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EN
This article discusses the findings of the survey investigating the influence of faith and religious beliefs on students’ family plans, as well as the students’ understanding of the ethical and moral aspects of marital life and cohabitation. The survey involved the full-time students in the last two years of different master’s degree majors offered at the Faculty of Economics and Sociology. The answers that the respondents gave to the survey questions allowed determining their views on different aspects of family life in relation to their religious beliefs. The questions were divided into two parts. One of them investigated the respondents’ opinions about their prospective family life, such as entering into a marriage and having children. The second part asked about the ethical and moral aspects of family life and co- habitation, for instance partners living together before marriage, divorce, the use of contraceptives and the abortion pill, surgical abortion.
Vox Patrum
|
2008
|
vol. 52
|
issue 2
1049-1064
IT
L’articolo e composto di tre parti: nella prima parte presentiamo le opinioni di Agostino confermanti la verita Dio e creatore del matrimonio che e un bene. Questo bene non £ sta to distrutto dal peccato originalie, non lo puó farę un peccato di adulterio e di divorzio. Matrimonio resta indissolubile nel caso di mancanza della vita coniugale e anche di infecondia da qualsiasi parte. La seconda parte presenta la dottrina di Vescovo di Ippona sul tema del Sacra- meritum Magnum. Per nostro 1’autore il modello della indissolubilita del matrimonio e un legame di Israele, Popolo di Dio, eon il Signore, il mistero della incarnazione e il legame di Cristo eon la Chiesa. La terza parte e stata dedicata ai chiarimenti di Agostino sul tema della presenza di Cristo alle nozze di Cana. Essa conferma la verita dalia quale risulta Dio ha creato il matrimonio e per questa ragione esso e un bene. La presenza del nostro Signore a Cana mette anche in rilievo la verita su di nozze di Cristo eon la Chiesa (magnum sacramentum). Cosi il Vescovo di Ippona ha sottolineato una differenza fra magnum sacramentum di Cristo e della Chiesa e illarum nuptiarum celebrati a Cana su modello delTamore di Cristo per la Chiesa in cui lo sposo e soltano una figura di Cristo e il suo matrimonio un simbolo della unita di Cristo eon la Chiesa.
EN
Matrimony participates in the existence and mission of the Church. It actualizes itself as a Church and on that basis it is entitled to the title „home Church”. Christian spouses implanted in Christ through the power of baptism and included as „unity of the two” in betrothed bond of Christ with the Church through the power of the sacrament of matrimony – are gifted and obliged to perform functions specific for the whole Church. Thanks to their specific qualities they fulfill, in a unique way, prophetic, priestly and royal function of Christ. Among these qualities one can distinguish: the ability to adopt, listen and announce of the word of God, sanctifiction oneself through the sacrament of matrimony, sacrament of the Eucharist and the Penance and prayer, as well as through coming with the mutual help in the attitude of service. It allows us to perceive essential and fundamental subject of priestly activities in the matriomony.
EN
Family is the most important value, which is present in the life of each individual. It was confirmed by research conducted among graduating students of the secondary school, who placed family and love at the highest place in the hierarchy of values, claiming that it is [at the same time] a fundamental factor of well-functioning matrimony. Graduating students have plans connected with entering into matrimony. The studies conducted revealed that almost each of the respondents is going to establish [one’s own] family and have progeny. The plans of respondents as for matrimony and procreation concerned mainly the nature of their relationship, preferred type of their relationship, factors that are crucial for entering into matrimony, features that a husband- or wife-to-be should possess, age at which the respondents plan to have children, and the number of the children. Analysis of the research revealed that matrimony is treated very seriously by the respondents, and that they are planning to enter it [not until] graduating and obtaining a job offer. Love, stability of life, and willingness to have progeny are the factors that are the most influential as for moulding the family model among graduating students. On the other hand a lack of decision concerning establishing a family is directly connected with the emergence of such factors as betrayal, uncertainty of choosing [the right] partner, poor health condition, obtaining education, attractive job.
