Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Refine search results

Journals help
Years help
Authors help

Results found: 29

first rewind previous Page / 2 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  medical care
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 2 next fast forward last
EN
Purpose: Main goal of study was to present the opinion of medical volunteers on volunteers training consideration about burnout statements. Material and method: Research carried out a diagnostic survey method. Author's survey questionnaire consisted of two parts - general and basic were used. The study group included 210 active volunteers Results:There was seen an apparent over-representation of women - as much as 82% of the sample were women and only less than one of five respondents were male. The vast majority of respondents did not participate in training on the burnout. Conclusion: We demonstrated that the volunteers see the need for training for those interested in volunteering in the field of burnout.
XX
Introduction: Satisfaction with medical care is defined as the patient’s level of acceptance of healthcare, taking into account his or her needs and expectations. Purpose: Determining the level of satisfaction with care in the early postnatal period. Identification of factors affecting the level of satisfaction with care in the early postnatal period. Materials and methods: The study covered 100 women aged 15-45, patients of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department. The study employed the diagnostic survey method, using a custom-designed questionnaire. Results: 68% of hospitalized patients rated the conditions in the unit as good and very good. According to 42% of them, both the doctors and the midwives provided the patients with exhaustive information and expressed empathy. 54% of the surveyed women had not been acquainted with the floor plan of the unit, and 75% of the personnel had not revealed their names or functions to the patients. Conclusions: More than a half of the respondents assessed the level of care as good or very good. Assessing the early postnatal care they received, they mostly considered the conditions ensured by the hospital, the level of care from the personnel, both with respect to the women and newborns, and the general atmosphere in the unit.
EN
Healthcare systems in Europe are constantly undergoing reforms which adapt them to social, economic and political requirements. The aim of this article is to examine the efficiency of healthcare systems in 30 European countries in 2014. The Network Data Envelopment Analysis (NDEA) model was used. The efficiency of the countries’ overall health systems and their two main components were examined: the public health system and the medical care system. The models include variables that are out of control of policy makers and the ones that can be controlled by them. The research results show that countries which reformed their healthcare systems achieved higher efficiency more often.
EN
Due to the lack of a statutory definition and due to the interdisciplinary nature of the profes¬sion of a speech therapist, there have been doubts regarding its classification as a medical or paramedical profession. The above is, in fact, of crucial significance from the point of view of tax provisions, since medical care services provided by medical or paramedical facilities, on the condition of fulfilling specific requirements, can enjoy VAT exemption. Unfortunately, there is no definition of medical care in the EU and domestic law, and the requirements nec- essary to exempt a given service from the discussed tax have not been sufficiently specified. This publication, using a dogmatic method, by hitherto not conducted in literature analysis, was aimed at answering the question of whether medical care services provided by speech therapists are exempt from value added tax. Having achieved the aforementioned objective, the paper explicitly indicates that a speech therapist is a medical profession pursuant to the tax law provisions. The paper also leads to the conclusion that, in principle, medical care services provided by speech therapists are subject to exemption from VAT.
EN
This article presented an activity of government midwives in the Free City of Cracow (1815–1846), including the proffesional qualifications of the midwife, their salary and rules of proffesional liability. A detalied analysis of the competence of midwives has been made, also therein rules of receiving childbirth, ways of responding to the threat to health and life of mother and child, equipping with obstetric tools etc. The principles of government supervision (Protomedic, City Physicist, District Physicist) over midwives are also discussed. Fundamental importance for the study were the documents kept at the National Archives in Cracow, official journals and also studies of the history of medicine on Polish lands.
