Search results

1

Konrad Wallenrod czy Jack Strong? Medialny wizerunek pułkownika Ryszarda Kuklińskiego

100%

Sokołowski M.

Kultura i Edukacja

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2017

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issue 3(117)

43-57

EN

The article discusses the process of shaping the media image of Colonel Ryszard Kuklinski (1930 – 2004). The author argues that the feature film Jack Strong (directed by W. Pasikowski, Poland 2014) had importance in the public debate concerning this tragic figure in post-war Polish history. The article presents a series of journalistic materials from the press, in which the memory of R. Kuklinski is presented in dichotomous extremes between heroism and betrayal. A mixed media image of a soldier of Polish People’s Army cooperating with a hostile intelligence, fosters the myth of the new incarnation of Konrad Wallenrod.

2

Czy popularna powieść kobieca może być powieścią społecznie zaangażowaną? Kilka refleksji o tematach, gatunkach i stereotypach

80%

Darska B.

Postscriptum Polonistyczne

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2017

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issue 2 (20) Oblicza kobiecości

43-62

EN

The article aims to present the themes of popular contemporary women’s novels. The contexts for the analyses are stereotypes of sex and commercial expectations. The marketing strategy of the publishers and authors is important as well as the changing rules about creating the image of an author by the media. Pretending social involvement in popular women’s novels is connected with marketing strategies and the need to refer to popular subjects is of secondary importance. What is important, however, is the literary awareness of the authors and the capacity of recognizing the place of one’s own creativity on the map of pop culture.

3

"Yet it is still necessary to struggle for a better world:" Media images of crime in relation to criminal activities in people's democratic Czechoslovakia (1945-1961)

70%

Dušková L.

Střed. Časopis pro mezioborová studia Střední Evropy 19. a 20. století. / Centre. Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies of Central Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries.

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2020

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vol. 12

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issue 1

108-140

EN

The aim of the presented text is to outline the basic features of postwar crime both in terms of its representations in the public space and in terms of specific acts and the involved actors. The aim to start directly after the war is the chronological and the conceptual starting point of this text. The second limit is the adoption of the new Criminal Code in 1961, an updated version of the 1950 code, which, with various amendments, was in effect until 2005 in Slovakia and until 2009 in the Czech Republic. Meanwhile, the Constitution of July 1960 declared Czechoslovakia to be a socialist state. The analysis uses audio-visual sources and the press, which are subject to a contextual examination, and the reports and statistics from the funds of the Ministry of the Interior and the Central Committee of the Communist Party as well as the daily records, protocols, and files stored in the Archive of the Security forces and the Public Security Corps Fond.

4

Медиаобраз языка в современной российской городской газете (на материале газеты «Кузнецкий рабочий»)

70%

Pushkareva I.

Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski

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2019

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vol. 2

325-335

EN

The article represents features of the media image of language in the city newspaper. Semantic and stylistic characterization of the use of the lexeme ‘language’ in the newspaper text reveals the specificity of the media image. The material for the semantic and stylistic analysis of the interpretative field of the concept ‘language’ is the Russian mass city newspaper “Kuznetskiy rabochiy” (Novokuznetsk). Content analysis of the newspaper texts of 2002–2018 revealed regularities of the actualization of the semantics of the lexeme ‘language’ in the contexts. In the newspaper texts, the language is realized, primarily, as a system of the verbal means used to express the national identity, to increase the level of education and spiritual culture, and to improve the mutual understanding. In some degree, the language policy controls and corrects the state of this system. The newspaper texts demonstrate that the speech behavior of a modern person realizes not only the harmonious (the topic of creativity) but also the incorrect use of the language system (lie, verbal aggressiveness, errors, lack of the language taste). The estimation is explicated through the language game, the use of phraseological units, epithets, iterations, and antitheses. These devices create the meliorative contexts as well as the pejorative ones. The most emphasized semantic aspect “Language and national identity” is formed in the newspaper texts, primarily, due to the discourse specificity of the regional edition. One of the local historical dominants of the regional edition is tied to the topic of the destiny of the small nation. Apart from the materials about the Shor language, the main semantic aspect of the media image of language in the examined newspaper texts of the 21st century is the aspect “language and education”.