EN
Even though the anicient Israel was a nation which all areas of life were adjusted by religion, that marriage was not connected with no cult institution. Even so, in the feeling of each Israelite, it had saint character. It resulted from the God created first humans as a man and woman as equal each other and meant to common and social life. They were differed for the sake of their gender. That gender difference was simultaneously a task for spouses. They should have known each other not only sexually and physically, but also emotionally and personally. It that way it came into existence the community which was indissoluble. This conviction follows from utterance of the Old Testament. Exceeding these rules violated the sanctity of mariage as a social institution and acted deep cranny not only in the mariage but in all national community. The elementary aim of Israeli marriage was having offspring and then sons had more privileges than daughters. Marriage in Israel could be dissolved when the man gave his wife so called note of divorce.
EN
The paper concentrates on the life of Josef Novák, husband of Teréza Nováková, a writer at the turn of the 20th century, who dealt with the realistic rural novel, occupied herself with ethnographic research and was an activist in the feminist emancipation movement. The article is based on family correspondence, stored in the Museum of Czech Literature.Josef Novák, a grammar school teacher, was aware of the qualities of his wife. He loved her deeply throughout his whole life and it was his decision (which he never regretted) to give up is career as a scientist. He was interested in her professional ethnographic work and as an expert in Czech studies he helped her with stylistic problems and proof reading. When his wife was absent, he was able to take care of their children, without being ashamed of it. He was devoted to building their cottage in Eastern Bohemia, where his family spent summers and where his wife draw inspiration for her fictions, as well as ethnographic works. together with his wife he lived through family tragedies when several of their children died. He provided his wife with moral as well as practical support.
Wieki Stare i Nowe
|
2019
|
vol. 14
|
issue 19
183-202
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest przedstawienie kwestii związanych z zawieraniem małżeństw w katolickiej parafii w Mostach koło Jabłonkowa w XIX wieku. W tekście omówiono liczbę zawieranych małżeństw oraz ich okoliczności, wpływ sytuacji społecznej i gospodarczej na liczbę małżeństw w latach 1791-1910. Punkt wyjścia dla rozważań stanowią badania metryk ślubnych. Ważnym celem opracowania jest wykazanie przydatności analizy demograficznej dla wyjaśnienia przyczyn i konsekwencji przemian demograficznych w kontekście postępującego procesu industrializacji.
EN
The article was written based on parish registers kept in Zemský archiv v Opavě and sources published in the 19th century. Issues regarding demographics in the territory of the Catholic parish of Mosty koło Jabłonkowa, such as: crude marriage rate, ratio of first, second and subsequent marriages, the age of newly‑weds at the moment of entering into marriage, seasonality of marriages, and the number of children born inside a single marriage.Overall coefficients related to entering into marriages in the Mosty parish were mostly higher than average values for Czech lands and Austrian Silesia lands. In Mosty the most numerous were first marriages whose number attained maximal value in the late 1860s and early 1870s and at the beginning of the 20th century. It reflects the general tendency of gradual decrease in percentage of remarrying observed across Czech lands in the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Data from Mosty on the age of newly‑weds at the moment of entering into marriage are analogous to the results regarding the entirety of Czech lands, yet the lowering of the age of entering into first marriage in the 1870s and at the beginning of the 20th century was characteristic of the parish in question. The findings of investigation into seasonality of marriages in Mosty in the years 1791-1910 are in line with the results obtained for Czech lands and Austrian Silesia - the marriages were concluded most frequently in February and January, often also in autumn (November). The lowest number of marriages was recorded in April, March, and December. Over the entire studied period (1791-1910) in the Catholic parish of Mosty on avarage 4.8 children were born per marriage, which was roughly the same as the results for Czech lands in general.