EN
The article analyzes the sanitary and hygienic conditions of living and medical care at Konzentrationslager Stutthof — Aussenlager Pölitz — a branch of the Stutthof central camp. The sub-camp in Police was created with a view to supplying cheap labour to a synthetic gasoline factory, which was a strategic plant of the German war economy. The health condition of prisoners in concentration camps always remained bad, but the health problems of the prisoners in Police resulted not only from terrible sanitary, hygienic, and living conditions, but also from the difficult working conditions in the factory. So far, the issues of interest to us have not found wider interest among researchers who focused on the so-called “Camps”, apart from the so-called small — affiliate camps. The following research questions were asked: How did medical care function in the German (Nazi) sub-camp Konzentrationslager Stutthof — Aussenlager Pölitz? What were the sanitary, living and hygienic conditions in the German (Nazi) sub-camp Konzentrationslager Stutthof — Aussenlager Pölitz? In preparing this article the author used research methods characteristic for historical sciences, such as external and internal evaluation of sources; the dogmatic method, which seeks casual connections of a more complex nature than simple time-related connections, and comparative research. The analysis was based on archival materials of the Institute of National Remembrance, especially the Archives of the Branch Office of the Commission For the Prosecution of Crimes Against The Polish Nation of the Institute of National Remembrance in Szczecin (primarily testimony reports and witness accounts, factual documentation), memories and literature of the subject (Polish, German, and English). Based on the source material and subject literature it was proved that: 1) The way the sub-camp in Pölitz operated depended on the requirements of the German arms industry. It was created to provide cheap labor for a synthetic fuel factory (Chemische Werke Hydropetroleum Industrie Gesellschaft), a strategic plant for the German war industry. 2) Prisoners of concentration camps were never in good health, but health problems of prisoners in Pölitz were caused not only by poor sanitation, hygiene, and living conditions, but also by harsh working conditions in the factory. 3) The health conditions developed by prisoners from the KL Stutthof — Aussenlager Pölitz could be divided into 4 groups: a) illnesses related to the living conditions in the camp, typical for most concentration camps, b) illnesses resulting from hunger and total exhaustion, c) injuries caused by beating, and d) illnesses resulting from workplace contamination. The operation of the Pölitz camp could be divided into two periods: one when the camp (at that time “the summer camp”) was still under construction, and the other — its actual operation — when the winter camp was established with extended camp infrastructure. However, regardless of the time, prisoners always suffered from hunger, exhausting work beyond their capabilities and various illnesses.
EN
In eight regions audited by NIK in 2016 and 2017, the gynaecological and obstetrical services for outpatients were provided – respectively in the two audited years – in 1,204 and 1,170 clinics, out of which only 199 (16.5%) and 181 (15.5%) were located in rural areas, while 361 (30%) and 357 (30.5%) in the municipal-rural local units. In 2016, the number of gynaecological-obstetrical clinics was from 72 (Podlaskie Region) to 300 (Wielkopolskie Region), including from six in rural areas in the Podlaskie Region and seven in the Opolskie Region, to 50 in the Podkarpackie Region and 41 in the Łódzkie Region (22.2%). A year later, the access to the services of gynaecological-obstetrical clinics for rural citizens further deteriorated.
EN
The main purpose of my paper is to consider a problem of justice in a context of health care. The John Rawls’ theory is my point of methodological departure. He states in it the importance of the concept of fairness and equality from behind what he terms a “veil of ignorance”. Rawls refers to the “original position” in which a person is attempting to determine a fair arrangement for society without any preconceived notions or prejudices. I refer, however, his theory to the health care field and I consider such problems as fair distribution of medical care or fair partition of taxes for personal insurance. Further problems appear there in consequence, e.g. who has the privilege to attain the medical help as a first and the resulting doctor’s ethical dilemmas.
Pieniądze i Więź
|
2019
|
vol. 22
|
issue 2(83)
34-44
PL
W artykule omawia się konstrukcję kształtowania wartości wyceny pojedynczej procedury medycznej. W pierwszej części scharakteryzowano organizację służby zdrowia w Polsce, w kolejnej przedstawiono zasady kalkulacji kosztów, by w ostatniej – trzeciej części omówić ujęcie kosztowe procedur medycznych.
EN
The article discusses the construction of shaping the value of a single medical procedure. In the first part the organization of health care in Poland was characterized, in the next part the principles of costs’ calculation were presented, and the last – third part discusses the cost conceptualization of medical procedures.
