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PL
There has been a long-standing debate in philosophical literature about the relationship of predictability and determinism. Some philosophers have claimed that determinism implies predictability; some have claimed the opposite and the others that there are no direct implication relations between these two concepts. According to the above, there are various notions of determinism and predictability at work in the philosophical literature. In contrast, in scientific tradition, the belief that any deterministic system is predictable has long history and is based on the power of the intuitions lying behind the concept of physical determinism, confirmed by many experiments. In this essay, the author focuses on the Laplacean vision for determinism and predictability (or more precisely on what he takes to be such a vision). While many forms of predictability are inconsistent with this vision, he argues that a suitably modified notion of predictability, defined within a framework of model notion of physical determinism, is implied by the Laplacean concept of determinism and, after some modifications, by other modern theories in physics, chemistry and related sciences. It is also argued, that such modified concept of predictability is consistent with common practice of scientists, and any attempt to find out whether a given scientific theory is deterministic, should be accompanied by careful analysis and appropriate modification of constituent elements of modern notion of determinism.
PL
Artykuł zawiera opis i wyniki prac badawczych prowadzonych między innymi w ramach Projektu Badawczego Nr. N5120163/1761. Celem badań było znalezienie rozwiązania dla stosowanie instalacji do podwyższania temperatury nawierzchni drogowych i mostowych w zimie i jej obniżania w lecie w warunkach Polski. Efektem końcowym są rozwiązania obejmujące instalację do redukcji zmian temperatury nawierzchni w cyklach długo i krótko terminowych, w tym usuwania śniegu i zmarzliny z powierzchni jezdnej mostów i wiaduktów, dostosowanej do Polskich warunków klimatycznych. W artykule omówiono konstrukcje mostowe. Przedstawiono wyniki symulacji numerycznej dla mostu skrzynkowego, który posiada korzystną konstrukcję z punktu widzenia instalacji układu do odbioru ciepła oraz dobre własności wytrzymałościowe. Dokonano przeglądu istniejących instalacji na świecie. Przedstawiono wyniki analizy pracy wymiennika w nawierzchni przy zastosowaniu programu Fluent. Podczas wykonywania obliczeń dotyczących nawierzchni mostu i wymiennika rozważano złożoną wymianę ciepła. Obliczenia wykazały iż zastosowany wymiennik ciepła przyczynia się do obniżenia latem temperatury nawierzchni SMA, w najbardziej nasłonecznionych godzinach o 19oC dla skrajnych miejsc między rurkami wymiennika i o 23oC dla miejsc nad wymiennikiem. Artykuł stanowi pierwszą część, gdyż druga część będzie opisywała magazyn gruntowy.
EN
The aim of this paper is to present a methodology of the design of road surface temperature controlling installation (temperature increasing in winter, decreasing in summer) for polish climatic conditions. (N5120163/1761 Research project). The result is a concept of temperature changes decrease installation in long and short term cycles including plowing and the icing reduction from the road surface. This paper presents bridge construction review and numerical simulation for box bridge which has the best construction for heat extraction and good strength properties. Analyzes of heat exchanger work computer simulations in the “Fluent” program are also present. Advance heat transfer phenomena were taken into account during the simulation of the road surface and heat exchanger different working conditions. The results show temperature reduction of road surface material SMA by 19 C in the most irradiated parts between the pipe lines and 23 C over the heat exchanger. The paper is a first part of research. The second part will describe the results of investigation of ground energy storage.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki rozważań dotyczących gruntowych wymienników ciepła, które mają współpracować w wymiennikiem w nawierzchni mostu (wiaduktu) w celu redukcji zmian temperatury nawierzchni. Pokazano wyniki symulacji numerycznej procesów ładowania magazynu i zmiany temperatury gruntu
XX
The scope of the second part of this paper is to present the results of study on ground heat exchangers cooperating with heat exchanger placed within bridge surface. This type of technical solution was designed in order to reduce road surface short and long term temperature differences. Solar energy acquired from bridge surface was accumulated in ground. The system proposed in this paper was estimated in different constructional terms, heat exchanger configuration and processes conditions. Numerical simulation results for loading and unloading cycles have been presented. Moreover amount of energy accumulated in ground was calculated for different ambient conditions and heat exchanger geometry. The results confirm that the proposed system can reduce temperature differences in the bridge surface.
EN
The article presents Wilhelm His Sr.’s (1831–1904) methodological path of research in the field of neurophysiological foundations, explained through specific mechanical causes. In this research context, the scholar searched for the so-called fixed cause-and-effect principle, which refers to the targeted development of the nervous system. His’s pioneering research mainly focused on the structural genesis of the nervous system and the growth and development of embryonic neural cells.
