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EN
This paper encourages to renew a reflection on poetry of Anna Świrszczyńska – a well-known but also unknown author. It discusses the subject of motherhood in this poetry (pregnancy, childbirth, puerperium) and shows, how relevant Świrszczyńska’s works still are. Her poetry is nowadays continued not only by others women writers and poets, but also – or maybe: first of all – by feminist opinion journalism.
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Surrogacy legal issues in the UK and the Czech Republic

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EN
One of the basic meanings of the life of a human is to have a descendant. If the natural conception fails, people look for other options. One of them is surrogacy. Surrogacy stands for a long way with uncertain end and result. The only certain result is, some rules must change. One of them is “mater semper certa est”. Legislation on surrogacy varries coutry to country. Some countries, like United Kingdom, recognize surrogacy on law basis for decades. Some countries, on the other hand, do not have legal bounds set. Although the surrogacy as a medical treatment is legal there. Czech Republic stands just for the country with no legislation. Comparism of these two systems may lead to the conclusion what are the challenges of surrogacy in the law field.
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Birth of cyber-supermothers

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EN
The study aims to reveal and to describe a new type of mother - cyber-supermother, which combines household duties with professional responsibilities by taking professional activity in the Internet. The study analyzes new model of maternity combining elements of traditional (motherhood as an instinct, conviction regarding personal care of a child, etc.) and modern model (postulate of self-fulfillment, blurring the boundaries between the private and the public sphere, gender equality, etc.).
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Maternity and Professional Work of Women

92%
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2011
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vol. 6
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issue 2
201-208
EN
The paper presents the results of the diagnostic survey concerning conditions of employment and professional consequences for women resulting from maternity. The analysis of opinions gathered showed mitigating difficulties in combining the roles of a mother and an employee depends mainly on the attitude of the employer as well as availability of nursery schools and/or kindergartens. The consequences of maternity include some limitations in the professional activity but also changes in attitudes and values increasing the employee competences of women such as feeling of responsibility, better self-organisation, patience and need for stabilisation. The legal regulations, information policy and proliferation of the best examples serve liquidation of employee limitations resulting from maternity and a change of the traditional mentality and paradigms hindering reconciliation of the roles of the mother and the employee.
EN
The establishment of maternity presented an issue that has traditionally been based on the doctrine of Roman law and raised no specific discussion in the legal practice. However, in the confrontation with the medical methods of recent decades, the question arises as to what is the current role of a rather ancient principle “mater semper certa est”, relating to its place in present times. In some countries, the validity of the principle is relativized by the methods of surrogacy, while elsewhere it retains far-reaching practical meaning. After looking for romanistic and historical roots of the principle, the contribution aims at the comparison of the legal regulations of chosen states that do not accept surrogacy (Germany, Austria) with countries, where, on the contrary, this method is legalized (Netherlands, Great Britain). We will also try to project our conclusions to the area of Czech and Slovak legal regulation.
Res Rhetorica
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2017
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vol. 4
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issue 1
59-72
EN
This essay analyzes the argumentative basis of the maternity debate on the main social network sites, in relation to the debate on the draft of Cirinnà bill on gay and lesbian civil partnerships in the Italian Parliament, to evaluate its congruence. The study of suasion (Eco, 1986), defi ned as a technique of covert persuasion, i.e., concealed and hidden (Mortara Garavelli, 2001), in relation to new media, represents “a new area of rhetoric, which deals almost exclusively with words and the act of writing in largely predetermined contexts” (Marazzini, 2001).
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Il femminile in Carmine Abate

81%
IT
Nel panorama della letteratura italiana contemporanea Carmine Abate (1954), occupa una posizione rilevante. Nel 2012 l’autore è stato vincitore del prestigioso Premio Campiello, assegnatogli per il romanzo La collina del vento (2012). Abate, di origine arbëresh, cioè italo-albanese, viene al mondo in un villaggio calabrese chiamato Carfizzi, in cui vivono tuttora i discendenti degli albanesi fuggiti in Italia dall’oppressione turca nei tempi medievali. A quanto pare si potrebbe azzardare l’ipotesi che il carattere ibrido della cultura in cui cresce, fortemente influenzata dalle radici albanesi, faccia sì che la sua produzione sia tematicamente compatta. In essa campeggiano alcune strutture utilizzate in modo ripetitivo che la rendono omogenea: l’emigrazione, il problema dell’identità, la questione della lingua, il viaggio, l’immagine del paese albanese ancorato fra presente e passato. Tra altri motivi significativi che caratterizzano la sua scrittura occorre non dimenticare quello del femminile. Per averne la visione più ricca possibile si è scelto di analizzarlo nell’ottica dell’atteggiamento di varie protagoniste abatiane verso la cultura, in quanto proprio il concetto di cultura costituisce il perno della poetica dell’autore. Esso, di carattere pluridimensionale, si dimostra un mezzo metodologico adatto per scorgere il quadro del femminile delineato nelle opere abatiane.