EN
ObjectivesFor homeless people, emergency departments (ED) are the place of medical care and satisfying physiological, safety and social needs. The treatment of the homeless in EDs is a common issue in many countries. The aim of study was to analyze selected parameters of health care to homeless people in EDs. The authors examined the frequency and the seasonality of admissions, their causes, stay duration, insurance status, and the type of radiological diagnostics performed.Material and MethodsA retrospective analysis of stays of homeless patients in 3 EDs in one of the largest cities in Poland in 2013–2015 was carried out. Patients were qualified to the population of homeless people based of their registering in ED. Data was obtained on the total number of homeless patients’ stays in all 3 EDs, which amounted to 3133.ResultsDuring the 3 years of analysis: 1042 homeless individuals were identified staying 3133 times in EDs; 46.3% of the stays concerned uninsured homeless people; 31% were under influence of alcohol. On average, men used ED services 3 times, while women only twice. No significant seasonality of admissions was observed. Homeless people were admitted mainly for mental disorders and head injuries. Radiological tests were performed 1577 times, including 83% being CT scans. On average, women and those >30 stayed in EDs for the shortest time. The hospital wards admitted 9.3% of the patients.ConclusionsAlmost half of homeless patients repeatedly use ED services, regardless of the season. A patient’s stay typically lasts 6 h. Half of them were uninsured. The main reasons for admission include mental and behavioral disorders, mostly due to alcohol use and head injuries. The primary radiological diagnostics used were CT scans.
EN
The aim of the article is to offer proposals for reforming and speeding up health care in Ukraine, in particular by comparing the current system with a decentralized system. The methodology of this research follows basic social science methods (formal analysis, inductive method, deductive method, analogy, synthesis, etc.). With these methods, we address the issues of the health care reform in Ukraine. The article explores the issue of improving the health care in Ukraine. The Ukrainian government is carrying out two important reforms – a health care reform and a decentralization reform that includes changes in the municipal government. These two reforms have a huge potential for improving Ukraine’s health care system. Such potential remains largely untapped.
EN
Polish and Soviet forced laborers labelled in the Nazi ideology as “Untermenschen” were the worst treated nationalities among those employed by the Third Reich and its war machine. The treatment of Poles and Russians was entirely subordinated to the racial ideology with its profound impact on the law and social and economic conditions. This ideology ordered, on the one hand, the precise separation of Polish and Soviet forced laborers from German citizens, and on the other, the optimal organization of the forced labor which meant its entire subordination to the German state and its industry. The result of such an organization was an entirely repressive, even beastly system, with miserable living conditions and most inferior medical care. Both living conditions and medical treatment show, as in a lens, the main objectives of the Nazi state and its dehumanized character. Bielefeld Stadt und Land, located in north-east Westphalia, due to its mixed industrial (mostly arms industry) and agricultural character, constitutes a representative example of the brutal and repressive system of the forced labor industry reflecting the entire spectrum of problems related to it. The analysis of medical care in the Bielefeld area illustrates the differences between the two groups of Polish forced laborers. The first consists of people in the industry sector, while the second is a mixed category including workers employed in agriculture, the service sector and domestic help. As far as the first group is concerned, the status of the workers was to some extent standardized. Most of them were accommodated in the camps and subjected to brutal and systematic exploitation, which was calculated to maximize production effects, and at the same time, to destroy individuals through the adverse conditions of accommodation and minimal medical care. This inhumane treatment was a result of racist ideology. Status, employment conditions and medical care in the second group were much more diverse. We are dealing here with the entire spectrum, often of extremely different experiences of forced laborers with medical personnel and the diverse attitudes of the employers. The fundamental problem of the limited research materials on the discussed issues are deficiencies of the source base. In particular this concerns the limited recollections of the forced laborers themselves. Currently, it is virtually impossible to increase the source dossier, as witnesses of these events are mostly no longer available.