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EN
Th is article attempts to introduce Joseph Priestley’s approach to the research of the human mind. It is demonstrated in two consecutive steps how Priestley changes his view of matter and spirit, and how he moves to materialism. In the fi rst step, he redefi nes the notion of matter and gives it new attributes – the forces of attraction and repulsion. In the second step, using these new attributes, he explains the ability of perception and thinking. In these steps, he also uses fi ndings of the contemporary natural philosophy, especially the mechanics. For Priestley, man and his mind are part of nature. Th is means that the man and the human mind are a certain mechanism that works according to natural laws and can also be explained by these laws.
CS
: Článek se snaží přiblížit přístup Josepha Priestleyho ke zkoumání lidské mysli. Postupně jsou ukázány dva kroky, ve kterých Priestley mění svůj pohled na hmotu a ducha a dochází k materialismu. V prvním kroku redefi nuje pojem hmoty a přisuzuje hmotě zcela nové vlastnosti – síly přitahování a odpuzování. V druhém kroku pomocí těchto nových vlastností vysvětluje schopnost vnímání a myšlení. V těchto krocích navíc využívá poznatky tehdejší přírodní fi losofi e, zejména mechaniky. Člověk a jeho mysl jsou podle Priestleyho součástí přírody. To znamená, že člověk a lidská mysl jsou určitým mechanismem, který pracuje podle přírodních zákonů a lze jej pomocí těchto zákonů také vysvětlit.
EN
In this article I argue with Democritus and his heirs, that is to say, with a worldview that combines rationalism, ontological naturalism and mechanics. According to the latter conception, there is no metaphysical background of the world, no objective meaning, and therefore – in essence – "nothing is happening". This worldview, in the nineteenth century treated as "scientific", proved to be technologically fecund (through reductionism), but it destructively affected the sense of spiritual security associated with the sense of existence. It also contributed to the hypertrophy of the technological trunk in the culture and to the crisis of the mythological trunk (according to the distinction of Leszek Kołakowski). I also point out the important dividing line in modern European culture and philosophy: namely, the relatively coherent camp of supporters of naturalism and their vision of the world as a machine and, on the other side, the often conflicted and heterogeneous camp of its opponents. The latter has received unexpected support from new physics and cosmology, departing from the mechanistic paradigm and opening up new perspectives on the metaphysical thought, seeking the objective meaning of existence.
DE
Im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert fand die Mathematisierung der Naturwissenschaften statt. Dieser Prozess beruhte unter anderem auf der quantitativen Auffassung des Forschungsgegenstands, der mathematischen Definierung grundsätzlicher Begriffe und der mathematischen Strukturierung jener Wissenschaften. Der Prozess der Mathematisierung hing auch von den in ihnen funktionierenden philosophischen Ideen ab, die ihn begünstigen oder ihn vereiteln konnten. Die Eigentümlichkeit der Naturwissenschaften beruhte unter anderem darauf, dass sie von philosophischen Ideen wie Aristotelismus, Vitalismus, Organizismus, Mechanizismus konstituiert wurden, die sich auf die Begriffe der Seele, des Willens und der Empfindungen beriefen.
EN
During the 17th and 18th centuries natural sciences were undergoing a mathematization. This process consisted, among other, in a quantitative approach to objects being researched; in delivering mathematical definitions for fundamental concepts and in shaping mathematical structures of natural sciences. The mathematization understood as a process was depended on some philosophical ideas already present in sciences, what might or might not start up the process of mathematization. Specificity of biological sciences rested on the fact they were being established by philosophical ideas, such as aristotelianism, vitalism, organicism or mechanicism, which referred to the notion of soul, will, experience. Summarised by Zbigniew Pietrzak 
PL
W XVII i XVIII wieku dokonywała się matematyzacja nauk przyrodniczych. Proces ten polegał, między innymi, na ilościowym ujęciu przedmiotu badań, matematycznym zdefiniowaniu podstawowych pojęć oraz nadania tym naukom matematycznej struktury. Proces matematyzacji zależał także od funkcjonujących w tych naukach filozoficznych idei, które mogły mu sprzyjać bądź go uniemożliwiać. Specyfika nauk biologicznych polegała między innymi na tym, iż konstytuowały je filozoficzne idee, takie jak arystotelizm, witalizm, organicyzm czy mechanicyzm, które odwoływały się do pojęć duszy, woli, doznań.
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