Gender Studies
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2014
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vol. 13
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issue 1
66-79
EN
This article scrutinizes the representation of silence in Carol Shields’ novel Unless. It analyses the problematic behind the mother-daughter relationship between Reta Winters and her daughter Norah by applying the theories of Cixous, Kristeva, Chodorow and Irigaray in relation to maternity and identity. Reta Winters’ so-called ideal life is called into question by her daughter Norah's sitting on the streets with a sign board on her chest with GOODNESS written on it. Reta wonders what she has done wrong throughout her life, and eventually, while writing a novel, starts to realize that she has never created maternal discourse with her daughter. Thus, as the novel unfolds in chapters most of which have adverbs or prepositions as their titles, Reta creates a maternal text, both oral and written, by the end of the story.
EN
Maternity in the case of women with intellectual disabilities is exposed to many factors hindering its implementation. Research on this occurrence shows that one of the main reasons for that is insufficient or inept support for this group of women in different areas, such as educational, financial, informative, emotional. Teenage mothers with disabilities are in a particularly difficult situation. The article presents the analysis of statements of an adult woman with mild intellectual disability on her experience of teenage pregnancy as well as maternity as an adult woman. The humanistic attitude of giving the floor to the respondent allowed to determine other meaningful matters in the woman’s life (among others: relationships with life partners, relationship with the mother, vision of the future, financial situation) The methodology of research used was qualitative research. Two open interviews took place 8 months apart. The interviews were recorded to an electronic device. The material obtained was later transcribed. Triangulation of the sources was included (two family assistants were interviewed).
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EN
The article discusses the necessity of providing an effective support for women who play the mother’s role. Among many categories of social support, “provision of services” was analyzed, because much research shows that this kind of support is needed. In the view of playing the role of a mother this kind of service would aim at supporting women in performing the duties which result from the fact that they are mothers, for instance, taking care of the child during the mother’s absence. It seems that this kind of support is especially in need, because many women, who decide to be mothers, come across many difficulties, mainly connected with taking care of the baby. It happens due to the fact that mothers, apart from running the household and taking care of the children, are in a regular employment. Nowadays it seems to be crucial to improve the quality and availability of this kind of support, because the one that is now offered, seems to be ineffective and insufficient.
EN
This article presents information about functioning of the Mother and Child Home at Penitentiary No. 1 in Grudziądz. It also includes content related to the factors which are shaping the level of development of children up to the age of three and shaping parental attitudes. The last chapter presents the preliminary results of the research aimed at checking whether there is a relationship between the level of development of young children brought up in prison and the parental attitudes presented by their mothers. Unfortunately, the study could not be completed due to the epidemiological threat. The results are therefore incomplete and do not show any relationship between the studied variables.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono informacje dotyczące funkcjonowania Domu Matki i Dziecka przy Zakładzie Karnym nr 1 w Grudziądzu. Znajdują się w niej także treści odnoszące się do czynników kształtujących poziom rozwoju dzieci w wieku do lat trzech i kształtujących postawy rodzicielskie. W ostatnim rozdziale zamieszczone zostały wstępne wyniki badań, które miały na celu sprawdzenie, czy wystąpi związek między poziomem rozwoju małych dzieci wychowywanych w więzieniu, a postawami rodzicielskimi prezentowanymi przez ich matki. Niestety, badania nie mogły zostać ukończone ze względu na zagrożenie epidemiologiczne. Wyniki są więc niepełne i nie wykazują związku pomiędzy badanymi zmiennymi.