EN
The Coptic Orthodox Church relates the mystery of trinity unity not only to science about the Church but also to perception of matrimony. The matrimony is for Copts one of seven sacraments. People were appointed to live in image and likeness of the Holy Trinity and will of God is, so as they, with exception of special cases, do not live in loneliness but in family. Like God gave first family his blessing and said to Adam and Eve to be fertile and have increase (Gen 1,28), so the Coptic Church gives its blessing relationship of man and woman. The matrimony is not for Orthodoxy only a state of nature but also a state of grace. Life in marriage, like monastic life is a vocation, requiring specific gift or charisma of the Holy Spirit and just this gift is being given in the sacrament of matrimony.
EN
The study speaks about different strategies used for the selection of life partners, and ways how to get to know him/her in Arab Sunni society. A section is devoted to arranged marriages in the case of endogamy and exogamy whereby noticeable is the deciding influence of family members on the marriage. Through marriage not only a man and a woman but mainly two families are bonded, mutual family and ancestry bonds are strengthened and family wealth is extended. The author does not omit even individual dating strategies of girls and boys. She also pays attention to the possibilities to using the service of a paid matchmaker or the potential of Internet marriage agencies and social networks. The witnesses of informants – Sunni Muslims coming from Syria, Jordan and Palestine – constitute the major source of information.
EN
In 1972, Brutus by Catherine Bernard was played on stage during the Corneille National Festival in Barentin. Interestingly, despite the initial success at the Comédie-Française (18 December 1690), as well as during the next years, this five-act tragedy in verse was never staged afterwards. Based on the epitextual corpus composed with documents form the festival, press articles and magazine reviews, the present study queries on the cultural and political goals of that representation, orchestrated as a truly dramatic ʻresurrection’. It shows that the play was staged to satisfy the converging interests of both the municipality and the festival, and in a way that the rehabilitation and the instrumentalisation of Catherine Bernard were unavoidable. Hence, far from being entirely prejudicial, the operation tended to legitimise the cultural and feminine heritage at the national scale.
Ius Matrimoniale
|
2022
|
vol. 33
|
issue 2
191-210
EN
Matrimony, as an exclusive relationship between man and woman, was raised by Jesus Christ to a level of a sacrament. That is the main reason why Catholic Church is paying great attention to codify laws about matrimony but also to protect this sacrament and to mark its relevance in the life of a community. This article talks over the legislature about the sacrament of matrimony of I (XIV) Synod of Archdiocese the Warmia, which was held between 2006 and 2012. Author divided his article into two parts. First is about the norms of Synod about the sacramentality of matrimony and includes comparison between universal and local legislature. Author wanted to show a local specific of some aspects of the celebration of this sacrament. Second part includes norms which were discussed during the synodal process but weren’t included in final redaction of synodal documents. Author wanted to show how the synodal process looked like and present the relation between the particular and universal law in the Catholic Church.
PL
Małżeństwo, jako wyłączny związek między mężczyzną i kobietą, zostało podniesione przez Jezusa Chrystusa do rangi sakramentu. Jest to główny powód, dla którego Kościół katolicki przywiązuje wielką wagę do kodyfikacji praw dotyczących małżeństwa, ale także do ochrony tego sakramentu i podkreślenia jego znaczenia w życiu wspólnoty. Artykuł ten dotyczy ustawodawcy prawa o sakramencie małżeństwa I Synodu Archidiecezji Warmińskiej, który odbył się w latach 2006-2012. Autor podzielił swój artykuł na dwie części. Pierwsza dotyczy norm synodu dotyczących sakramentalności małżeństwa i zawiera porównanie między prawodawstwem powszechnym i partykularnym. Autor chciał ukazać specyfikę niektórych aspektów sprawowania tego sakramentu. Druga część zawiera normy, które zostały omówione podczas procesu synodalnego, ale nie zostały uwzględnione w ostatecznej redakcji dokumentów synodalnych. Autor chciał ukazać, jak wyglądał proces synodalny i przedstawić relację między prawem partykularnym a powszechnym w Kościele katolickim.
