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Verbs of emotion with se in Slovene: between middle and reflexive semantics. A cognitive analysis

100%
Będkowska-Kopczyk A.
Cognitive Studies
|
2014
|
issue 14
203-218
EN
This article presents a cognitive analysis of Slovene emotion verbs with the personal pronoun se ‘self’, e.g., bati se ‘to be scared’. Slavic verbs of this type are traditionally considered reflexive. The objectives of the article are twofold. First, the article aims to demonstrate that se in Slovene verbs of emotion indicates not the reflexive, but the middle voice construction. However, given specific pragmatic factors, these verbs also form reflexive constructions with the heavy form sebe ‘self’, or even both middle and reflexive constructions with se and sebe, respectively. Second, this article challenges Anna Wierzbicka’s assumption that the Slavic verbs with the light form of the personal pronoun or the -sja affix (Russian) express (almost) volitional, i.e. self-induced emotion. In line with cognitive Suzanne Kemmer, it is claimed that the constructions with the verbs under discussion indicate a low degree of volitionality in the process of emotional change i.e. they lexicalize an event that occurs independently of the Experiencer participant’s will.
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Mediální konstrukce v češtině a v italštině

72%
Perissutti A. M.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
|
2023
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vol. 105
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issue 1
7-22
XX
The paper is devoted to a family of constructions in Czech and Italian that are reminiscent of the verbal category of Indo-European Middle, which, besides the active voice, was the second voice and expressed agency/state as subjective. As far as Czech is concerned, we consider two constructions, one with intransitive verbs, the morpheme “se”, the adverb of evaluation and the Experiencer expressed in the dative, and one with transitive verbs, the so-called mediopassive, with the Patient in subject position as in the passive sentences. As far as Italian is concerned, we also analyze two constructions, one with intransitive verbs and the combined clitics “se+ne” and one with transitive verbs and the adverb of evaluation “facilmente”. Based on data derived from the Czech Ten Ten 2017 corpus, as well as the Italian web 2020 corpus from the Sketch Engine platform, we analyze the actional nature of the verbs occurring in the sentences, while contrasting the functions of the constructions in the two languages in the framework of construction grammar (Goldberg, 1995).
3

Satyra antyczna a współczesne standardy prawne wypowiedzi prasowej

58%
Gontarski W.
Studia Iuridica
|
2016
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vol. 61
53-126
EN
The contemporary truth which applies to journalists (as required by the Council of Europe standards and domestic law) reflects differences between the essence and criterion of Aristotelian truth (material truth – veritas est adaequatio rei et intellectus – ad Aristotle, The Metaphysics IV.7. [1011b 26‒27]), and its practical implementation (objective truth – in medio stat veritas – ad Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics II.7. [1108a 19‒20]). A journalist is obliged to reconstruct the objective truth (the truth ascertainable by a man who meets the Roman law standard of diligentia boni patris familias, here referred to as diligence expected of a responsible journalist) and not the material truth. Nonetheless, a substantial discrepancy between this journalistic truth and the material truth will constitute a sufficient reason for statutory rectification. As regards the assessing statements, as well as the satirical ones, the proof of truth is only required if the assessment is a conclusion derived from descriptive statements, i.e. the factual basis, and that conclusion must be logical (proportional and therefore just). Satire may not contain words commonly considered as offensive. If a satirical statement is to enjoy the legal protection, it cannot amount to a mere personal attack. Regardless of the fact that satire is a negative assessment and an exaggerated one, it must derive from application of facts, meaning that it must reflect the reality and in that sense it can neither attack human dignity nor contain any discriminatory statements, as confirmed by the latest case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Analogical conclusions can be reached upon reading the works of Romanian satirists, for instance Horace.
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