5

Film Dilogy about Faith, Suffering, and Illness. Media Images of Catholic Priests Based on the Films Father Stu and Johnny

70%

Sokołowski M.

Kultura i Edukacja

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2023

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issue 4(142)

153-164

EN

The aim of the article is the issue of the media image of two priests, created for the needs of popular culture in biographical feature films. The first of them is the American priest Stuart Ignatius Long, portrayed in the film Father Stu. The second is the Polish priest Jan Kaczkowski, shown in the film Johnny. The films, due to the fact that they present people called to the priesthood, priests of the Catholic Church who devote themselves to religious activities, meet the criteria of religious cinema. The research issue was to determine whether the film productions about the mentioned priests are film hagiographies of clergy, confessional religious cinema or only loosely refer to the true biographies of priests. Priests, who struggled with their own handicap and illness for most of their lives, which they never hid from their faithful, did not hinder their pastoral ministry.

6

THE FOREIGN NEWS AND MEDIA IMAGE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN CURRENT TELEVISION NEWS PRODUCTION

61%

GREGUŠ Ľ., KAČINCOVÁ P. A.

Communication Today

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2020

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vol. 11

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issue 2

84 - 102

EN

The aim of the presented theoretical-empirical study is to find quantifiable data reflecting information about foreign societies in foreign news through a case study, in which we use quantitative content analysis, focusing on the occurrence of information about events in the European Union and their thematic context. We point out the thematic connection and the position of the European Union in broadcasting in comparison with information about individual states of the world and mainly European countries. Due to the broad spectrum of the topic, we opted for a case study on the Slovak news television TA3, while the research material represented all news content focused on foreign events broadcast during a period of two months (1,621 news items). The theoretical part of the study is focused on a brief definition of key terms, in this case news, agenda setting, pro-Europeanism and Euroscepticism. The results of the research point to the dominant position of the European Union in the broadcasting of the chosen television news, while this international grouping of states is presented as a unified political entity appearing in international political events as an entity equivalent to other countries.

7

Significance of regional media in political communication of municipality´ representatives with the public. Case study

61%

Višňovský J., Obertová E., Baláž M.

Political Preferences

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2016

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issue 13

139-152

EN

Regional and local print and electronic media in Slovakia achieved the significant development since the 90s of the 20th century. Paradoxically, relevant attention is not yet devoted to the question of media operating in the territory of a village or a region in context of regional political communication in Slovakia. Regional and local media are important communication factors in a relation local politics – media – the public although they fulfill other functions as well. The aim of this research was to prove the application of regional and local media as effective tool for creation of desired image of municipality ´s representatives in the essential part of the public through the exhibition of the display of the selected media effects in relation local media – local audience. This research maps political communication of the representatives of Slovak town Žiar nad Hronom by means of contents analysis published in Mestské noviny Žiar nad Hronom. It concentrates on frequency of display of the public representatives and the recipient´s understanding of their importance as well as establishing the themes that city management considers to be priority. It is assumed that systematically and strategically directed communication through the local newspapers can maintain popularity of actual political representation and form desirable media image of its political representatives.

8

The Image of Ukrainians in Press Headlines: A Case Study of Polska Times Website

61%

Skibińska A.

Academic Journal of Modern Philology

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2021

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issue 12

147-166

EN

The aim of this paper is to identify the image of Ukrainians in the headlines found in the Polish electronic press. This study uses content analysis as an initial tool for outlining the content of the headlines as well as for classifying them according to the main feature. The analytical data consist of the headlines published on Polska Times website (www.polskatimes.pl) between 2015-2019 and tagged “Ukrainian” or “Ukrainians” (N=194). In reference to previous studies, this paper aims to expand existing knowledge regarding the role and functions of press headlines by examining the Polish electronic press. The quantitative analysis shows that, although informative headlines still dominate, their proportion has been declining since 2017 (from 50 to 35 per cent). At the same time, the proportion of enigmatic, or intriguing headlines has been increasing (from 21 to 30 per cent). An engaging, often rhetorical question appears in about 11 per cent of the research material. Moreover, the percentage of poetic and stereotypical headlines is relatively small (on average about 9 per cent each year). Historical disputes are also rarely mentioned in the research corpus (about 5 per cent each year). The length of the headlines, which in the entire analyzed period was between 76 and 88 characters including spaces, did not change significantly. In conclusion, this study makes it possible to record the main strategies of the Polish electronic press related to showing Ukrainians, whose visibility in Poland was increasing between 2015 and 2019. This is clearly confirmed by the more than six-fold increase in the number of headlines compared to 2015 and 2019.

