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PL
The article analyses myths concerning menstruation in Izabela Filipiak’s and Olga Tokarczuk’s creative works. The writers refer to female physiology in order to abolish the taboo on the female body and its excretions and to create mythology free from the male universe. Menstruation is considered a taboo subject even at the beginning of the 21st century and this physiological aspect of feminity is connected with an attempt to respect the differences between the sexes. One can observe not so much an attempt to destroy the rules of patriarchal culture, but a need to recreate the Western imagination, which is able to renew social and symbolic order and create new female mythology, which enables women to identify with their own needs, feelings, physical, sexual and erotic experiences.
EN
The aim of the text is to present the perception of menstruation in antiquity in the Graeco-Roman, Jewish and Christian worlds, where the starting point is the pericope on the woman with the blood flow in the Gospels. First, there are examples of statements and views of the Roman and Greek authors about menstruating women. Then sources are presented about the situation of women menstruating and suffering from the abnormal blood flow among Jews, including the scene from the Gospels mentioned above. The third part of the article concerns the view of Christian authors about the issue whether women who have menstruation should be excluded from religious life.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie postrzegania menstruacji w starożytności w świecie grecko-rzymskim, żydowskim oraz chrześcijańskim, gdzie punktem wyjścia jest ewangeliczna perykopa o kobiecie cierpiącej na upływ krwi. Najpierw pojawiają się przykłady wypowiedzi i poglądów na temat przeżywających krwawienie miesięczne kobiet autorów rzymskich i greckich. Następnie zaprezentowane zostają źródła dotyczące sytuacji kobiet przeżywających menstruację oraz cierpiących z powodu chorobliwego upływu krwi wśród żydów, w tym wspomniana scena z Ewangelii. Trzecia część artykułu dotyczy opinii pisarzy chrześcijańskich na temat tego, czy kobiety mające menstruację powinny być wykluczone z życia religijnego.
EN
Mythologies from different parts of the world have always used female characters. Most of these are not positive ones, quite the reverse. Nowadays, our generally accepted attitude towards womanhood and women has barely anything to do with the emotions which were triggered by such mythical creatures as lamias, mermaids or vampires. Furthermore, equal rights are perceived, today, as integral to a healthy society. Yet, there are some aspects of womanhood that are not only absent in public discourse, but also trigger such extreme emotions as fear and disgust. One such trigger is menstrual blood. The aim of this article is to present negative images of the woman in mythology, with all their consequences, as well as to show how feminist reflections and artistic activity negate this understanding of womanhood and sexuality, frequently employing controversial and inconvenient themes in the furtherance of that goal.
PL
The piece considers the story of the woman with the flow of blood (haimorrhoousa) in the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke as it is represented in two works: the homily of Pseudo-Chrysostom (PG 59,575-578) and Kontakion 12 (in the Oxford edition) of Romanos the Melodist. Interpretations of this episode from the gospels touch upon the issue of ritual purity in the Jewish law as well as the attitude of Christian authors toward female menstruation. The texts mentioned above are examined, along with statements from the Fathers of the Church on menstruation, in an attempt to answer the question of whether Christian authors embraced the idea that menstruating women should be excluded from social and religious life. The article shows that the attitude of Christian authors towards menstruating women was in fact generally positive.
EN
The status and position of a woman in folk culture were primarily based on stereotypical thinking. According to that, she personified negative values, filled with darkness, passivity and indifference. She also embodied chaos, destruction, the "that word" and the moon. Her ambivalent status was most strongly influenced by her biological nature: menstruation, pregnancy and ability to give life. Apart from negative connotations, her nature was seen as a manifestation of the sacrum. So, she was dangerous, alien and impure, but also inviolable. The specific features of her character located her within the home space.
PL
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PL
Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badania ankietowego, dotyczącego wiedzy oraz doświadczeń Polek w obszarze ubóstwa menstruacyjnego. Podjęto w nim takie kwestie jak: wiedza respondentek na temat przejawów ubóstwa menstruacyjnego, charakterystyka grup szczególnie narażonych na deprywacje w zakresie zdrowia i higieny menstruacyjnej, a także wpływ ubóstwa menstruacyjnego na życie osób jego doświadczających. W badaniu poruszono problematykę tabuizacji oraz mityzacji tematu miesiączki. Respondentki zapytano również o inicjatywy na rzecz walki z ubóstwem menstruacyjnym. Kluczowym wątkiem w badaniu były także indywidualne doświadczenia respondentek w kwestii ubóstwa menstruacyjnego. Rezultaty badania wskazują, że ubóstw menstruacyjne to niewidzialny i wstydliwy temat, zwłaszcza w polskim społeczeństwie. Istotnym jest zatem wprowadzenie do publicznego dyskursu nieskrępowanej debaty na temat psychospołecznych trudności związanych z menstruacją.
EN
The article presents the results of a survey on the knowledge and experience of Polish women in the area of menstrual poverty. The article raises issues such as: respondents’ knowledge of the symptoms of menstrual poverty, characteristics of groups particularly vulnerable to deprivation in terms of menstrual health and hygiene, as well as the impact of menstrual poverty on the lives of people experiencing it. The survey raises the issue of tabooing and mythicizing the topic of menstruation. Respondents were also asked about initiatives to combat menstrual poverty. The respondents’ experience of menstrual poverty was also a key theme in the survey. The results of the survey indicate that menstrual poverty is an invisible and embarrassing subject, especially in Polish society. It is therefore essential to introduce into the public discourse an uninhibited debate on the psychosocial difficulties related to menstruation.
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