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EN
The ideas of L. S. Vygotsky provide an important theoretical background for approaches of psycholog y and educational psycholog y which address the structure and function of the human mind from a socio-cultural point of view. In particular, Vygotsky’s ideas are considered a starting point for an explanation of the role f the teacher, who from the position of representative of an official culture mediates significant cultural tools, an act in which the use of semiotic tools (especially language communication) plays a significant role. However, it is remarkable that the specification of this starting point takes different forms in pedagog y and the theory of teaching/learning, varying from internalization models of development concentrating on transformation of social plans of activity to individual cognitive functions (see the conception of mediated learning by E. Bodrova and D. J. Leong) to participation models of development highlighting the significance of socioculturally meaning ful practices for the development and learning of individuals (see the conception of learning as dialogic inquiry of G. Wells). Despite the fact that both of these approaches perceive communication as a unique bridging component between individual cognitive development and the use of cultural tools, their different theoretical perspectives provide a good starting point for a discussion on the transferring of social plans of learning to individual plans, the role of culturally more competent others in learning at school and in explaining the role of language use in learning within the student-teacher relationship.
EN
In the following article, I am taking into consideration the issues related to the mechanisms which are responsible for the course of learning, understood as the process of the conceptualization of knowledge, as well as the issues related to teaching a child with intellectual disability. The discussion is primarily set within the socio-cultural theory of human development, as well as developmental and cognitive psychology. The perspectives forming the framework of this article are the perspective of a learning child, and the perspective of the learning/teaching child. I am trying to indicate both the deficit areas being responsible for having difficulties in learning and getting familiar with the world by a child with intellectual disability (this meaning the deficits within the scope of cognitive, memory, and metacognitive strategies), as well as the possibilities, fields, and methods of supporting the learning process by an adult. I am indicating the importance if intersubjectivity, instruction, the experience in indirect learning, as well as emphasizing the need for adequately constructing the environment in which a child is functioning. I acknowledge that a responsive adult (ready to respond to a child's needs) is an integral part of the process of the conceptualization of knowledge by the child. When teaching, the adult simultaneously learns how to support the learning child with intellectual disability.
PL
W niniejszym artykule przyglądam się zagadnieniom związanym z mechanizmami odpowiadającymi za przebieg uczenia się, rozumianego jako proces konceptualizacji wiedzy oraz zagadnieniom związanym z uczeniem (nauczaniem) dziecka z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną. Rozważania osadzone zostały przede wszystkim w kontekście społeczno-kulturowej teorii rozwoju człowieka, psychologii rozwojowej i poznawczej. Perspektywy, które tworzą ramy niniejszego artykuły to perspektywa uczącego się dziecka i perspektywa osoby uczącej dziecko. Staram się wskazać zarówno obszary deficytowe odpowiedzialne za trudności w uczeniu się i poznawaniu świata przez dziecko z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną (deficyty w zakresie strategii poznawczych, pamięciowych, metapoznawczych) oraz możliwości, płaszczyzny i sposoby wspierania procesu uczenia się przez dorosłego. Wskazuję znaczenie intersubiektywności, instruktażu, doświadczenia upośrednionego uczenia oraz podkreślam konieczność adekwatnej konstrukcji otoczenia, w którym funkcjonuje dziecko. Uznaję, iż responsywny (gotów odpowiadać na potrzeby dziecka), dorosły stanowi integralny element procesu konceptualizacji wiedzy przez dziecko. Ucząc, sam jednocześnie uczy się, jak wspierać uczące się dziecko z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną.
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