9

Mediální obraz Karla Schwarzenberga v tištěných denících před prezidentskými volbami 2013

51%

Jeřábek H., Rössler J., Sklenařík P.

Naše společnost (Our Society)

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2013

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vol. 11

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issue 2

3-15

EN

The first direct presidential elections in the Czech Republic took place in January 2013. This event and the period before were extensively covered by media, which many candidates and political actors described as ultimately having a significant inuence on voters’ decisions. This article focuses on an analysis of the media image of one of the presidential candidates, Karel Schwarzenberg. Originally an outsider, he reached the second round of the elections, but then he was beaten by Miloš Zeman. The article uses the theory of framing and species it to the circumstances of the rst and second round of the elections. It applies a quantitative and qualitative content analysis to the main Czech daily newspapers and to the website supporting Schwarzenberg www.volimkarla.cz. The in-depth analysis reveals that the positive image of Karel Schwarzenberg created by his supporters before the rst round of the elections was reframed before the second round into a rather negative image.

10

Лінгвокреативна ономастика: медійний образ Володимира Путіна в українському та російському дискурсі

51%

Kosmeda T.

Onomastica

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2022

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vol. 66

219-231

EN

The development of free, creative, improvised, anti-totalitarian speech, social and psycholinguistic factors have all contributed to the transformation of language consciousness and the realization of the game potential of speech, the analysis of which led to the formation of creative linguistics. The language game is realized due to the actualization of manipulations with units of all levels of the language system. Different categories of onyms are also involved in the language game, this fact is motivated by the special pragmatic nature of their meaning. The study of creative speech represents an innovative approach to the description of the language which, although it has its traditional, partially developed methodology, is characterized by the uniqueness of expression in the system of anthroponyms. We state the emergence of creative onomastics as an independent linguistic direction, the unit of which is the anthroponym-createme. The language game with anthroponyms is clearly manifested in the discourse of the modern media. The purpose of this research is to represent the ways in which anthroponymic createmes function in modern Ukrainian and Russian journalistic discourse. Examples of manipulating the name of Russian President Vladimir Putin and modelling his media image are described. This anthroponym-createme became the stimulus for the creation of original connotations, semantic and word-forming derivation, pragmatic meanings, demonstrating the vector of its functional load. It has been proved that active methods of modelling a language game involving anthroponyms are (1) metaphorization and metonymization, (2) euphemism, (3) dysphemization, (4) crealized derivation, including graphic, (5) paraphrasing, (6) paronomasia, (7) actualization of several associative features, (8) realization of the phenomenon of precedent (manipulation of mythonyms, biblicals, folklore and other types of onyms), (9) collision of antonymous or (10) homonymous meanings. There is a combination of the above mechanisms of the creation of linguocreatemes: complex combinations of several methods in different variations. Generated occasional meanings create a diverse palette of speech tones (ironic, low, contemptuous, humorous, sarcastic, etc.), stipulating a range of emotions and feelings, representing axiological meanings with varying degrees of expression.