EN
Canonical form of matrimony, required for its validity, was introduced by the Tametsi decree of the Council of Trent (1563). Since this important norm had never covered the entire Church, at the beginning of the 20th century took place a discussion about new provisions. That new law, named Ne temere, was promulgated in 1907, on demand of Pius X as a decree of the Congregation of Council. Despite its being well thought over, during the proceedings of the Second Vatican Council and the subsequent revision of the Code, there were proposed numerous drafts of changes. Finally, the current law has mainly preserved its original rule of territorial authority of the assisting parish priest. There has been ongoing discussion in canonical literature regarding the necessity of reforming the canonical form of marriage. In this context, having analyzed 20th century historical discussions, the author supports one of the proposed solutions. While it is advisable to maintain the requirement of the canonical form for the validity of marriage, it would be sufficient to conclude matrimony in the presence of any ordained priest. This solution would be understood for the faithful and guarantee the sacramental character of marriage. This proposal would comply with regulations regarding other sacraments, including baptism. Finally, the postulated reform could help to avoid invalidity of marriage due to negligence or ignorance of the clergy.
PL
Kanoniczna forma zawarcia małżeństwa, wymagana do jego ważności, została wprowadzona przez dekret Tametsi Soboru Trydenckiego (1563). Z uwagi na fakt, że ta ważna norma prawa kanonicznego nigdy nie obowiązywała w całym Kościele, na początku XX wieku miała miejsce dyskusja odnośnie do nowych rozwiązań. To nowe prawo, zwane Ne temere, zostało ogłoszone w 1907 roku na polecenie papieża Piusa X, jako dekret Kongregacji Soboru. Chociaż było to prawo całościowe i dobrze przemyślane, podczas Soboru Watykańskiego II i późniejszej rewizji Kodeksu prawa kanonicznego były zaproponowane liczne projekty zmian. Ostatecznie obowiązujące prawo zasadniczo utrzymało zasadę kompetencji terytorialnej asystującego duchownego. Obecnie ma miejsce dyskusja w literaturze kanonistycznej odnośnie do potrzeby zreformowania kanonicznej formy małżeństwa. W tym kontekście po przeanalizowaniu dwudziestowiecznych dyskusji autor wspiera jedno z zaproponowanych rozwiązań. Podczas gdy utrzymuje się wymóg formy kanonicznej do ważności małżeństwa, należałoby wprowadzić możliwość zawierania małżeństwa przed jakimkolwiek wyświęconym kapłanem. To rozwiązanie byłoby zrozumiałe dla wiernych i gwarantowałoby sakramentalny charakter małżeństwa. Propozycja współgra z innymi normami prawnymi dotyczącymi sakramentów, łącznie z chrztem. Wreszcie postulowana reforma pomogłaby uniknąć nieważnych małżeństw spowodowanych zaniedbaniem lub niewiedzą duchownych.
14
63%
EN
The issue of the vocation of woman in The Book of Ben Sirach begins with the presentation of the autbor and the purpose of his teaching. Hellenistic culture influenced the customs of the Jewish believers as well as their views on human relationships and the image of woman as described in the biblical tradition. Despite the many positive aspects of woman presented in the book, commentators often regard Ben Sirach as a misogynist who noticeably reduces women's value and social position. A deeper reading of the book in its cultural context, however, enables us to see a strong diversity and multiple contrasts in the author's presentation of woman. The vocation of woman in The Book of Ben Sirach, like other topics, draws on the traditions of biblical Israel, especially on the Book of Genesis.
PL
Omówienie kwestii powołania kobiety w Księdze Syracha rozpoczyna się od prezentacji autora księgi i jego nauczania. Autorka dowodzi, jak dalece kultura hellenistyczna wpływała na zwyczaje Żydów i na ich poglądy na temat relacji międzyludzkich oraz wizję kobiety obecną w tradycjach biblijnych. Pomimo wielu pozytywnych elementów pojawiających się w Księdze Syracha, komentatorzy uznają go często za mizoginistę, który w znaczący sposób redukuje wartość oraz społeczną rolę kobiety. Głębsza lektura księgi w jej kontekście społecznym, sprawia jednak, że możemy dostrzec ciekawą różnorodność i wielowymiarową kontrastowość w jej prezentacji kobity. Opis powołania kobiety, według Syracha, jak i inne jego tematy czerpią obficie z tradycji biblijnego Izraela, w szczególny sposób z Księgi Rodzaju.
