c t th e b in d e r w e re c a rrie d o u t w ith th e aim to d e te rm in e its p ro p e rtie s an d also th e ap p lic ab ility from th e p a in te r ’s p o in t of view. The o th e r a im of th e se in v e stig a tio n s consisted in confirm in g of re su lts a chieved and d e te rm in in g w h e th e r th e b in d e r m ix ed in th is m a n n e r could, in fa c t, be used fo r th e ex e cu tio n of p a in tin g s in St. George o rth o d o x church. F o r th e te s ts a m ix tu re of liq u id ified g lu tin g lue (gelatine) and th e egg yolk was used. The glu tin g lu e was liq u ified by mean s of a sm a ll q u a n tity of lime p a ste in w a rm condition. Du rin g th e te s ts v a rio u s p ro p o rtio n s of th e a fo re -m en tio n ed b in d e rs we re app lied . The re su lts of th e se in v e stig a tio n s h av e p ro v ed s a tis fa c to ry an d mo re still th ey e n tire ly confirm ed th e po ssib ility th a t n am e ly such a b in d e r has been ap p lied in th e 17th c e n tu ry p a in tin g s in St. George o rth o d o x ch u rch a t Turnovo.

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1 Ochrona Zabytków

1 1972

1 Brochwicz Z.

1 Dymitrowa Wałkowa M.

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Budowa techniczna XVII-wiecznych malowideł ściennych w cerkwi św. Jerzego w Wielkim Tyrnowie (Bułgaria)