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EN
This article aims at considering the question whether various migration theories, especially in the fields of demography and sociology, could be useful in the analysis of migration from Poland to Australia in the 1980s. The author is not able to propose definitive answers, however he suggests that the division between political and economic migration, commonly used by researchers, does not provide an effective instrument for describing this specific social group. The article shows that the majority of Poles who did have an official refugee status did not in fact fit well into the definition of a refugee. Meanwhile, among the migrants who did not obtain the refugee status, one could find many active members of the Solidarity movement and also people persecuted by the Polish authorities. Within the research on migration motives, migration transfer, adaptation processes and, to some extent, political activity of Polish migrants in Australia, the author found the following models most useful and applicable: various social network theories, Oded Stark's relative deprivation model, the model of decision-making process developed by Gerald Haberkorn or the concept of Oddyssean and Rubicon refugees by Danièle Joly. None of these theories can provide a universal tool which could allow the researcher to cover all methodological problems related to the subject of Polish migration to Australia between 1980 and 1989 – especially in the area of understanding migrants’ public activity in the new country.
EN
The term migration encompasses a dynamic and complex process affected by numerous components that at the same time creates numerous relationships and factors. Nowadays, migration is understood as a natural phenomenon that occurs in every state and as a source of cultural diversity or cultural contribution. Migration touches upon a great number of issues in the fields of demography, economy, language, religion, national security and politics. This study describes international labour migration illustrated with the example of Slovakia as well as the theories that explain the beginnings and continuance of this type of migration. Contemporary migration trends shed light on which countries are presently the most attractive for labour migrants. The part devoted to migration policy attempts to generally define this term. The conclusion of the study is dedicated to the impact of labour migration on both the countries of origin and destination.
EN
This study deals with a highly topical research issue – migrations and integration processes which are intrinsically connected with them. At the same time it strives to present a basic overview of the most important migration theories. Although a majority of them have originated outwith the discipline of history, they do represent a pathway to the clarification of the circumstances of the origins and the realization of shifts in spatial mobility of different social classes in a historical context. The presented work primarily focuses on the most recent foreign literature and introduces individual themes which are seen as exceptionally significant from the point of migrations in European history. It also introduces individual theoretical concepts; it analyses their division into macro and micro theories; it presents examples of hypotheses, their authors and even their theoretical works. This work, in its own way, is a specialised bibliography which presents a basic overview of the themes under research at the interdisciplinary level.
EN
Polish economy and labor market, as part of the EU’s common market, offer enormous opportunities in terms of both economic activity and employment for the citizens of member states. However, member states employ also a large number of people from outside the Union, i.e. from third countries. Economic migration is an inseparable feature of diversified social and economic development of individual countries and will always play an important role from the point of view of both receiving and sending countries. The aging society and improving situation on the labor market in Poland have increased the demand for workers from third countries.
PL
Polska gospodarka i polski rynek pracy, jako elementy wspólnego rynku UE dają ogromne możliwości zarówno w zakresie handlu i usług, jak i podejmowania działalności gospodarczej oraz zatrudnienia dla obywateli państw członkowskich. Jednak na rynkach pracy krajów członkowskich zatrudniona jest również spora liczba osób spoza granic Unii, czyli tzw. krajów trzecich. Migracje o charakterze zarobkowym stanowią nieodłączną cechę nierównomiernego rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego poszczególnych państw i będą zawsze odgrywały istotną rolę zarówno z punktu widzenia krajów przyjmujących, jak i wysyłających. Starzejące się społeczeństwo i coraz lepsza sytuacja na rynku pracy w Polsce, sprawiają, że wzrasta zapotrzebowanie na pracowników z państw trzecich.
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