DE
Die Problematik, die betrifft die konfessionelle Form der Eheschliessung bildet das Thema der vielen wissenschaftlichen Publikationen. Immer noch entstehen wesentliche, eingehende Questione, die betreffen diese Weise der Eheschliessung. In der Doktrin gibt es viele Zweifel, die betreffen folgende Questione: – die Person, die besitzt einen Berechtigung zur Ehesegnung; – die Person, die besitzt einen Berechtigung zur Anfertigung einer Bestätigung der Eheschliessung; – die Person, die besitzt einen Berechtigung zur Übersendung der Bestätigung der Eheschliessung an das Standesamt auch der Charakter des Termin der Übersendung der Bestätigung der Eheschliessung. Wir hoffen, dass dieser Artikel (vielleicht) einige Zweifel aufklären.
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
|
2013
|
vol. 23
|
issue 3
145-162
EN
One of the defects of matrimonial consent is error. Error in canon law is a belief that is contrary to the legal reality, a false judgment concerning a thing, law, or an act in law. Error causes marriage to be invalid if it concerns a spouse or his or her attributes. Error as to the spouse affects will when it applies to his or her identity. Error in relation to the attributes affects will if it is directly and substantially intended. This error can affect any attribute as long as the latter is special and meaningful – only then does it become part of the object of consent and dominates the subject. The attribute becomes the main element of the object of matrimonial consent. Legal error – concerning unity, indissolubility, or sacramental dignity of marriage – renders marriage invalid since it determines will.
EN
The study comprises an introduction, main body, and a conclusion. In the introductory part presented is the issue of Code of Chief and Correctional Penalties introduced in Autonomous Polish Kingdom by the decree of 1 January, 1847, in place of the current Polish Penal Law of 1818. The author discusses the principles underlying the nature of crime, punishment, responsibility, and a system of penalties which is to act as a deterrent. The article presents the state of research, sources and literature of the subject, as well as the aim of the study. The article comprises three parts. They deal with offences against life, matrimony and parental authority, caretaker's authority, and legal guardianship. The discussed offences against life include: patricide, killing of a family member, killing of a pregnant woman, infanticide, abortion, abandonment of a child, and suicide. The part that deals with offences against matrimony contains three spheres of offences and misdemeanours, often closely linked with the civil norms of marital law: punishable violation of essential conditions of entering into marriage, punishable violation of legal impediments to marriage, criminal responsibility of parents, guardians and priests for the violation of legal impediments to marriage, and the abuse of marital rights and obligations, as well as sexual offences against family. The last part of the article deals with offences against parental authority, caretaker's authority and guardianship, listing different types of authority abuse, offences committed by children against their parents, and abuse of authority by caretakers and guardians. The conclusion contains a succinct appraisal and an analysis of the issues in focus.
EN
This is an attempt of a mimetic interpretation of Acts 5:1‒11. The article juxtaposes the narrative of Ananias and Sapphira with the story of the sudden death of Nadab and Abihu from Lev 10:1‒7. The Author argues that apart from situational resemblance, both passages are similar on a deeper level: they are set at the beginning of new orders. Ananias and Sapphira are Adam and Eve of the early Christian community and like them violate their marital unity. Since marriage has become a symbol of Christ’s faithful and loving relationship to humanity, the couple’s treacherous connivance constitutes the ‘original sin’ of Christianity. Nevertheless, as a sacrificial text, Acts 5:1‒11 has had a negative influence on Christian religiosity.
