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EN
UEFA Euro 2012 was the biggest organizational, sporting and business project in the Polish history. European Championships in football are an elite sporting event, which the richest and fastest developing countries try to be the hosts of. UEFA Euro 2012 was the first tournament located in Central and Eastern Europe. The aim of this article is to analyze UEFA Euro 2012 with accordance to economic and social benefits as well as cost-effectiveness of realized investments. Primary research methods were critical analyzes of reports and minutes of companies responsible for preparation of the tournament, the analyzes of literature, own observations and statistics. The European Championships in football which took place in Poland and Ukraine in June and July 2012 are the object of the study. In the range of preparation phase many investments were done, especially in transport infrastructure. Airports, train stations and bus stations were modernized. New, multifunctional sporting objects were built. As it is clear from the calculations, many investments exceeded planned costs. The costs of building the National Stadium were much higher than any other similar objects in Europe. On the other hand the transfer times between host cities and Cracow decreased which directly contributed to the increase of travelling comfort.
EN
This publication concerns presentation of outcomes of the research conducted during the implementationof the European Union funded Project „Implementation of Prüm Decision. Preparation for The Joint Police Operations in Estonia,Latvia, Lithuania and Poland”. The Project was implemented by the Lithuanian police together with its regional partners fromEstonia, Latvia and Poland (Podlaski Voivodship) and aimed at the development of joint cooperation mechanisms, identificationof good practice in the framework of Article 17 of the Prüm Decision and strengthening of regional cooperation. Joint operationsin the light of the Prüm Decision are relatively new instrument, in particular regarding practical implementation of this tool. Withthis research it was sought to introduce readers with the main provisions of international and national legal regulation of Estonia,Latvia, Lithuania and Poland related with the implementation of the Prüm Decision and to analyse and compare legal, proceduraland practical aspects in organizing joint police operations. Furthermore it was intended to identify and propose suggestions onthe legal regulation and organization of joint police operations seeking to efficiently implement provisions of the Prüm Decision.The Project Partner countries have different degree of detailed procedures on the maintenance of public order and security in place.Despite the fact that it does not prohibit the organization of joint operation but makes it more difficult to organize, thereforeit is mindful to consider harmonization of procedures among certain regional partners.
EN
Open public spaces (including streets, squares and parks) are common property of residents. They are, however, within the scope of city councils which, by means of laws, decide who and how can use them. The main user of this space is the city, that is the city council, which either organizes or co-organizes most mass events. Their main features (the article only discusses ludic events) are: regularity, organization, predictability and order. These enents are “proper” in every respect. On the other hand, some groups of city dwellers, particularly young people (secondary school pupils, students, and “skaters”) want to entertain themselves in public urban spaces according to their preferances. Their activities are most frequently chaotic, improvised and even anarchist. They are anything but “proper”. This breeds conflicts between these goals and the authorities represented by city wardens and the police. The conflict: city authorities versus tourists and locals, participating in wild and often obscene “displays” in the public spaces of Krakow, is even more drastic. On the one hand, the conflicts described in the article allow us to show the forms and ways of dramatization of urban space. On the other hand, they are an obvious proof of unrelenting fight of the antagonists: city authorities, who consider themselves monopolists - sole proprietors of public space, and different groups of residents, as well as tourists overtly expressing their conviction that this space belongs to everybody and that any usurpations are civil rights violations. Whichever approach we take, it has to be said that the conflict is both structural (it arises from different aims and convictions of the participating groups) and permanent (it escalates and wanes, but always exists).
EN
In the 21st century the security and safety of major events is one of the priorities of the European Union within the areaof freedom, security and justice. Particular attention is paid to football matches and the safety of their participants. In 2002,based on a European Union Council Decision, a mandatory requirement was placed on each Member State to either set upor designate a National Football Information Point (NFIP) — a channel for the international exchange of police information,intelligence and risk assessments. The main aim of the article is to describe and compare selected National Football InformationPoints and their roles while ensuring safety at football matches. The article describes the history of National Football InformationPoints in Poland and the UK, their main roles and responsibilities, as well as other issues related to football match safety e.g.Football Banning Order procedures. In the article the Police role in enhancing safety at football matches in Poland and the UKis described in detail. Although the task and responsibilities are similar, each NFIP is organized in a different way in accordancewith the domestic legal regulations in the sphere of football match safety. The engagement of Police representatives is described,starting from the National Police Chief, the Police Commanders, the Football Intelligence Officers and the Police Football Spotters.Key differences are also pointed out. The results presented in this article were collected during research conducted both in Polandand the United Kingdom in 2014–2015. The data was gathered using a variety of methods and techniques, both theoreticaland empirical.
