The paper contains some arguments against the article ”Philosophical Assumptions of Science. Cultural and Historical Perspective” of Magdalena Górna. The author argues that the formal methodology is – contrary to what Górna says in her paper – neither ”traditional” nor ”dogmatic”, and formulates some suggestions on his own view on the problem of the relations between science and philosophy.
The purpose of this article is to analyze the applicability of the distinction between the concepts of "emic" and "etic" methodology in management sciences. The distinction between these two approaches is significant in cultural studies, linguistics, cultural anthropology and sociology. However, this dichotomy is not too common in the sciences of management. It is also very little known in Polish management discourse. The approach exploits the terms "emic" and "etic" in relation to issues of organizational culture. This methodology tries to enlighten the concept of organizational culture and examine the possibility of its formation. The findings indicate that with the current state of knowledge on organizational culture, it is difficult to conclude which of the two concepts (emic - etic) is more effective in terms of methodology. Thus, it is useful to use cognitive and methodological pluralism in research, combining both cultural methodologies.
The paper presents an outline of the reception of Popper's thought in Poland in the period between two World Wars. The most important paper in this period is doubtlessly the one published by Zygmunt Spira entitled 'Remarks on Popper's methodology and epistemology'. Spira was a student of Z. Zawirski. He lived and worked in Cracow, and was killed during the Nazi occupation. His paper is by now forgotten. We critically present his main ideas, showing his innovatory style of thinking.
This article offers a framework for understanding and refl ecting upon the various ways that urban scholars have worked with visual representations of city spaces. It suggests that there are three main approaches: representing the urban, evoking the urban and performing the urban. The paper discusses the methodological implications of each of these.
In the article on the theoretical aspects of public opinion, the author presents the origins and evolution of this concept. Considerations for defining the public opinion are conducted on the background of one of the most important problems of social science methodology. In this article the author characterizes also the process of shaping public opinion and identifines factors that influence this phenomenon. Considerations concerning the theoretical aspects of the public opinion ends characteristic of its features and functions.
The development of each particular science is to some extent determined by ideas about its place in the system of scientific knowledge. In this Communication are formulated suggestions and problems related to security research in the process of formation and development of safety science. Attention is focused on the theoretical and methodological approaches and questions exploring the needs of scientific knowledge and its transfer to a security practice.
Subsequent to the 1989 revolution, the scope of historical research expanded such that researchers’ focus was transferred to topics which had been of peripheral concern in previous decades because they were ideologically unsuitable. A natural departure from the preferred history of the workers movement towards research of social elites took place, a trend that was marked in Czech historiography for at least two decades. The study of modern businesses and entrepreneurship was no different, with a consistent rise seen in the study of this field of research from the early 1990s. As in many other fields of historical investigation, domestic research had to confront the thorough methodology and rich ideas of modern business history, which has been a fully established research field for many decades. Looking back retrospectively, despite all its limits, research in this historiographical segment had many years of tradition and current research builds on this tradition. There are now an almost inexhaustible number of studies on various issues related to the development of industrial production in the Czech lands during the industrialisation period. Over the past few decades, it has mainly been studied on individual entrepreneurs or entrepreneurial families which have been published on the history of entrepreneurs. There are significantly fewer papers on entrepreneurial groups defined by sector or region, and we have only vague notions of entrepreneurship as a social group.
The desire of every organization is to achieve predetermined objectives and successfully accomplish its tasks. A key element in the fulfilment of objectives stated in advance and achieving the organization's required performance efficiency are human resources, primarily talented individuals. These employees contribute, to a large extent, to the implementation of strategy and the organization's economic goals. Therefore, there is a need for the organization to pay an increased attention to them, concentrate on complex and systematic work with them and applies the system of talent management within the organization. Despite the proven benefits of talent management, the fear of its time and organizational performance often result that in the end organizations will not apply talent management in spite of making a decision on the implementation of this approach. The aim of this article is to introduce the methodology of implementation and utilization of talent management in the organization as an instrument for the implementation of this approach in practice. To meet the target of this article the analytic-synthetic cognitive process was used. By the method of synthesis from the known knowledge of this approach, a mind map of talent management was created. On its basis, practically usable and into steps structured methodology for the implementation and utilization of talent management in the organization was made by means of the methods of induction and deduction.