EN
Social insurance is part of social security which consists as well as of social assistance and services, health services and health care insurance. Everyone has the right for social insurance when retired or in case of incapacity of work under a certain system established by a law. The right of social insurance is part of labor rights. In Albania the mandatory social insurance scheme is based on the pay-as-you-earn principle, on the awareness of the individual about the risks in social field in its future and in the principle of agreement between generations. This is a scheme financed out of contributions from the employers, the employed persons and self-employed. The benefits are provided in case of sickness, maternity, old-age, disability, loss of breadwinner, employment accidents/occupational diseases and unemployment.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the model of research that uses art in the original project of “Socially excluded mothers”. The goals of the research are oriented, amongst others, for learning about the experiences of socially excluded mothers; prompting self-reflection of the researched women on their maternity experiences and making the research participants and recipients sensitive and building their critical reflection connected with the experiences of the researched women. The suggested model of research through art takes on a form of a participatory, critical and socially engaged research practice. In this text there have been discussed subsequent stages of the applied model. What is specific here is the involvement of art elements in the investigation proccess. On the basis of the conducted research there will be prepared scenarios for the actresses invited to the project, whose task will be to enact the researched women. These scenes will be filmed and then made public during the performance.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie modelu badań posługujących się sztuką w autorskim projekcie pt. Matki wykluczone społecznie. Cele badań zorientowane są m.in. na: poznanie doświadczeń matek wykluczonych społecznie; pobudzenie autorefleksji badanych kobiet nad ich doświadczeniami macierzyństwa; uwrażliwienie i budowanie krytycznej refleksji uczestników i odbiorców badań związanej z doświadczeniami badanych kobiet. Proponowany model badań przez sztukę przyjmuje formę uczestniczącej, krytycznej i zaangażowanej społecznie praktyki badawczej. W niniejszym tekście omówione zostały kolejne etapy zastosowanego modelu. Specyficzne jest tu włączenie elementów sztuki do procesu badawczego. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań zostaną przygotowane scenariusze dla zaproszonych do projektu aktorek, których zadaniem będzie odegranie kobiet badanych. Sceny te będą sfilmowane, a następnie upublicznione podczas performansu.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest status pracownicy tymczasowej w związku z macierzyństwem. Praca tymczasowa jest zaliczana do nietypowych form zatrudnienia, które charakteryzuje niższy standard ochrony pracownika. W zasadzie pracownica tymczasowa podlega tym samym normom ochronnym, które obowiązują w przypadku pracowników zatrudnianych bez udziału agencji zatrudnienia na podstawie umów terminowych. Chodzi głównie o zakaz wypowiedzenia umowy o pracę w czasie ciąży i macierzyństwa, a także prawo do urlopu macierzyńskiego. Warto jednak zwrócić uwagę, że praca tymczasowa nie gwarantuje w pełni ochrony macierzyństwa. Pewne odrębności można odnaleźć w zakresie przedłużenia terminowej umowy o pracę do dnia porodu (art. 177 § 3 k.p.). Ta zasada obejmuje pracownice, które zostały zatrudnione na podstawie terminowych umów o pracę, które to umowy uległyby rozwiązaniu po upływie trzeciego miesiąca ciąży. W Polsce zasada ta nie miała jednak zastosowania do pracownic tymczasowych do 1 czerwca 2017 r., kiedy to ustawodawca również objął ochroną pracownice tymczasowe, które mają łączny co najmniej 2-miesięczny okres skierowania do wykonywania pracy tymczasowej przez daną agencję pracy tymczasowej na podstawie umowy o pracę. Ustawodawca polski postanowił wprowadzić ochronę pracownicy tymczasowej w ciąży, ponieważ dotychczasowe rozwiązania były sprzeczne z uregulowaniem unijnej dyrektywy w zakresie pracy tymczasowej. Obecne rozwiązanie jest jednak krytykowane, ponieważ - jak się wskazuje - jest sprzeczne z celem pracy tymczasowej, która z założenia ma być zatrudnieniem elastycznym i krótkotrwałym.