EN
The article presents an ecological aspect of organization of mass sporting events. The issues related to waste management and reducing a negative impact of sporting events on the environment are presented. Raising awareness of the importance of environmental protection shows that new methods and conceptions like reverse logistics, ecologistics and “green” logistics are searched for. The example of London Olympic Games and EURO 2012 shows that due to ecological actions we can achieve measurable benefits.
EN
This publication presents the importance of the coordination of initiatives aimed to correct preparation and safety management events. Polish legislation covering the thematic range of issues, indicated since 1997 the  coordination process, as an important element of the construction of the security of mass events, which took the proper meaning just before the final tournament Euro 2012. Still, in the current regulations, there is no indicated coordinator of this process, thus also of his duties. Author of the paper tries to draw attention to the need to solve this problem in future regulations.
PL
W niniejszej publikacji przedstawiono znaczenie działań związanych z koordynacją przedsięwzięć zmierzających do prawidłowego przygotowania i kierowania bezpieczeństwem imprez masowych. Ustawodawstwo polskie obejmujące ten zakres tematyczny zagadnień, wskazywało już od 1997 r. proces koordynacji, jako ważny element budowy bezpieczeństwa imprez masowych, który właściwego znaczenia nabrał dopiero przed turniejem finałowym Euro 2012. Nadal jednak, w obowiązujących regulacjach prawnych, nie wskazano koordynatora tego procesu, tym samym również jego obowiązków. Autor publikacji stara się zwrócić uwagę na konieczność rozwiązania tego problemu w przyszłych  regulacjach prawnych.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy problematyki bezpieczeństwa i porządku publicznego podczas imprez masowych, w szczególności meczów piłki nożnej. Po właściwym wprowadzeniu do tematu i przedstawieniu zakresu penalizacji autor poddaje szczegółowej analizie poszczególne wykroczenia godzące w bezpieczeństwo i porządek, uregulowane w Ustawie z 20 marca 2009 r. o bezpieczeństwie imprez masowych. Analiza ta obejmuje zarówno ustawowe znamiona każdego wykroczenia, jak i grożące za nie sankcje. Na koniec autor artykułu przedstawia i uzasadnia propozycje najpilniejszych zmian w ustawowej regulacji przedmiotowych wykroczeń.
EN
The article refers to the issues of the public security and order during the mass events, especially football matches. After the appropriate introduction to the topic and the presentation of the range of punishment, the author carries a detailed analysis of the particular offences related directly to the security and order, regulated by the Law Act on the security of mass events as of 20 March 2009. The analysis includes the statutory definitions of each offence as well as the statutory punishment for them. Finally, the author specifies and justifies the most urgent amendments to the Law Act, that refer to the subject offences.
PL
W ostatnich latach, jak wykazują statystyki, zmniejsza się liczba zachowań chuligańskich na samym stadionie, a przemoc i agresja zostaje przeniesiona poza obiekty sportowe. Stąd też z punktu widzenia bezpieczeństwa masowych imprez sportowych istotne miejsce zajmują kwestie związane z monitorowaniem przemieszczania się kibiców. Należy zaznaczyć, że football nie jest przyczyną zachowań chuligańskich a jedynie platformą, miejscem, gdzie sfrustrowani ludzie reagują korzystając z dużej zbiorowości, a często również anonimowości, która daje poczucie bezkarności. Kluczowa rolę w systemie bezpieczeństwa imprez masowych odgrywa Policja, ustawowo zobowiązana do zapewnienia i utrzymywania bezpieczeństwa i porządku publicznego.
