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EN
The article explains the meaning of the term "Messianic Jews" through a literal analysis of each word component. The term "Jew" is analyzed first. The root of the word originates from Judah, biblical character, son of Jacob and party to God's covenant. The analysis talks about what Jewish identity is and presents some of significant views on the issue. The article follows then to focus on the term "messiah", originally a royal title which later went on to mean "chosen" and became closely associated with Jesus Christ. The analysis of those two word components serves as a basis for explaining the movement as that of Jews who accept Jesus Christ as a messiah – a movement which has successfully developed since its inception in the 1890s.
EN
The article proposes an interpretation of the Letters of St. Paul based on Heidegger's early lectures. It introduces the notion of excess. Excess (nad-miar) is not only the opposite of what can be measured (miara); it is above all something that exceeds measurement, though in an immeasurable (bez-mierne) way. Excess expresses the actual infinity of the subject while the “immeasurable” expresses his potential infinity. This difference between the immeasurable and excess is visible in the context of messianic temporality. Those who await a temporal messiah treat him as an extension of the immeasurable world of their own expectations. Christians do not expect a specific event; for them treating God as a third person is senseless. Their concept of God arose in the temporality in which all things are accomplished in accordance with Paul's motto, "Stay alert, stand firm in the faith, show courage, be strong. Everything you do should be done in love." (1 Cor 16:13-14). This is a subjective figure for taking responsibility for living, thinking and acting, which are to take place in love and expresses a revolution, for such subjective figures change the very character of Christian life.
Verbum Vitae
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2020
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vol. 37
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issue 1
49-68
EN
The noun rûaḥ (“a spirit”, as well as “breath, wind”) is one of the most important theological terms in the OT, especially as it occurs in the sense of “spirit”. As such, rûaḥ always remains within the power of God and depends on Him. Being God’s spirit, it “supervises” over all creatures, renews everything, restores to life, and after a person's death it returns to the God who gave Him. The noun rûaḥ occurs 51 times in the Book of Isaiah and it plays a very important role in the oracles that announce and reveal the messiah: Isaiah 11:1-3a, 42:1, and 61,1. The spirit is given to him as God’s power to perform important tasks. God gives His spirit permanently. The spirit creates a special relationship between God and the messiah, which is expressed in titles such as “my servant” or “my chosen one”. His mission is aimed primarily at the poor and the sick. Its result is a change in their situation, by the enacting of righteousness and justice. The messiah’s activity crosses Israel’s borders and will be directed to all nations. In this way the pagans will be enlightened with God’s light and will participate in His covenant. It is within this domain of meaning that the messianic oracles from the Book of Isaiah are conveyed into the New Testament (Matthews 12:18-20; Luke 4:18-19).
PL
Rzeczownik rûaḥ („duch”, a także „oddech, wiatr”) jest jednym z ważniejszych terminów teologicznych w Starym Testamencie, zwłaszcza gdy występuje w znaczeniu „duch”. Wówczas rûaḥ pozostaje zawsze w mocy Boga i jest zależny od Niego. Jako duch Boży „czuwa” on nad stworzeniem, odnawia wszystko, przywraca do życia, a po śmierci człowieka wraca do Boga, który go dał. W Księdze Izajasza rzeczownik rûaḥ występuje 51 razy. Bardzo ważną rolę odgrywa w wyroczniach, które zapowiadają i ukazują mesjasza: Iz 11,1-3a, 42,1 i 61,1. Duch jest mu udzielony jako moc Boża do wypełnienia ważnych zadań. Bóg udziela ducha w sposób trwały. Dzięki duchowi tworzy się szczególna relacja pomiędzy Bogiem a mesjaszem, która jest wyrażona takimi tytułami jak „mój sługa” lub „mój wybrany”. Jego misja jest skierowana przede wszystkim do ubogich i chorych. Jej skutkiem będzie zmiana ich sytuacji przez ustanowienie prawa i sprawiedliwości. Działalność mesjasza przekroczy granice Izraela i zostanie skierowana do wszystkich narodów. Dzięki niemu poganie będą oświeceni Bożym światłem i będą uczestniczyli w przymierzu. W takim znaczeniu wyrocznie mesjańskie z Księgi Izajasza występują w Nowym Testamencie (Mt 12,18-20; Łk 4,18-19).
4
51%
PL
Termin mesjasz pochodzi od hebrajskiego słowa mašiah i znaczy namaszczony, pomazaniec. W polskich tłumaczeniach Pisma Świętego występuje forma Chrystus, ponieważ teksty nowotestamentalne i poprzedzająca je tradycja uważają Jezusa z Nazaretu za zapowiadanego w Starym Testamencie mesjasza. Jednakże osoba i los Jezusa z Nazaretu nie wpisują się całkowicie w przekazany przez księgi Starego Przymierza obraz mesjasza. Dlatego warto przynajmniej pobieżnie przypomnieć treść oczekiwań mesjańskich w Starym Testamencie i we wczesnym judaizmie i zastanowić się nad tym, czy Jezus sam uważał się za mesjasza. Przytoczone zostaną również niektóre świadectwa wiary w mesjańskość Jezusa w pierwotnym Kościele i księgach Nowego Testamentu.
XX
Word the messiah derives from the hebrew word mašiah and means solemn, the anointed. A form Christ is appearing in Polish translations of the Bible, since texts of the New Testament and the tradition preceding them regard the Jesus from Nazaret as the messiah heralded in the Old Testament. However the person and the fate of the Jesus from Nazaret are becoming part of an image of the messiah broadcast by books of the Old Covenant entirely. Therefore it is worthwhile reminding contents of messianic expectations in the Old Testament and in early Jewish customs and traditions and giving some thought to, whether the Jesus alone considered itself the messiah. Certificates of the faith will also be quoted in messianic-ness of the Jesus in the primitive Church and books of the New Testament.
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