DE
Polnische und sowjetische Zwangsarbeiter, die in der nationalsozialistischen Ideologie als „Untermenschen“ galten, waren die am stärksten diskriminierten Nationalitäten unter den ausländischen Beschäftigten in der Kriegswirtschaft des „Dritten Reiches“. Ihre gesamten Lebens- und Arbeitsbedingungen waren der Rassenideologie untergeordnet. Diese Ideologie vertrug sich in hervorragender Weise mit der systematischen Ausbeutung ihrer Arbeitskraft. Das Ergebnis des Zwangsarbeitersystems war ein völlig repressives, sogar unmenschliches System mit miserablen Lebensbedingungen und minderwertiger medizinischer Versorgung. Sowohl die Lebensbedingungen als auch die medizinische Behandlung zeigen wie in einem Brennglas die Hauptziele des NS-Staates und seinen rassistischen und entmenschlichten Charakter. Die im Nordosten Westfalens gelegene Stadt und der Landkreis Bielefeld sind aufgrund ihres gemischt industriellen und landwirtschaftlichen Charakters ein repräsentatives Beispiel für das brutale und repressive System der Zwangsarbeitsindustrie und spiegelt so das gesamte Spektrum der mit der Zwangsarbeit verbundenen Probleme wider. Die Analyse der medizinischen Versorgung im Raum Bielefeld ermöglicht die Unterscheidung zweier Gruppen polnischer Zwangsarbeiter. Die erste Gruppe besteht aus Personen, die in der Industrie beschäftigt sind, während die andere Gruppe eine gemischte Kategorie ist, die Arbeitnehmer aus den Bereichen Landwirtschaft, Dienstleistungssektor und Haushaltshilfe in Privathaushalten umfasst. In der ersten Gruppe war der Status der Arbeitnehmer in der Regel standardisiert. Die meisten von ihnen wurden in den Lagern untergebracht und einer brutalen und systematischen Ausbeutung unterzogen, die darauf ausgerichtet war, die Produktionseffekte zu maximieren und gleichzeitig Personen infolge widriger Arbeits- und Unterbringungsbedingungen und minimaler medizinischer Versorgung zu vernichten. Diese unmenschliche Behandlung war ein Derivat der rassistischen Ideologie. Status, Beschäftigungsbedingungen und medizinische Versorgung in der zweiten Gruppe waren viel uneinheitlicher und stärker von ganz unterschiedlichen Bedingungen abhängig. Wir haben es hier mit einer breiten Palette von Problemen zu tun, oft verbunden mit extrem unterschiedlichen Erfahrungen von Zwangsarbeitern mit dem medizinischen Personal und unterschiedlichen Einstellungen der Arbeitgeber zu den Zwangsarbeitern. Begrenzt wird die Aussagekraft unserer Darstellung durch die oft beschränkte Quellenlage. Insbesondere betrifft das den begrenzten Fundus an schriftlich festgehaltenen Erinnerungen der Zwangsarbeiter. Heute ist es praktisch unmöglich, das Quellenreservoir zu erweitern, da die Zeugen dieser Ereignisse nicht mehr zur Verfügung stehen.
EN
This paper focuses on the patient-doctor relationship in Polish forced laborers during WW II. As the analysis of historical documents shows, this relationship was mainly shaped by ideological and economic factors during Nazi rule. In treating Polish patients who had been deported for forced labor, several protagonists who had different scopes of acting were involved. Besides to the German doctor, employers and health insurance companies had significant influence on the intensity (or lack) of medical care. Instead of adhering to ethical principles, these institutions focused on an economy-driven strategy with the prime target of maintaining the laborers’ workforce by minimal efforts. The workers’ health needs and their consent were not paid attention to. Under these circumstances, patient-physician relations were even more unequal und far more hierarchical than among members of the German “Volksgemeinschaft.”