The article comprises two sections: in Section One I sketch out the history and the evolution of French philology, understood both as an academic discipline and as an academic/administrative unit within Polish universities, officially known as Departments of French (Philology). In Section Two I reflect on my personal experience of that evolution, as it has affected my professional choices and academic career. Both meanings of “French philology” (discipline and institution) are rooted in German academic tradition to which the entire system of Polish humanities is indebted. Until the 1990s, French philology was synonymous with French studies, understood as the teaching and the academic study of French language and literature. Like other humanities departments in Poland, French philology departments inevitably functioned under the pressure of current political forces. Yet, French philologists in Poland never lost touch with the world’s evolving humanities or the changing scholarly paradigms. Following the radical political transformation of 1989, traditional French philology in Poland opened up to a whole new range of scholarly fields (literatures and cultures of francophone countries), theories (postmodern and postcolonial studies), and approaches (interdisciplinary scholarship). Thus Polish romanists have joined the international scholarly community. In the article, I document these processes, reflecting on my own university career: I started off as a traditional scholar doing research in the literature of French Middle Ages, then moved on to studying Canadian and American Francophone cultures, to eventually become involved in interdisciplinary studies at the Faculty of “Artes Liberales” at the University of Warsaw.
In France, is archaeology really preventive in the sense that it is be based on a really effective predictive system (archaeology a priori) to find sustainable solutions for heritage protection? Or is preventive archaeology simply a reformulation of the rescue digging, a posteriori, and can only exist in the shadow of the dynamics of land use planning? Is there only one preventive archaeology, or are there several? On one hand, that of the major construction projects of the territorial development and, on the other, that related to the construction of small suburban single-family houses and projects of school canteens. It will thus be a question of presenting legal, financial, organizational and institutional mechanics of French archaeology. It will also be necessary to examine the consequences of the French doctrine in different fields: methodological and scientific, but also economic, political, social, identity, ecological, human and, more particularly, its influence on its key actors: the archaeologists themselves.
Egalitarian perspective seems to be an integral part of the theory of stereotypes. The link between the two is so tide that, due to various factors, it appears to be transparent. Yet there are still some crucial methodological issues in question such as: what types of stereotypes research models are the most suitable ones within the egalitarian perspective? Does the egalitarian perspective requires specifi c ethical attitudes and imperatives? Does the egalitarian perspective applies to any kind of social stereotypes? The authoress touches the subjects referring to both traditional and modern research perspectives.
In this article the essence of wording errors’ in scientific texts and typical errors as: ambiguity, inadequate responses, paraphrases, defective responses are reviewed.
Researchers striving at establishing the academic status of a science need, inter alia, to delin-eate the boundaries of their area of interest, point to its object(s) of research, outline the methodology and determine its language. This process equally applies to (meta)lexicography and (meta)terminogra-phy, which are yet to prove their scientific standing. This paper attempts to pinpoint the methodological features of metaterminography and suggest a framework for a systematic study of terminographic works. The point of departure for the detailed discussions undertaken in this article are the general principles of the methodology of sciences. The work also points to the fundamental methods used in metalexicography and metaterminography and focuses on the methodological description of one of the methods used in systematic dictionary research, i.e. the terminographic analysis.
Giovanni Sartori, one of the greatest world’s political scientist, was also very interesting in methodology of political science. In his opinion methodology is more the method of logos, of thinking than specific research techniques. He wrote: There is no methodology without logos, without thinking about thinking. Sartori strongly expressed regret that the today’s mainstream of political science is mainly quantitative and statistical, not qualitative. According to his standpoint political scientists should be strongly interested in the question “What is?”, before asking “How much?”. Sartori is admirer of the qualitative approach to methodology. This approach is based on logically defined concepts and the careful and precise use of language, because bad language generates bad thinking.
