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PL
Rozwój dziecka i postępy przez nie czynione są przedmiotem żywego zainteresowania bliskich mu dorosłych – rodziców i nauczycieli. ­Celem prezentowanego badania było poszukiwanie odpowiedzi na pytanie o wiedzę rodziców i nauczycieli dziecka w wieku przedszkolnym na temat jego odporności psychicznej. Była ona zdefiniowana jako czynniki ochronne – inicjatywa, samokontrola i przywiązanie oraz czynniki ryzyka w postaci zachowań niepokojących. Uczestnikami badania byli rodzice i nauczyciele 335 dzieci w wieku 2-6 lat. W badaniu wykorzystano skalę obserwacyjną DECA (The Devereux Early Childhood Assessment) przeznaczoną dla dzieci w wieku od 2,0 lat do 5 lat i 11 miesięcy. Narzędzie składa się z 37 pozycji, wypełniane jest przez rodziców dziecka oraz jego nauczyciela przedszkolnego. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały różnice w zakresie oceny przez dorosłych zarówno czynników ochronnych, jak i czynników ryzyka: matki oceniły najwyżej inicjatywę dzieci, wyższe wymagania w zakresie samokontroli dzieci zaobserwowano u ojców w porównaniu z matkami i nauczycielami. Przywiązanie jako trzeci czynnik ochronny zostało ocenione wyżej przez rodziców niż przez nauczyciela. Nauczyciele zauważyli istotnie mniej zachowań trudnych u dzieci niż matki. W zakresie zachowań niepokojących stwierdzono tendencję nauczycieli do spostrzegania chłopców w sposób stereotypowy jako mniej grzecznych niż dziewczynki. Okazało się, że wiedza matek, ojców i nauczycieli na temat zasobów odporności psychicznej dziecka różni się w istotny sposób. Może to także wynikać z odmiennego zachowania dziecka w środowisku przedszkolnym i domowym oraz z wpływu czynników społecznych.
EN
Children’s development and achievements are of great interest to their adult significant others, notably parents and teachers. The aim of the presented research was to investigate what parents and teachers of preschool children know (and fail to know) about the children’s psychological resiliency – defined via the protective factors of initiative, self-control and attachment, as well as risk factors in the form of behavioral concerns. The research was conducted among the parents and teachers of 335 preschool children aged 2-6 years. The study used the observational Devereux Early Assessment Scale, suitable for children aged 2 years 0 months – 5 years 11 months. The scale consists of 37 items and is filled in by the children’s parents and preschool teachers. Significant differences were obtained in how parents and teachers assess children’s protective factors and behavioral concerns. Mothers provided the highest scores of children’s initiative, as compared to fathers and teachers. Fathers had higher expectations of a child’s self-control than mothers and teachers. Attachment was scored higher by parents than teachers, who, on the other hand, reported more behavioral concerns in children than their parents. Moreover, teachers had a tendency to stereotypically perceive boys as demonstrating more behavioral concerns than girls – which was not observed in parents. The results indicate that the knowledge and perception of children’s resiliency demonstrated by their teachers, mothers and fathers significantly varies, suggesting that these observers apply different judgment standards, and/or that children demonstrate different levels of protective factors and behavioral concerns at home vs. at preschool, due to the social-psychological factors.
EN
The article includes the author's considerations on risk of survival and chance to survive of \ individual persons and the human species in conditions of progressive environmental degradation because of the progress of post-industrial civilization, especially the Western one. The development of this civilization is driven by the rapid advances in knowledge and technology, but above all by activities for maximum economic growth and its derivatives - unlimited growth in production, sales and consumption. So, naturally, it is accompanied by excessive destruction of natural resources and degradation of the natural environment, as well as of degradation of the social, cultural and spiritual environment. On the one hand, the consequence of the progress of Western civilization is the growing threat to human health, and thus the increasing risk of survival. On the other hand, thanks to this progress, they improve living conditions and comfort as well as the possibilities of curing many diseases; thus, they increase the chances to survive. The problem, however, is that this increase in risks and chances is not equivalent as they appear many more threats than chances. As a result, this imbalance is getting bigger. Political and economic decision-makers, who can hardly be suspected of a lack of knowledge about environmental threats, are primarily driven by profit maximization and therefore they ignore the appeals from environmentalists. Therefore, since the last decades of the twentieth century, it progress the development of "economic society". It is made up of individuals called "Homo oeconomicus" - fanatical followers of God Mammon. There are serious concerns that it will soon end either with the extinction of humanity or with the collapse of Western civilization. And what happens depends on whether further social evolution will follow economic or other (cultural or ecological) criteria, whether the most important goal will be to improve the quality of life and enrichment, or to delay the extinction of humanity as a result of the transformation of "economic society" into "Cultural society"
PL
Wspierać i wzmacniać zdrowie psychiczne nauczycieli i nauczycielek
EN
Prevention and strengthening of mental health in teachers
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