DE
In dem Artikel wird sich mit Patienten-Arzt-Verhältnis in Bezug auf polnische Zwangsarbeiter im Deutschen Reich befasst. Die Analyse der Dokumente aus der Zeit des Zweiten Weltkrieges zeigte, dass dieses Verhältnis hauptsächlich von ideologischen und ökonomischen Faktoren geprägt war. Zudem waren daran mehrere Akteure beteiligt, die über unterschiedlich große Handlungsspielräume verfügten: Neben dem deutschen Arzt nahmen auch Arbeitgeber und Krankenkassen Einfluss auf den Umfang der medizinischen Versorgung polnischer Zwangsarbeiter. Anstatt sich an Prinzipien der ärztlichen Ethik zu orientieren, verfolgten diese eine rein ökonomisch motivierte Strategie. In deren Mittelpunkt stand nicht die Genesung der Patienten, sondern die Wiederherstellung der Arbeitskraft bei minimalem Aufwand. In den allermeisten Fällen geschah dies über den Kopf der Betroffenen hinweg.
PL
Komunikacja interpersonalna jest procesem niezwykle złożonym, określanym w literaturze przedmiotu jako struktura wielopoziomowa, wymagająca podejścia całościowego, uwzględniającego wszystkie rodzaje interakcji. Ciągłe komunikowanie się z innymi osobami jest warunkiem realizacji celów życiowych, osobistych i zawodowych. Z komunikacji podstawowej wyodrębnić należy komunikację medyczną / zdrowotną dotyczącą różnych aspektów zdrowia, choroby, niepełnosprawności. Szczególne znaczenie należy przypisać umiejętności komunikacji z pacjentem z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną. Ich zakres znacznie wykracza poza komunikaty werbalne i pozawerbalne. Specyfika niepełnosprawności intelektualnej stawia przed pielęgniarką trudne zadanie poznania pacjenta, jego przeżyć, emocji, obiektywnej oceny stanu psychicznego. Warunkiem osiągnięcia tego celu, warunkiem poznania jest zrozumienie osoby niepełnosprawnej intelektualnie. Konieczne jest także doskonalenie przez pielęgniarkę kompetencji komunikacji z pacjentem, zwiększenie ich skuteczności, zauważanie i naprawa błędów w tym zakresie, co jest też warunkiem poprawnie realizowanego procesu pielęgnowania.
XX
Interpersonal communication is an extraordinarily complex process, described in specialist literature as a multifaceted structure which requires a holistic approach, taking into consideration all kinds of interaction. Constant communication with other people is a prerequisite for achieving one’s life, personal and professional goals. Medical/ health communication, which refers to various aspects of health, illness and disability, must be differentiated from basic communication. Particular significance must be attributed to the ability to communicate with a patient affected by intellectual disability. Its range goes considerably beyond verbal and non-verbal communication A peculiar nature of intellectual disability confronts nurses with a difficult task of getting to know the patient, their experiences, emotions as well as making an objective assessment of their mental condition. A proper understanding of an intellectually disabled person constitutes a prerequisite for achievement of this goal. It is also crucial for nurses to perfect their competence of successful communication with their patients, to increase the effectiveness of this communication as well as noticing and repairing their mistakes.
PL
Problemy zdrowotne osób z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną i różnego rodzaju problemami w zakresie zdrowia psychicznego są bardzo złożone, wymagają długiego, skomplikowanego i stale prowadzonego procesu diagnostycznego specjalistów wielu dziedzin. Nadal jednak naukowcy podkreślają brak dostatecznej wiedzy na temat poprawności rozpoznania psychiatrycznego u pacjenta z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną. Decyzje diagnostyczne i lecznicze generują następnie działania terapeutyczne, pielęgnacyjne i opiekuńcze. Zmiana sposobu postrzegania osób z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną wynika jednak z poprawy rozumienia niepełnosprawności jako stanu, w którym mogą wystąpić zaburzenia psychiczne oraz poprawy skuteczności oddziaływań o charakterze kompleksowym w opiece nad pacjentem. Jednym z nich jest poprawa sposobów i skuteczności komunikacji z pacjentem. Rozmowa i wywiad – obok obserwacji, testów, skal i inwentarzy, badania stanu somatycznego – powinny być celem i sposobem przeprowadzenia badania stanu psychicznego. Optymalna komunikacja z pacjentem poprawi skuteczność profesjonalnych interwencji w opiece nad pacjentem z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną 1.
