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Autonomy of the family in the modern world

100%

Gulati N.

2017

vol. 16

issue 37

25-44

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to understand autonomy of the family in the ‘modern’ world by locating the family in the historical changes that led to its present form. The autonomy of the family was shaped in two ways, as collective mentalitiés and as private space. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The present research problem concerns an important inquiry into the private space of the family and the role of the state in shaping and governing the individual by intervening in the family. The paper uses the method of historical inquiry and analysis of reference literature. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: After having defined the aim of the study and the fundamental concepts (modernity, autonomy, mentalitiés) there has been presented the psychogenic history of the family in the context of France. This is followed by the presentation of changes in mentalitiés and private space in the family, with a special emphasis on the changing focus on the child in the family. The essential part of the argumentation was also to build the concept of autonomy through the changes in mentalitiés and private space that unfolds in three stages of the psychogenic history of the family. RESEARCH RESULTS: The result of this argumentation is the autonomous space of the family in the modern times, which is impacted by the state and popular culture. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: This analysis confirms the changes of autonomy in the family from the middle, to the modern and across the contemporary times through the conceptions of (i) collective mentalitiés, (ii) private space and sociability and (iii) governmentality. It argues that ever since the turn of the modern, the family has never been autonomous, though in law it appears to be a ‘private space’. Family in the contemporary times is insidiously governed by messages and images that circulate in media. Autonomy of the modern family has always been under threat. The arguments point to the necessity to question and problematize the contemporary conceptions of family and the child as mirrored in the domain of popular culture.

Tertullian on the paradox of the Roman amphitheatre games: "De spectaculis" 22

58%

Burliga B.

Vox Patrum

2016

vol. 65

119-127

Tematem artykułu jest ciekawy paradoks, o jakim mówi Tertulian w rozdziale 22. swego traktatu O widowiskach. Jest rzeczą wiadomą, że stanowisko tego żarliwego obrońcy wiary chrześcijańskiej było jak najbardziej nieprzychylne dawnej rzymskiej instytucji walk na arenie, wyścigów konnych i przedstawień scenicznych – Tertulian widział w nich niebezpieczeństwo i zagrożenie dla moralności chrześcijan. Przy okazji zwrócił on również uwagę na samo podejście Rzymian do walczących i skazańców, wskazując na sprzeczność w postawie tak organizatorów, jak i tłumów oglądających spektakle. Z jednej strony, walczący byli dla tłumów bohaterami areny, z drugiej ludźmi jednocześnie pogardzanymi i wyszydzanymi, zmuszanymi do upokarzających występów. Przyczynę takiego stanu rzeczy autor trafnie dostrzega w braku utrwalonych wzorców etycznych u Rzymian, w swoistym pomieszaniu pojęć dobra i zła. Instytucjami, które utrwalały taki stan rzeczy, były właśnie publiczne formy rozrywki.

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Autonomy of the family in the modern world

Tertullian on the paradox of the Roman amphitheatre games: "De spectaculis" 22