In this article Author presents the dispute on the philosophy of sport. He points out four standpoints concerning the existence of the philosophy of sport: a) a commonsense one, b) a content related/methodological one, c) a reductionist one, d) a nihilistic one.The first points out that the discussed branch of science exists, that its final stabilization took place in the years 1967-1979. That opinion is proclaimed by Wojciech Lipoński (an English philologist), who is supported by Zbigniew Krawczyk (a sociologist of culture, an outstanding sociologist of sport, he dealt also with philosophical aspects of sport, 1995, 1997a, 1997b), Stanisław Kowalczyk (an outstanding catholic philosopher, he expressed his opinions also on the philosophy and theology of sport 2002, 2007). That viewpoint, according to my exploratory talks, is shared by a majority of members of the British Philosophy of Sport Association, the European Association for the Philosophy of Sport and the International Association for the Philosophy of Sport, mainly because of lack of proper preparation - that is, philosophical education.The discussed standpoint has a commonsense character, since it does not tale into account the real level of contents of the philosophy of sport and relations taking place between it and general philosophy. It emphasizes only the first of the abovementioned requirements (the structural-functional one). Nobody of the abovementioned proponents of the first standpoint is aware of the need of meeting the two others of the abovementioned requirements - the content related one and the methodological one.An exception in that respect is Rev. Stanisław Kowalczyk, who admittedly raises issues connected with those two others requirements, but the contexts of justification he has formulated have - especially in the content related respect - a commonsense character. Nota bene, statements of a similar character on fundamental issues happened even to the greatest philosophers, among others to Hegel. Moreover Kowalczyk considers also (although in a disputable way) methodological issues concerning methodological foundations of the philosophy of sport. Because of the fact that I do not agree with both content related and methodological argumentation of the great Catholic philosophers, I devote more space to a polemic against him - that is, justification of my standpoint - in the subsequent part of the text.The second standpoint is expressed by Jerzy Kosiewicz. It is shared by, among others, Ivo Jirasek, Scott R. Kretchmar, Jim S. Perry, Arno Muller (it refers to arguments comprised in that text in part III and presented also in presence of the abovementioned persons during the conference of the IAPS in Olomouc in 2005). It assumes that the philosophy of sport exists, but solely in the institutional-organisational (structural-functional) sense. However, because of content related and methodological reasons, it is still in an early phase of development and hence we more have to do in that respect with philosophical reflection on sport - that is, in that case, with application of assumptions and issues from the field of general philosophy and specialized philosophies to ideography, explaining, understanding and evaluating phenomena as well as theoretical and practical activity connected with sport - than with the philosophy of sport in the strict sense of the word.The third viewpoint suggests that the philosophy of sport has not come into existence yet. McFee in one part of his text entitled Do we need a philosophy of sport? (in: Are There Philosophical Issues Respect to Sport (Other Than Ethical Ones), 1998, pp. 3-18) undermines the sense of its existence. He wonders if it is needed at all and he proclaims, after a long argument, that it is not. He proclaims, not without a reason, that if in the process of creating the philosophy of sport we have to do solely with application of philosophy for reflection on sport, so, as a matter of fact, the philosophy of sport as such is not needed at all. The general philosophy will suffice as a theoretical foundation for reflection on sport, for explaining and understanding its sense, meaning, essence, cultural and biological background, social and psychological mechanisms, needs, motives, etc.I suppose that working on that assumption we have to do rather with philosophical reflection on sport than with any form of the philosophy of sport. Nevertheless, the precondition of existence of the philosophy of sport in the strict sense of the word is referring to achievements of the whole philosophy. And philosophical reflection on sport is the first step on the road to creation of a fully autonomous and mature philosophy of sport.Hence, I do not share the final McFee's conclusion included in the discussed text and proclaiming that the philosophy of sport as such is not needed, since each newly born philosophical branch goes through the application period, but, sooner or later, it breaks free from that initial content related and methodological dependence. It has also a right for its own academic name since the very beginning.The fourth standpoint has a radical character. It proclaims categorically that any philosophical reflection on sport is unnecessary - similarly as neither the philosophy of railroading, nor the philosophy of transport as such, nor the philosophy of mining or carpentry are needed. It is proclaimed that there are such fields which may do without philosophy and which do not need philosophy for anything. They allegedly include physical activity, activity in the field of physical culture. That view is proclaimed and supported by, among others. Henning Eichberg and Ejgil Jespersen.Author is not a proponent of that viewpoint, because physical culture and sport, among others because of their significance and range of social, cultural, health-related or axiological influences, implicate indubitably the need of cognitive studies of a philosophical character which should be continuously deepened and widened.Defining organizational-institutional, content related and methodological deficiencies characteristic for the philosophy of sport Authors points out to barriers which must be overcome to enable its further development. It is facilitated by defining its identity. Author thinks at the first about institutional-organisational difficulties:1. The philosophy of sport has not appeared in structures of many scientific and didactic institutions closely connected with sport.2. Neither she is present in syllabuses and didactic of many of the abovementioned institutions.3. About 85% of members the international, the British and the European association of philosophy of sport - as well as participants of conferences on the subject and research projects