UK

Розвиток вільного, креативного, імпровізованого, антитоталітарного мовлення, соціумні та психолінгвістичні чинники сприяли трансформації мовної свідомості й реалізації ігрового потенціалу мовлення, аналіз якого призвів до формування лінгвістики креативу. Мовна гра реалізується завдяки актуалізації маніпуляцій з одиницями усіх рівнів мовної системи. Залучаються до мовної гри й різні розряди онімів, що мотивується особливою прагматичною природою їх значення (М. Толстой). Дослідження творчого мовлення репрезентує новаторський підхід до опису мови, що, хоч і має традицію, частково розроблену методологію, але вирізняється своєрідністю вияву в системі антропонімів. Констатуємо зародження креативної ономастики як самостійного мовознавчого напряму, одиницею якого є антропонім-креатема. Мовна гра з антропонімами яскраво виявляється в дискурсі сучасних ЗМІ. Мета цієї розвідки й полягає в репрезентації шляхів творення антропонімних креатем, що функціонують у сучасному українському й російському публіцистичному дискурсі. Описано приклади ігрового маніпулювання прізвищем та ім’ям російського президента Володимира Путіна, моделювання його медійного образу. Цей антропонім-креатема став стимулом для творення оригінальних конотацій, семантичної і словотвірної деривації, прагматичних смислів, демонструючи вектор його функційного навантаження. Доведено, що активними способами моделювання мовної гри із залученням антропонімів є (1) метафоризація і метонімізація, (2) евфемізація, (3) дисфемізація, (4) креолізована деривація, зокрема й графічна, (5) перифразування, (6) парономазія, (7) актуалізація низки асоціативних ознак, (8) реалізація феномену прецедентності (маніпуляція з міфонімами, бібліїзмами, фольклоризмами та іншими типами онімів), (9) зіштовхування антонімічних чи (10) омонімічних смислів. Відбувається поєднання вищезазначених механізмів творення лінгвокреатем: складні комбінації кількох способів у різних варіаціях. Породжені оказіональні смисли створюють розмаїту палітру мовленнєвих тональностей (іронічну, знижену, презирливу, жартівливу, саркастичну тощо), омовлюючи цілу гаму емоцій і почуттів, репрезентуючи аксіологічні значення, різний ступінь вияву експресивності.

11

Publicystyka polityczna polskich tygodników opinii wobec zjawisk związanych z migracją („Newsweek ” i „Polityka” w latach 2015–2016)

51%

Ranke A. L.

Acta Politica Polonica

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2017

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vol. 39

|

issue 1

17-30

EN

Migration issues are a complex issue as to the phenomena which they are composed. All things considered, migration is a mass migration, transfer of population within a country or between different countries in order to change the place of residence permanently or for a certain period, due to political, ethnic, economic or religious factors. Forms of migration are: emigration, immigration, re-emigration, repatriation, exile. These phenomena are strong consequences, both at the level of individuals and communities. The image, characteristic of migration processes can be reconstructed based on different data. It was assumed that the examination of journalistic expression in the Polish periodicals „Newsweek” and „Polityka” will help in determining the media image of migration processes. A study was conducted in quantitative and qualitative methods. It allowed establish that the picture is complex, and shows a phenomenon with important social consequences. The way it’s presentation corresponds entirely to the tasks of journalism.

PL

Problemy związane z migracją stanowią zagadnienie złożone, co do zjawisk, wchodzących w ich skład. Za migrację uznaje się masową wędrówkę, przenoszenie się ludności w obrębie danego kraju lub pomiędzy różnymi krajami, w celu zmiany miejsca pobytu na stałe lub na pewien okres, wywołane czynnikami politycznymi, etnicznymi, ekonomicznymi lub religijnymi. Formami migracji są: emigracja, imigracja, reemigracja, repatriacja, uchodźstwo. Są to zjawiska o poważnych konsekwencjach, zarówno na poziomie jednostek, jak i zbiorowości. Obraz, charakterystykę procesów migracyjnych rekonstruować można na podstawie różnych danych. Przyjęto, że badanie wypowiedzi publicystycznych w polskich tygodnikach „Newsweek” i „Polityka” pomoże w ustaleniu wizerunku medialnego procesów migracyjnych. Przeprowadzono badanie ilościowe i jakościowe, co pozwoliło na ustalenie, że obraz ten jest złożony i pokazuje zjawisko w sposób pogłębiony, zachęcający do refleksji. Obraz ten, choć nie jest wolny od jednoznacznych ocen czy stanowisk, nie ma charakteru perswazyjnego. Publicystyka ta realizuje więc swoją rolę i funkcję także w odniesieniu do zjawisk związanych z migracjami.

12

WZORZEC PARLAMENTARZYSTKI W PRASIE DLA KOBIET W POLSCE MIĘDZYWOJENNEJ

51%

MAJ E.