PL
Autorka podejmuje próbę mimetycznej interpretacji Dz 5,1‒11. W artykule opowiadanie o Ananiaszu i Safirze zostaje zestawione z historią nagłej śmierci Nadaba i Abihu z Kpł 10,1‒7. Autorka stwierdza, że poza sytuacyjnym podobieństwem oba teksty są podobne na głębszym poziomie: umiejscowione są u zarania nowego porządku. Ananiasz i Safira tworzą Adama i Ewę wczesnochrześcijańskiej wspólnoty i podobnie jak oni niszczą małżeńską jedność. Ze względu na to, że małżeństwo stało się symbolem wiernej, miłosnej relacji Chrystusa do ludzkości, oszukańcze współdziałanie pary małżeńskiej z Dz 5,1‒11 stanowi „grzech pierworodny” chrześcijaństwa. Tym niemniej, jako ofiarniczy tekst, Dz 5,1‒11 wywarł negatywny wpływ na chrześcijańską religijność.
PL
“Konstytucja Gaudium et spes nie podchodzi [do małżeństwa] a priori – jak to czyniła jeszcze encyklika Casti connubii, lecz analizuje rzeczywistość małżeńską tak, jak ona przedstawia się w świadomości chrześcijańskiej uformowanej przez naukę Kościoła.” To charakterystyczne zdanie, wyjęte z debiutujących podówczas na rynku periodyków teologicznych Śląskie Studia Historyczno-Teologiczne (1968), już samo w sobie zdradza wrażliwość epistemologiczną i wyostrzony zmysł metodyczny twórcy i redaktora naczelnego czasopisma. W niniejszym opracowaniu przyjęto hipotezę, że w tym i podobnych wersach głośnego artykułu z 1969 roku – znakomicie osadzonych w nurcie soborowego aggiornamento – objawił się klucz do zrozumienia fenomenu i naukowego formatu twórczości Księdza Profesora Remigiusza Sobańskiego (1930-2010). Pozytywna weryfikacja tej hipotezy nie budzi wątpliwości: półwiecze pracy naukowca i bogata praktyka (sędziego i oficjała w trybunale katowickim) oraz związany z tym fakt, że stał się on niekwestionowanym autorytetem w dziedzinie kanonicznego prawa małżeńskiego, zaowocowały autorską ekspozycję zasad systemowych skodyfikowanego ius matrimoniale (CIC 1983). Ustalenie to każe z wyostrzoną uwagą reflektować tytułowy obszar filarów systemu ius matrimoniale canonicum według R. Sobański, w następującej kolejności: (1) “zasada nierozerwalności małżeńskiej” (irrevocabilis consensus personalis – vinculum indissolubile), (2) “ zasada, [która] inspiruje wszystkie przepisy kanoniczne dotyczące małżeństwa”(favor matrimonii), (3) “zasada prawa do małżeństwa” (ius connubii), (4) “sakrament – jeden z elementów strukturalnych Kościoła” (sacramentum matrimoni; zasady: eo ipso sacramentum i favor fidei).
FR
« La Constitution Gaudium et Spes n’aborde pas [le mariage] a priori – comme le faisait encore l’encyclique Casti Connubii – mais analyse la réalité du mariage telle qu’elle se présente dans la conscience chrétienne formée par l’enseignement de l’Église. » Cette phrase caractéristique, extraite de la revue théologique Silesian Historical-Theological Studies (1968), qui a fait en ce temps-là ses débuts sur le marché, trahit déjà à elle seule la sensibilité épistémologique et le sens méthodologique aigu du fondateur et rédacteur en chef de la revue. La présente étude adopte l’hypothèse que c’est dans cette phrase et dans les phrases similaires du célèbre article de 1969 – bien intégrées dans le courant de l’aggiornamento conciliaire – qu’a été révélée la clé de la compréhension du phénomène et du format scientifique de l’œuvre du Révérend Professeur Remigiusz Sobański (1930–2010). La vérification positive de cette hypothèse ne soulève aucun doute : un demi-siècle de travail académique, une riche pratique (juge et fonctionnaire au tribunal de Katowice) ainsi que le fait connexe qu’il est devenu une autorité incontestable dans le domaine du droit canonique du mariage, ont abouti à l’exposition par l’auteur des principes systémiques du ius matrimoniale codifié (CIC 1983). Cette constatation rend nécessaire une réflexion approfondie sur les titres des piliers du système du ius matrimoniale canonicum selon R. Sobanski, dans l’ordre suivant : (1) « le principe de l’indissolubilité conjugale » (irrevocabilis consensus personalis – vinculum indissolubile), (2) « le principe [qui] inspire toute la législation canonique sur le mariage » (favor matrimonii), (3) « le principe du droit au mariage » (ius connubii), (4) « le sacrement – un des éléments structuraux de l’Église » (sacramentum matrimoni ; principes: eo ipso sacramentum et favor fidei).