EN
This article present status of a temporary agency employee in Polish law in relation to maternity. Temporary agency work is classified as one of the atypical forms of employment which are characterized by a lower standard of employee protection. In principle, a temporary agency worker is subject to the same protective standards as those applicable to employees employed on the basis of a fixed-term contract without the participation of an employment agency. However, some differences can be found in the scope of extending the fixed-term contract of employment until the day of childbirth (Article 177 para. 3 of the Labour Code). This rule applies to female employees who were employed on the basis of a fixedterm contract of employment, which would be terminated after the third month of pregnancy. In Poland, however, this rule did not apply to temporary agency workers until 1 June 2017, when the legislaturę also protected temporary agency workers who have a total of at least 2 months of assignment to perform temporary agency work by a given temporary employment agency on the basis of an employment contract. The Polish legislator decided to introduce protection for pregnant temporary agency workers, as the previous solutions were contradictory to the EU directive on temporary agency work. The current solution is criticized because, as it is pointed out, it is in conflict with the purpose of temporary agency work, which is assumed to be flexible and short-term employment.
15
58%
PL
Współcześnie wiele kobiet chce aktywnie uczestniczyć w przestrzeni społecznej, realizując się zawodowo. Sfera pracy staje się równie ważną przestrzenią, podobnie jak rodzina czy wiele innych. Wzrastający poziom bezrobocia skłania młodych ludzi do refleksji nad ich przyszłością w kontekście znalezienia zatrudnienia. Niejednokrotnie spotykamy się ze stwierdzeniami, że studia wyższe nie gwarantują znalezienia pracy, że potrzebne jest doświadczenie, które trudno zdobyć młodemu człowiekowi, a w zatrudnieniu ogromne znaczenie odgrywają znajomości w danej branży. Taki stan rzeczy zainspirował mnie do poszukiwania przestrzeni do badań, które pozwoliłyby mi na pokazanie zupełnie innej perspektywy w tym aspekcie. W ramach artykułu prezentuję studium przypadków - są to trzy historie kobiet, które odniosły sukces nie tylko zawodowy, ale także w sferze rodzinnej, choć napotykały na różne trudności, to nie poddały się i konsekwentnie realizowały swoje marzenia i pasje. Badania, jakie zrealizowałam mają charakter badań jakościowych. Dokonałam trzech wywiadów narracyjnych, zaś zebrany materiał empiryczny poddałam wnikliwej analizie zgodnie z przyjętą koncepcją M.B. Milesa i A.M. Hubermana. Wierzę, że zaprezentowane wyniki badań pozwolą otworzyć przestrzeń optymizmu i będą zachęcały inne kobiety-matki do podejmowania podobnych inicjatyw w przestrzeni zawodowej.
EN
Today, many women strive to actively participate in the social space by realizing themselves professionally. The sphere of work becomes as equally important space as family or many others. The increasing level of unemployment has led many young people to reflect on their future in the context of finding employment. Quite often, one finds such statements that higher education does not guarantee finding a job; that one needs experience that is difficult to obtain for young people, and contacts in a given branch highly determine the fact of gaining employment. Such situation inspired me to search for the space for research that would allow for showing a completely different perspective on this aspect. In the following article, I present a study of cases – these are three stories of women who have been successful not only professionally, but also in the sphere of their families. Despite the fact that they encountered a variety of difficulties, they have not given up and consistently pursued their dreams and passions. The study I have realized can be characterized as qualitative research; I made three narrative interviews and the collected empirical material has been carefully analysed in accordance with the accepted concept of Matthew B. Miles and A. Michael Huberman. I believe that the presented results of the research shall open some space for optimism and will encourage other women-mothers to take similar initiatives in the professional space.
EN
The article takes the issue of Mother-Scientists at universities. Special attention was focused around the possibility of conflict of roles (work-family life and family life-professional work). Social roles were presented by contemporary women. Addressed are issues relating to the specifics of scientific work. In the article it was decided to try to show the opportunities and barriers to accompanying Mother-Scientists.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje problematykę matek-naukowców na uczelniach wyższych. Szczególna uwaga skupiona została wokół możliwości pojawienia się konfliktu ról (praca zawodowa- życie rodzinne i życie rodzinne-praca zawodowa). Zaprezentowane zostały role społeczne współczesnych kobiet. Poruszone zostały kwestie odnoszące się do specyfiki pracy naukowej. W artykule podjęto się próby ukazania możliwości i barier towarzyszącym matkom-naukowcom.