Czasopismo Naukowe Instytutu Studiów Kobiecych

|

2019

|

issue 1(6)

73-104

PL

Prasa dla kobiet w Polsce międzywojennej była reprezentowana przez periodyki o różnorodnym zasięgu temporalnym i przestrzennym, częstotliwości wydawania, profilu światopoglądowym, a także sposobie pozycjonowania na rynku czytelniczym. Pełniła funkcję perswazyjną, dając wzorzec wychowawczy przeznaczony dla odbiorczyń, które miały rozmaite preferencje polityczne, prezentując pełny przekrój ideowy społeczeństwa polskiego. W kobiecym imaginarium znajdowały się postaci niezwykłe, godne naśladowania, pretendujące do miana „herosów w spódnicy”. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie medialnych wizerunków kobiet aktywnych politycznie pod kątem ich obecności w Sejmie Ustawodawczym 1919–1922 oraz w regularnym parlamencie Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 1922–1939, ponadto w Sejmie Śląskim 1920–1939.

EN

The women’s press in interwar Poland was represented by periodicals of varied temporal and spatial coverage, frequency of publishing, outlook profile, as well as the method of positioning in the press market. It had a persuasive role, presenting an educational model intended for recipients of various political preferences, overviewing the full ideological cross-section of Polish society. In the female imaginarium, there were extraordinary figures, worth following, aspiring to be called “heroines in skirts”. The aim of the article was to present media images of politically active women in terms of their presence in the Legislative Sejm 1919–1922 and in the regular parliament of the Republic of Poland 1922–1939, and also in the Silesian Parliament of 1920–1939.

13

Rola środków masowego przekazu i dziennikarzy w procesie postrzegania osób z niepełnosprawnościami. Cz. 1

51%

Szwonder M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Zbliżenia Cywilizacyjne

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2021

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vol. 17

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issue 3

59-92

EN

The series of articles was based on my master’s thesis, which I wrote in the field of Journalism at the University of Warsaw. The research problem of my work was how the image of people with disabilities, which is created by the media in their broadcasts, can later affect the perception of people with various types of dysfunctions by society? Does it become more tolerant of them? Or on the contrary, it can deny them the right to function normally in all aspects of life. I open this series by showing models of disability and the general perception of people with disabilities in the media space.

PL

Cykl artykułów powstał w oparciu o moją pracę magisterską, którą napisałam na kierunku Dziennikarstwo na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim. Problemem badawczym mojej pracy było to, w jaki sposób wizerunek osób niepełnosprawnych, który kreują media w swoich audycjach może wpływać później na postrzeganie ludzi z różnego rodzaju dysfunkcjami przez społeczeństwo? Czy staje się ono przez to bardziej tolerancyjne wobec nich? Czy wręcz przeciwnie, może odmawiać im prawa do normalnego funkcjonowania we wszystkich aspektach życiowych. Cykl ten otwieram ukazaniem modeli niepełnosprawności oraz ogólnym postrzeganiem osób z niepełnosprawnością w przestrzeni medialnej.

14

Medialny wizerunek sportsmenki w trakcie i po zakończeniu kariery na przykładzie Justyny Kowalczyk-Tekieli

41%

Dumalewska A.

Com.press

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2022

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vol. 5

|

issue 1

122-147

EN

This paper aims to present media image of a sportswoman on the example of Justyna Kowalczyk-Tekieli, basing on media articles published about her on online news portals. The research problem focuses on the image of the sportswoman in the media, as divided into two periods: during and after the end of her career. The materials used in the analysis included media statements about Justyna Kowalczyk-Tekieli published on three news portals: Sport.pl, Interia.pl, and Onet.pl. The analysis was divided into two parts: the career period and the post-career period. While preparing the research project, the author posed three research hypothesesÂ which mainly concerned the differences in contexts (areas of life) in which the sportswoman was presented in the media during and after her career. The results of the analysis made it possible to compare the media image of the athlete at different stages of her career.

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie medialnego obrazu sportsmenki na podstawie przekazów medialnych publikowanych na internetowych portalach informacyjnych, a dotyczących Justyny Kowalczyk-Tekieli. Problemem badawczym podjętym w przeprowadzonym badaniu był medialny wizerunek sportsmenki, z uwzględnieniem podziału na dwa okresy: w trakcie kariery i po jej zakończeniu. Materiałami wykorzystanymi w trakcie analizy były jednostki wypowiedzi medialnej dotyczące Justyny Kowalczyk-Tekieli zamieszone na trzech portalach internetowych: Sport.pl, Interia.pl oraz Onet.pl. Analiza była podzielona na dwie części – okres kariery i okres po jej zakończeniu. W procesie konstruowania badania postawiono trzy hipotezy badawcze. Dotyczyły one głównie różnic w kontekstach (obszarach życia), w jakich przedstawiana była bohaterka przekazów w trakcie i po zakończeniu kariery. Wyniki przeprowadzonej analizy pozwoliły porównać medialny wizerunek sportowca na różnych etapach jego kariery.