EN
In the process of ageing, elderly people are faced with progressive difficulties in everyday functioning, the problem of deteriorating health, decreasing levels of fitness and satisfaction with their family and social lives. Nevertheless, they can also live through the period of ageing and old age in an active and fully satisfying manner. This process takes place in the life of an elderly person with intellectual disability in a particular way. This group of patients lives through old age despite some limitations in their communicative, cognitive, emotional, social and other capabilities. The care of patients with intellectual disability primarily consists in helping them to understand Pacjent z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną w wieku starszym. Problemy komunikacji the changes occurring in them, satisfying their need of security, as well as supporting them in the process of facing old age and their own mortality
PL
W drugiej połowie XIX i na początku XX wieku w Królestwie Polskim społeczność żydowska odgrywała ważną rolę w życiu społecznym, kulturalnym i naukowym. Lekarze pochodzenia żydowskiego często nawiązali współpracę z polskimi lekarzami, byli członkami stowarzyszeń naukowych i społecznych, należeli do redakcji czasopism naukowych, publikowali w periodykach społecznych i zawodowych. Ogromne zaangażowanie przedstawicieli żydowskiego zawodu medycznego było widoczne w zakresie popularyzacji wiedzy. We współpracy z polskimi lekarzami podejmowali trudne problemy medyczne, ale zajmowali się także kwestiami higienicznymi, społecznymi i edukacyjnymi. Byli aktywnymi członkami organizacji i inicjatorami licznych akcji społecznych o charakterze opiekuńczym, edukacyjnym i popularyzatorskim. Współpraca w dziedzinie społeczno-oświatowej pozwoliła zrealizować wiele śmiałych inicjatyw, wpływając na integrację ludności, zwłaszcza w największych miastach.
EN
In the Kingdom of Poland in the second part of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, the Jewish community played an important role in social, cultural and scientific life. Doctors of Jewish origin very often worked together with Polish doctors. They were members of scientific and social associations; they belonged to the editorial boards of scientific journals; they published in social and professional periodicals. A huge involvement on the part of representatives of the Jewish medical profession was visible as far as popularization of knowledge was concerned. In cooperation with Polish doctors, they took on strictly medical problems, but they also dealt with hygienic, social and educational issues. They were active members of organizations and initiators of numerous social campaigns of a protective, educational and instructive nature. Cooperation in social and educational areas allowed them to carry out a number of bold initiatives, and it contributed to increased integration of the populace, especially in larger cities.
EN
The recent pandemic has forced us in 2020 to rethink the priority of access to medical care. The purpose of this article is to offer a brief account of how two countries – Sweden and the US – have reacted to the pandemic. The authors wish to show how the functions of the regulations and guidelines applied by hospitals and institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic differ from the objectives of health policies based on the principles of the distributive justice theory. The article will thus risk a preliminary assessment of the role of law in a crisis. A short summary of the main points of the distributive justice theory will be followed by an analysis of two cases: the guidelines issued by local authorities in Sweden and the American models applied during the COVID-19 pandemic. The conducted analysis results in a thesis that the objective of the justice theory differs from the regulations actually applied. In the case of Sweden, the recommendations seem to clearly prioritise the life of young people over the life of the elderly, even if there is no shortage of resources. In the case of the United States, we can see more objectives of distributive justice implemented in the analysed triages, but they are still not free from discrimination. The authors therefore call for an improvement of mobility of medical care resources in order to mitigate crises. The cognitive value has an international quality, and is aimed at Polish audiences dealing with the problems in question, be it at the level of a hospital or legislation.