EN
“The Gaudium et spes Constitution does not approach [matrimony] a priori-as the Casti connubii Encyclical did-but, instead, it analyzes the reality of matrimony as it is reflected in the Christian consciousness shaped by the teaching of the Church.” This characteristic sentence, derived from Śląskie Studia Historyczno-Teologiczne [Silesian Studies in History and Theology] (1968), which debuted at that time on the market of theological periodicals, shows in itself the epistemological sensitivity and sharp methodical sense of the Author and the Executive Editor of the periodical. This study adopts a hypothesis, which suggests that in this and similar lines of the famous article from 1969-perfectly set in the current of the conciliar aggiornamento-a key to understanding the phenomenon and scientific format of the work of Rev. Professor Remigiusz Sobański (1930–2010) appeared. Positive verification of this hypothesis is not in doubt: the experience of half a century of work as a scientist and person with real-life experience (a judge and officials in the Katowice Tribunal) and the related fact that he has become an undisputed authority in the field of canonical matrimonial law, resulted in the Author’s exposition of the systemic principles of the codified ius matrimoniale (CIC 1983). This finding makes it necessary to reflect, with sharpened attention, on the title area “Pillars of the system of ius matrimoniale canonicum according to Remigiusz Sobański” in the following order: (1) “the principle of matrimonial indissolubility” (irrevocabilis consensus personalis-vinculum indissolubile), (2) “the principle [that] shapes from within all the canonical norms on marriage” (favor matrimonii), (3) “the principle of the right to marriage” (ius connubii), (4) “sacrament- one of the structural elements of the Church” (sacramentum matrimoni; principles: eo ipso sacramentum and favor fidei).
PL
Wyjątkowe miejsce wśród tkanin liturgicznych przechowywanych w skarb­cu katedry na Wawelu zajmuje garnitur składający się z ornatu i dwóch dal­matyk, określany jako tzw. komplet żywiecki (ornat — nr inw. KKK tk/334, dalmatyka ze sceną Komunii świętej — KKK tk/334A, dalmatyka ze sce­ną Spowiedzi — KKK 334B). Paramenty uszyto z włoskiego altembasu ok. 1525 r. we Flandrii i bogato ozdobiono haftami figuralnymi według projektu atrybuowanego Lucasowi van Leyden (zm. 1533). Źródła archiwalne jedno­znacznie wiążą komplet żywiecki od 1598 r. z kościołem parafialnym Naro­dzenia NMP w Żywcu (obecnie konkatedra diecezji bielsko-żywieckiej), co wyklucza możliwość jego późniejszego przekazania lub też ewentualnego odkupienia. Wyjątkowość paramentów z Żywca podkreśla program ideowy na­wiązujący do udzielania sakramentów świętych. Z terenu Europy zachowa­ło się tylko kilka przykładów dekorowania tkanin liturgicznych przedsta­wieniami siedmiu sakramentów — np. w kolegiacie St. Vincent w Soignies (Zinnik) z końca XV w., na borcie z niezachowanej kapy z około 1470 r. fun­dacji hrabiego Giacoma de Savoia-Romont (Berno, Bernisches Historisches Museum, inv. 308), na haftach z flandryjskiej kapy z koń. XV w. (Detrorit, Institute of Arts), mimo iż spotykamy realizacje takich przedstawień w in­nych sztukach plastycznych, zwłaszcza w kręgu piętnastowiecznej sztuki niderlandzkiej — malarstwie ściennym, witrażowym, książkowym, rzeź­bie (głównie w dekoracji chrzcielnic) czy też licznie zachowanych rzeźbio­nych lub malowanych retabulach ołtarzowych oraz na tapiseriach. Na omawianym komplecie cykl sakramentalny rozdzielono po­między trzy obiekty — ornat i dwie dalmatyki, dzięki czemu był on wi­doczny w całości tylko wtedy, gdy używało go podczas liturgii trzech du­chownych — kapłan i dwóch diakonów. Pod względem ikonograficznym przedstawione sceny udzielania sakramentów czerpią z bogatej