15

Categorization of foreigner groups by their labeling (based on the analysis of the Polish press discourse)

41%

Zarzycka G., Katedra Lingwistyki Stosowanej i Kulturowej W. F., g.zarzycka@neostrada.pl

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Kształcenie Polonistyczne Cudzoziemców

|

2012

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vol. 19

EN

This socio-cultural analysis will be focused on defining logical criteria serving the authors of press articles for labeling different ethnic groups connected with the School of Polish for Foreigners at the University of Łódź who live in Dormitory No. 14 (the so-called ‘Babel Tower of Łódź’, i.e. BTŁ). Also, the naming strategies applied in the description of dark-skinned people and the press image of foreign students’ residence will be discussed, as embodied in conventionalized expressions and metaphors. The collection of press texts consists of 150 articles written between 1989–2003 such as news, reports, and essays in which the main or subordinate topic is either the inhabitants of the Babel Tower of Łódź or the Babel Tower itself. This analysis shows that journalists, by repeating the same patterns of labeling ethnic groups, are most responsible for producing negative mental scripts in the readers’ minds.

PL

Celem tej socjokulturowej analizy dyskursu jest określenie kryteriów logicznych, służących autorom tekstów prasowych do nazywania grup etnicznych, które reprezentowali słuchacze Studium Języka Polskiego dla Cudzoziemców UŁ, mieszkający w XIV Domu Studenckim, nazywanym popularnie Łódzką Wieżą Babel (ŁWB). Kolejne jej cele to wyodrębnienie strategii nominacyjnych stosowanych do opisu osób czarnoskórych oraz wyrażeń metaforycznych używanych w opisie siedziby studentów zagranicznych UŁ. W korpusie analizowanych tekstów znajduje się 150 artykułów opublikowanych w latach 1989–2003, których wiodącym tematem była ŁWB lub jej mieszkańcy. Analiza ta pokazuje, że to dziennikarze, nieustannie powielając te same wzorce nominacyjne, są w największym stopniu odpowiedzialni za wykreowanie w umysłach czytelników negatywnych skryptów mentalnych o określonych grupach etnicznych i samej ŁWB.

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Konrad Wallenrod czy Jack Strong? Medialny wizerunek pułkownika Ryszarda Kuklińskiego

Czy popularna powieść kobieca może być powieścią społecznie zaangażowaną? Kilka refleksji o tematach, gatunkach i stereotypach

"Yet it is still necessary to struggle for a better world:" Media images of crime in relation to criminal activities in people's democratic Czechoslovakia (1945-1961)

Медиаобраз языка в современной российской городской газете (на материале газеты «Кузнецкий рабочий»)

Film Dilogy about Faith, Suffering, and Illness. Media Images of Catholic Priests Based on the Films Father Stu and Johnny

THE FOREIGN NEWS AND MEDIA IMAGE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN CURRENT TELEVISION NEWS PRODUCTION

Significance of regional media in political communication of municipality´ representatives with the public. Case study

The Image of Ukrainians in Press Headlines: A Case Study of Polska Times Website

Mediální obraz Karla Schwarzenberga v tištěných denících před prezidentskými volbami 2013

Лінгвокреативна ономастика: медійний образ Володимира Путіна в українському та російському дискурсі

Publicystyka polityczna polskich tygodników opinii wobec zjawisk związanych z migracją („Newsweek ” i „Polityka” w latach 2015–2016)

WZORZEC PARLAMENTARZYSTKI W PRASIE DLA KOBIET W POLSCE MIĘDZYWOJENNEJ

Rola środków masowego przekazu i dziennikarzy w procesie postrzegania osób z niepełnosprawnościami. Cz. 1

Medialny wizerunek sportsmenki w trakcie i po zakończeniu kariery na przykładzie Justyny Kowalczyk-Tekieli

Categorization of foreigner groups by their labeling (based on the analysis of the Polish press discourse)