PL
Pandemia w 2020 r., zmusiła nas do ponownego przemyślenia kwestii priorytetów opieki zdrowotnej. Celem artykułu jest krótkie przedstawienie reakcji na pandemię dwóch krajów: Szwecji i USA. funkcje przepisów i wytycznych stosowanych przez szpitale i instytucje w czasie pandemii COVID-19 różnią się od celów polityki zdrowotnej opartej na zasadach teorii sprawiedliwości dystrybucyjnej. Artykuł więc zaryzykuje pierwszą, wstępną ocenę funkcji prawa w sytuacji kryzysowej. Po krótkim podsumowaniu głównych założeń teorii sprawiedliwości dystrybucyjnej zostaną przeanalizowane dwa przypadki: wytyczne władz lokalnych Szwecji i amerykańskie plany triage funkcjonujące podczas pandemii COVID-19. Wynikiem analizy jest teza, że cel teorii sprawiedliwości różni się od funkcji stosowanych przepisów. W Szwecji zalecenia te wydają się wyraźnie przedkładać młode życie nad starsze, nawet bez zaistnienia sytuacji niedoborów zasobów. W przypadku amerykańskim widzimy więcej celów sprawiedliwości dystrybucyjnej implementowanych w przykładowych triagach, jednak nie są one wolne od elementów dyskryminacyjnych. Autorzy postulują więc wzmocnienie mobilności zasobów opieki zdrowotnej w celu zmniejszenia sytuacji kryzysowych. Artykuł podejmujący międzynarodowe kwestie skierowany jest do polskich odbiorców.
PL
Celem podstawowym wykonanych badań jest porównanie poziomu opieki medycznej i sytuacji zdrowotnej ludności w województwach. Celem dodatkowym jest poszukiwanie czynników, które mają największy związek ze śmiertelnością z powodu Covid-19. W badaniach wykorzystano metodę TOPSIS oraz współczynnik korelacji Pearsona. Badania pokazały, że poziom opieki medycznej w województwach jest zróżnicowany, znacznie bardziej niż sytuacja zdrowotna jej mieszkańców. Sporządzone rankingi pozwoliły wyodrębnić województwa, w których poziom opieki medycznej jest relatywnie lepszy, oraz te w których występują zaniedbania. Największy związek śmiertelności z powodu Covid-19 ma liczba zachorowań na grypę (im więcej mieszkańców chorowało na grypę w przeszłości, tym mniejsza była śmiertelność), choć związek ten jest słaby. Wyniki badań, wskazujące obszary zaniedbań, mogą być przydatne do podejmowanych działań w celu poprawy stanu opieki zdrowotnej w Polsce.
EN
The main aim of the research is to compare the level of medical care and the health situation of the population in voivodships. An additional goal is to look for factors that are most associated with Covid-19 death rate. The TOPSIS method and the Pearson correlation coefficient were used in the research. Research has shown that the level of medical care in voivodships varies, much more so than the health situation of its inhabitants. The prepared rankings allowed to distinguish voivodships in which the level of medical care is relatively better and those in which there is neglect. The Covid-19 death rate is most closely related to the number of flu cases (the more people who have had influenza in the past, the lower the death rate), although the relationship is weak. The research results, indicating areas of neglect, may be useful in taking actions aimed at improving the state of health care in Poland.