EN
The equivocation of the private life of Elizabethan and Jacobean subjects with the public life of monarchy and state endowed mothers with an import, and therefore a power, not previously acknowledged. These changes provoked a fear of female disruption to patriarchal structures which found its way onto Shakespeare’s stage by the representation of mothers as ‘unnatural’ agents of chaos, associated with witchcraft, murder, dangerous ambition, and infidelity; if not by complete absence, which “posits the sacrifice of the mother’s desire as the basis of the ideal society” (Rose, 1991: 313). I suggest that in the late romances, specifically The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, Shakespeare found a form that could demonstrate the complexity of the mother’s position, while still resolving the action with a satisfactory ending that presented a stable continuation of patriarchal lineage. The fathers rely on a fantasy of parthenogenesis to relocate the role of the mother in themselves, ensuring the children are free from her corruptive influence and the bloodlines are safe. However, as all themes return to maternity - chastity, fertility, lineage for example - the fantasy of eradicating the mother is shown to be limited even in the artificial realm of the romance.
EN
In this article the maternity was appeared as an achievement of the calling to embody and likeness to God. The mystery of the creation is strictly connected with the fact that the man was also gifted with the spiritual life. This kind of life makes that the man becomes relative of God. The maternity is realized as well as personal-ethical and not only bio physiological. The main point of the maternity is a conscious woman’s response to God’s invitation in taking part in creation. This means that the woman agrees to accept a gift of a new life what is in the same time a gift of herself. This is the way how the woman participates in God’s power of creation. It is connected with the mystery of eternal giving birth in God.
PL
W tym artykule macierzyństwo zostało ukazane jako realizacja powołania kobiety do urzeczywistnienia obrazu i podobieństwa do Boga. Tajemnica stworzenia łączy się z obdarowaniem człowieka życiem duchowym, które wprowadza go w pokrewieństwo z Bogiem. Macierzyństwo realizuje się na poziomie osobowo-etycznym, a nie tylko biofizjologicznym, jako wolna i świadoma odpowiedź kobiety do udziału w dziele stwarzania. Otwierając się na dar nowego życia, kobieta staje się bezinteresownym darem z siebie samej, uczestniczy w stwórczej mocy Boga i w złączeniu z ojcostwem, odzwierciedla tajemnicę odwiecznego rodzenia w Bogu.
19
58%
EN
The problem was solved in the qualitative methodology. The purpose of this study was to study women's reflections on motherhood and childlessness. The main research problem included in the question: Are and what arguments have childless women disproving the thesis that maternity is a fulfillment for a woman and the best capital for the future? In-depth interviews were used. Research has shown that for a childless woman not of her own choice, maternity is indeed a fulfillment and capital for the future. They fully agree with the values ​​of maternity indicated by women in the role of a social mother (children experience a lot of joy, old age or sickness in a child, a person will never be alone, children give a sense of life), and like they perceive childless life. Another view on the "free from child" life is presented by women without children.
PL
Podjęta w publikacji problematyka została usytuowana w metodologii jakościowej. Celem badań było poznanie refleksji kobiet na temat macierzyństwa i bezdzietności. Główny problem badawczy zawierał się w pytaniu: Czy i jakie argumenty mają bezdzietne kobiety obalające tezę, że macierzyństwo jest spełnieniem dla kobiety i najlepszym kapitałem na przyszłość? W badaniu zastosowano wywiad indywidualny pogłębiony.Wyniki badań dowiodły, że dla kobiet bezdzietnych nie z własnego wyboru, macierzyństwo jest rzeczywiście spełnieniem i kapitałem na przyszłość. W pełni zgadzają się walorami macierzyństwa wskazanymi przez kobiety funkcjonujące w roli społecznej matki (dzięki dzieciom doświadcza się wiele radości, na starość czy w czasie choroby człowiek ma oparcie w dzieciach, człowiek nigdy nie będzie sam, dzieci dają poczucie sensu życia), i podobnie jak one postrzegają bezdzietne życie. Inny pogląd na temat życia „wolnego od dziecka” prezentują kobiety zamierzenie bezdzietne.
Cahiers ERTA
|
2023
|
issue 34
95-111
EN
The article demonstrates the connections between motherhood and the feeling of loss experienced by a woman and a mother in Marie Petitcuénot's autobiographical novel, Ce qui gronde (2021). Based on a feminist critical approach, on care theory and on psychoanalytic theories, the study presents how motherhood affects the feminine and maternal identity and examines how Marie Petitcuénot manages to find herself through writing. The impact of motherhood on her life and her feminine/maternal identity is analyzed through her experience of childbirth, the postpartum period and her family daily routine, which affects her the most.
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