EN
Recent statistics show that incidents of hooliganism occurring within the football stadiums have been on the decline and violence and aggression have been transferred outside the sport facilities. Thus, from the perspective of the security of mass events it is essential to closely monitor the movements of football fans. However, it should be emphasized here that football itself is not the cause of hooligan behavior and only a platform on which frustrated individuals have a chance to release their anger by taking advantage of being anonymous in a large crowd. Being in a group of people gives hooligans the feeling of impunity. The key role in the system of providing security of mass events is played by the Police which is obliged by law to assure and maintain security and public order.
PL
Przestępczość i nienawiść mają swoją ugruntowaną pozycję w przestrzeni imprez masowych organizowanych w Polsce. Najtrudniejsza sytuacja dotyczy rozgrywek piłki nożnej, zwłaszcza szczebla krajowego. Mimo zmian prawnych i wielu przedsięwzięć podejmowanych przez kluby, Policję i inne instytucje, sytuacja nie ulega zmianie, co więcej pojawiają się symptomy jej pogarszania. Niezwykle niepokojące jest to, że te nieformalne grupy tworzą struktury funkcjonujące na zasadach charakterystycznych dla przestępczości zorganizowanej. Przedmiotem badań niniejszej publikacji były zjawiska przestępczości i nienawiści pojawiające sięw przestrzeni imprez masowych organizowanych w Polsce, celem natomiast określenie przyczyn i przedstawienie wniosków dotyczących koniecznych działań, na podstawie analizy, dokonanej przez pryzmat statystyk i dokumentów sprawozdawczych. Wykorzystano metody charakterystyczne dla badań o profilu teoretycznym, przywołano też wyniki badań ankietowych prowadzonych w 2014 r. Podstawowe problemy badawcze dotyczyły poszukiwania odpowiedzi na następujące pytania: –  Czy determinacja działań Policji w zapewnieniu bezpieczeństwa turnieju finałowego EURO 2012 przyniosła uspokojenie nastrojów i poprawę bezpieczeństwa w obszarze imprez masowych? –  Jak przedstawia się obecnie skala przestępczości, czynów chuligańskich oraz zbiorowych naruszeń bezpieczeństwa i porządku publicznego w związku z organizowanymi imprezami masowymi w Polsce? –  Czy działania w tym obszarze mają charakter systemowych, trwałych i konsekwentnych rozwiązań? Hipoteza zakładała: że, mimo podejmowania, przez organy bezpieczeństwa publicznego, szeroko zakrojonych działań, stan przestępczości i głęboko zakorzeniona nienawiść, do zidentyfikowanych przeciwników klubowych i ideologicznych, są ciągle znakiem rozpoznawczym środowisk kibolskich uczestniczących w części imprez masowych w Polsce. Brak kontynuacji dobrych rozwiązań, dostrzeganie problemu jedynie przez pryzmat zaistniałych incydentów, brak części danych statystycznych dających możliwość przygotowania precyzyjnych analiz naukowych, każą zachować umiar w przewidywaniu pozytywnych zmian w tej wąskiej przestrzeni bezpieczeństwa publicznego.
EN
Crime and hatred have been a permanent part of mass events organized in Poland. The situation is the most difficult in the case of football matches, especially at the national level. Despite legal changes and many measures adopted by sports clubs, the police and other institutions, not only has the situation not changed but there are symptoms of its deterioration. It is extremely worrying that these informal groups form structures that operate following the principles characteristic of organized crime. The subject of study in this article are the phenomena of crime and hatred occurring at mass events organized in Poland; its purpose is to identify the causes and present conclusions regarding necessary actions, based on an analysis of statistics and reports. Methods characteristic of theoretical studies have been employed developing this study, as well as the results of surveys conducted in 2014. The basic research problems involve finding answers to the following questions: –  Did the determination of police in ensuring the safety of the EURO 2012 final tournament calm the mood and improve security of mass events? –  What is the current scale of crime, hooligan acts and collective violations of security and public order in relation to mass events organized in Poland today? –  Are the solutions in this area systemic, durable and consistent?The hypothesis was that, although public security authorities have been implementing a wide range of measures, crime and deep-rooted hatred towards enemy clubs and ideological opponents continue to be a hallmark of football fan circles and thus of some mass events organized in Poland. The inconsistent continuation of good practices adopted in the past, perceiving the problem only in terms of isolated incidents, and the lack of statistics that would help to prepare precise scientific analyses, all require moderation in predicting positive changes in this narrow area of public security.
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