EN
The health of EU citizens is undoubtedly one of political and social priorities. Therefore, for the benefit of the development of prevention and from the point of view of its innovativeness and the scope of its impact, it is essential to create a preferential legal and organisational framework (also in the form of tax preferences). Methods of prevention such as storage (banking) of stem cells, either from cord blood of new-borns or from peripheral blood of adults, appear to be a desirable tool that offers the possibility of preventing various types of diseases which are difficult to detect using traditional diagnostic methods. Intensification of preventive activity was to be facilitated by the introduction in the VAT Act of an exemption from taxation for medical entities that carry our preventive actions. However, judicial decisions of national courts, in particular the judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of 15 March 2018, I FSK 750/16, have revealed numerous ambiguities, and thus discrepancies, which in fact may constitute a real barrier to the progress of innovative preventive methods. The purpose of this study is to propose a new, broader path of analysis of the issue and to formulate de lege ferenda postulates for possible directions of legislative actions. The court’s position on the necessity to apply a restrictive interpretation to tax exemptions is shared. However, at the level of further argumentation presented in the judgment discussed, its superficiality and internal contradiction is demonstrated. It is pointed out that following the pro-EU interpretation must not entail the crossing of normative borders of domestic provisions (including the change of the criterion of purposefulness in the premises of tax exemptions into the criterion of causal relation). The author demonstrates the negative impact of the absence of a definition of concepts such as “medical care” or “prevention” in the statute. As a de lege ferenda postulate, it is suggested that either these concepts be specified or that relevant references to regulations of lex specialis nature be included in the tax statute. Irrespective of the above, it also seems necessary to undertake legislative actions to remove the irregularities in specifying interconceptual relations (e.g. separation of “prevention” and activities consisting in “preservation of health”). The research method applied in the study largely involves an analysis of the law in force.
PL
StreszczenieZdrowie obywateli UE niewątpliwie należy do grupy priorytetów polityczno-społecznych. Stąd też dla rozwoju profilaktyki, z punktu widzenia jej innowacyjności i zasięgu oddziaływania, niezbędne jest stworzenie preferencyjnych ram prawno-organizacyjnych (w tym także w zakresie kształtu preferencji podatkowych). Metody profilaktyki takie jak magazynowanie (bankowanie) komórek macierzystych, czy to z krwi pępowinowej noworodków, czy krwi obwodowej osób dorosłych, to pożądane narzędzie, dające możliwość zapobiegania różnego rodzaju chorobom, które są trudne do wykrycia w ramach tradycyjnych metod diagnostycznych. Intensyfikacji aktywności profilaktycznej miało służyć wprowadzenie w ustawie o VAT zwolnienia z opodatkowania w przypadku wykonywania przez podmiot leczniczy działalności profilaktycznej. Na tle orzecznictwa sądów krajowych, w szczególności glosowanego wyroku NSA z 15 marca 2018 roku, I FSK 750/16, ujawniły się jednak liczne niejasności, a w konsekwencji rozbieżności, które w rzeczywistości mogą stanowić realną barierę w progresie innowacyjnych metod profilaktycznych. Celem niniejszego opracowania było zaproponowanie nowej, szerszej ścieżki analizy podejmowanego zagadnienia i sformułowanie postulatów de lege ferenda co do możliwych kierunków działań legislacyjnych. Podzielono stanowisko sądu dotyczące konieczności stosowania wykładni zawężającej w zakresie zwolnień podatkowych. Jednakże na poziomie dalszej argumentacji przedstawionej w glosowanym wyroku wykazano jej powierzchowność i wewnętrzną sprzeczność. Zaznaczono, że kierowanie się wykładnią prounijną nie może oznaczać przekraczania granic normatywnych przepisów krajowych (w tym zamiany kryterium celowości w przesłankach zwolnienia podatkowego na badanie ścisłego związku przyczynowo-skutkowego). Wykazano negatywny wpływ braku zdefiniowania w ustawie takich terminów, jak „opieka medyczna” czy „profilaktyka”. Jako postulat de lege ferenda zasugerowano bądź sprecyzowanie tych pojęć w ustawie podatkowej, bądź zawarcie stosownych odesłań do regulacji o charakterze lex specialis. Niezależnie od powyższego niezbędne byłoby również podjęcie działań legislacyjnych, dzięki którym zostaną usunięte nieprawidłowości w określaniu relacji międzypojęciowych (np. rozłączność „profilaktyki” i działań polegających na „zachowaniu zdrowia”). Autorka w prowadzonych badaniach posłużyła się metodą dogmatyczną, która umożliwiła wnikliwą analizę normatywną podejmowanych zagadnień.
first rewind previous Page / 2 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.