The presented research concerns 11-year-old Greek students’ mental representations of the mechanisms of vision in conditions of natural and artificial light, as well as the persistence of those representations in terms of the two different states of lighting and the expression form of the provided answers (oral speech; sketches). The study consisted of two phases: test interviews and an interview process, where personal interviews were conducted with 30 participants. The results showed that the 11-year-old pupils employed the majority of the vision schemes that are included in the international bibliography; however, they tended to use the Sea of Light mechanism and a new scheme the researchers called Illumination of the Object. The schemes employed, however, are not consistent, either throughout the different states of lighting, or in the 3-D and 2-D world.
In the undertaken study, the understanding of the concepts of citizenship and nationality by the Polish young people, I assume that these categories are essential in terms of shaping the national identity of the individual. The system of concepts that define the personality of a human, the ability to reflect on their content, correctness, common connection, allows individuals to unite into a certain community. Thus, the analysis of linguistic ways of describing non-linguistic reality is also associated with the description of the mental representations of the individual, and therefore the ways – in cognitive processes – to relate to the world, to make an image of the world, to create knowledge about the world.
Jednym z kluczowych pojęć znaturalizowanej epistemologii, a także wyrastających z niej nauk kognitywistycznych jest znaturalizowane pojęcie reprezentacji poznawczej. W ramach tego znaturalizowanego pojęcia próbuje się jednolicie (dla świata ludzi oraz innych organizmów żywych) ująć pojęcie błędu reprezentacyjnego. W tekście pokazane są argumenty przeciwko adekwatności stosowania znaturalizowanego pojęcia błędu reprezentacyjnego oraz wątpliwości co do tak szerokiego programu naturalizacji zagadnień związanych z ludzką pojęciowością.
EN
One of the key concepts of naturalized epistemology as well as the cognitive sciences that stem from it is the naturalized concept of mental representation. Within this naturalized concept, many attempts have been made to unify (for humans as well as for other living organisms) the notion of representation error. This text makes an attempt to argue against the adequacy of using a naturalized concept of representation error as well as casts doubt on the wide program of naturalizing concepts related to human conceptuality.
Artykuł poświęcony jest problematyce konstruowania obrazów przestrzennych w powieści Milorada Pavica Drugo telo. Okazało się, że mechanizm mentalnej konstrukcji obrazów przestrzennych opiera się na zasadzie komplementarności języków werbalnych i niewerbalnych, czyli na zasadzie multimodalnego kodowania informacji. Za tekstem werbalnym kryją się obrazy wizualne, dźwiękowe, dotykowe i inne. Wiarygodność mentalnych obrazów przestrzennych zapewnia szczegółowość wspomnień, na których opiera się czytelnik podczas interpretacji tekstu. Realizm percepcji tekstu przygotowuje fakt, że ikoniczne obrazy są przechowywane w pamięci czytelnika za indeksami werbalnymi.
EN
“Drugo telo”. It reveals that the mental construction mechanism of spatial images is based on the principle of complementarity of verbal and non-verbal languages, that is, on the principle of multimodal information coding. There are visual, auditory, tactile and other images behind the verbal text. The reliability of mental spatial images is ensured by the detail of the memories on which the reader relies during the interpretation of the text. The realism of the perception of the text is prepared by the fact that iconic non-verbal pictures are stored in the reader's memory behind the verbal indexes.
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