tradycji określającej sposób ukazywania kolejnego sakramentu w oparciu o wcze­śniej wpracowany typ ikonograficzny, który następnie był rozbudowywany przez dodawanie dodatkowych postaci lub też za pomocą wprowadzania charakterystycznych szczegółów czerpanych z codziennej obserwacji ży­cia liturgiczno-religijnego. Punktem wyjścia do budowania poszczegól­nych kompozycji jest łatwo rozpoznawalny „widzialny znak", konstytuują­cy kolejną scenę, za którym kryje się treść odnosząca się do „niewidzialnej łaski" właściwej dla poszczególnych sakramentów. Powstanie tak bogate­go w treści ideowe zespołu haftowanych przedstawień należy wiązać z ży­wym piętnastowiecznym nurtem określanym jako devotio moderna oraz treściami apologetycznymi w kontekście ruchu reformacyjnego Marcina Lutra po roku 1517, negującego naukę o siedmiu sakramentach Kościoła.
EN
An exceptional place among liturgical vestments in the Treasury of the Wawel Cathedral occupies an ensemble consisting of a chasuble and two dalmatics, referred to as the ‘Żywiec ensemble' (Treasury of the Wawel Cathedral, chasuble — inv. no. KKK tk/334, a dalmatic depicting the Holy Communion — KKK tk/334A, a dalmatic depicting the Confession — KKK 334B). The vestments were sewn from Italian brocade around 1525 in Flan- ders and ornately decorated with figurative embroidery according to a de­sign attributed to Lucas van Leyden (d. 1533). Since 1598 archival sources explicitly link the Żywiec ensemble to the parish church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Żywiec (currently the co-cathedral of the Bielsko-Biała/Żywiec diocese), which precludes the possibility of a later transfer or any purchase of the ensemble. The exceptional character of the vestments from Żywiec is emphasized by implementation of an ideological programme referring to the administra- tion of the holy sacraments. Only a few examples of European liturgical vestments decorated with images of the seven sacraments are extant — e.g. in St. Vincent Collegiate Church in Soignies (Zinnik) from late 15th centu- ry, on the band of a no longer extant cope of 1470 founded by count Giacomo de Savoia-Romont (Bern, Bernisches Historisches Museum, inv. 308), on embroideries of a Flanders cope from the end of the 15th century (Detroit, Institute of Arts), although we may encounter instances of such images in other fine arts, in particular in 15th century Dutch art: wall paintings, stained-glass paintings, book illustrations, sculptures (esp. font decora- tions) or many surviving sculpted or painted altarpieces and tapestries. The ensemble features a sacramental cycle split between three items, i.e. the chasuble and the two dalmatics. Due to the split, its entirety was vis- ible only when used during the liturgy by three clerics: a priest and two deacons. In terms of iconography, the images depicting the administration of sacraments derive from a wealth of iconographic tradition determining the manner in which the subsequent sacrament is shown, based on a pre- viously developed iconographic type, which was then expanded by the in- clusion of additional characters or by introducing unique details taken from everyday observation of liturgical and religious life. The departure point for constructing individual compositions is an easily recognisable ‘visible sign' constituting the next scene, behind which hides the content referring to ‘invisible grace' specific to each sacrament. The fact that such set of em- broidered images, rich in ideological content, was created must be linked to a vivid 15th century trend referred to as devotio moderna and apologetic content in the context of Martin Luther's reformation movement after 1517, which renounced the Churche's teachings of the seven sacraments.
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