and teams - have no philosophical education.4. Many former chairpersons of scientific associations in Europe and outside had no philosophical education. A majority of them played a remarkable organizational and institutional role connected with promoting and strengthening the status of the philosophy of sport. However, their activity only indirectly and insufficiently facilitated development of that philosophy in the content related and methodological sense.5. The strictly philosophical milieu manifests poor interest in the philosophy of sport. A percentage of persons from that milieu who carry out studies connected with it or express their opinions about it are too low.He thinks also that it is possible to distinguish the following content related and methodological deficiencies characteristic for the philosophy of sport:1. Shortage of original assumptions and issues, which have been worked out solely on the ground of the philosophy of sport and are characteristic only for that discipline.2. The discussed philosophy uses only languages of general philosophy and other specialised philosophies, referring to their terms, notions, categories, branches, circles, schools, currents, periods, ages, assumptions, issues, etc.3. There is no feedback influence on general philosophy and specialised philosophies.4. Literature on the philosophy of sport has introductory (initial) and applicative qualities.5. Because of the abovementioned reasons, the philosophy of sport does not meet the fifth, the sixth and the seventh methodological condition concerning becoming independent from the abovementioned application and working out its own, specific assumptions and issues, as well as feedback influence. That is because such a situation makes it impossible to confirm not only its autonomy, but also its maturity.6. Sports sciences (which, treated in a broader or different way, can be called physical culture sciences) have no common and coherent content related and methodological basis. They are very varied in that respect. It makes impossible coherent sublimation of that science in the form of the philosophy of sport. In that case, the first methodological criterion (according to S. Kamiński's interpretation), concerning its autonomy, is not fulfilled, because the subject of its interest connected with sports sciences has not been defined.7. The fact that the philosophy of sport is not cognitively advanced (that is, there are no significant results of practising it), and that there are no means connected with the discussed activity (that is, a specialised methodology) and facilitating its development, causes that it is neither autonomous, nor mature from the viewpoint of the second methodological criterion according to Kamiński's interpretation.8. A low level of meta-scientific self-definition of the philosophy of sport causes that the third methodological criterion according to Kamiński's interpretation, concerning self-reliance, is not fulfilled.One of reasons of the abovementioned immaturity and lack of autonomy of the philosophy of sport is also lack of necessary research-related competences (the eighth criterion concerning specialized methodology is not fulfilled). It refers, on the one hand, to superficial and commonsense character of knowledge about phenomena and issues concerning sport - including knowledge from the field of sports sciences - and, on the other hand, to improper preparation, education and philosophical competences.
This article presents a profile of Jurgen Rost against a background of German psychology’s development. Jurgen Rost graduated from Christian-Albrechts University in 1976 and in 1980, after additional studies in mathematics he received PhD diploma. His scientific achievements include over 120 titles on very diverse subjects addressed to specialists, students, teachers and policy-makers. Some part of his works concerns methodology and efficiency of teaching in natural sciences and another part refers to statistics and methodology, e.g. to latent variables. Rost is also one of the scientists who tried to find a way to invalidate surface contradiction of quantitative and qualitative.
The human being started as a self-educated person, this way managing to improve his living. For his descendants to avoid failures, he started to share his ancestors’ experience. When some people’s knowledge acquirement became big, they were called the sages, and among of them became eventually teachers, that took the role of transmitting the useful information related to life environmental conditions they lived. In time, their needs became more and more complex and their knowledge deeper. In the act of teaching itself, teachers create a shortcut between necessity and solving it, going beyond failures. Obviously, the present society is technologized, where the human being uses technology but he also searches for himself. This quest should be naturally performed with the help of the educator, of the experienced student, so that he could shape the young man and make him feel good with himself and find his place within society. The current education system describes to younger people nothing more than the evolution of science, technique and art, starting with the first trials till our days. What is really mandatory for us is to find a way where the educational system could become again a necessity for a person and not a way to keep very many people busy, while they can be intellectually and psycho-emotionally shaped.
This paper reports on a study undertaken to investigate international perspectives of what constitutes research in education for sustainable development (ESD). By employing inductive thematic content analysis, the authors sought to examine the perceptions of 66 ESD researchers from 19 countries. The findings reveal a concern with the methodological aspects of research and an emergent need for synergy between the methodology of educational research and specific themes relevant to ESD research. The significant overlap of themes and aspects of ESD research apparent across the different contexts within which the researchers were embedded indicates a unified core of ESD research, although there is also evidence of contextual factors influencing the research agenda. Based on the findings of this study, the paper concludes that there is an overlap between educational research and ESD research, but that the latter has its own specific aims, themes and political supporters. In an endeavour to develop a shared understanding about ESD research across disciplines and research context, a common language has to be developed to facilitate a constructive dialogue and research capacity building in this novel field.
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