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Military Expenditures and Shadow Economy in the Central and Eastern Europe: is There a Link?

100%
Fedotenkov I., Schneider F.
Central European Economic Journal
|
2018
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vol. 5
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issue 52
EN
The main goal of our paper is to determine the existence of a link between government (military) expenditures and the shadow economy in the Central and Eastern European countries, which are the members of the European Union. The empirical investigation is conducted for the years 2003–2015. We show that there is a high statistically significant positive dependence between the size of the shadow economy and military expenditures in the Baltic States. Our conclusion is that higher military expenditures indeed lead to a larger shadow economy and this result is robust to different model specifications. In order to demonstrate the importance of our results, we undertook a simulation, where we calculated how much the size of the shadow economy would increase if the size of military expenditure as a percentage of GDP were to double. For example, in the Czech Republic, such an expansion would have led to an increase in the size of the shadow economy from 11.50% to 12.96%, and in Estonia, from 18.34% to 22.72% in 2012.
2
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IMPACT OF MILITARY EXPENDITURES ON POVERTY IN PAKISTAN

63%
Rukhsana K., Muhammad S. H.
Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis
|
2014
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issue 2
EN
This article investigates the impact of military expenditures on poverty in Pakistan (along with inflation, industrialization, service sector, and foreign direct investment) for both short-term and long-term perspectives. An effort is made to find out the role of military expenditures in poverty elimination. The question to be addressed is that whether military expenditures is pro-poverty or anti-poverty in Pakistan. A time series analysis is made for the period of 1972-2009. The problem of unit root is inspected by applying Ng-Perron (2001) test; the strength of relationship between military expenditures and poverty in the light of control variables is investigated by using Johansen and Juselius (1990), the long-term coefficients are examined by using Ordinary Least Square Method, and short-term dynamics are computed by applying Error Correction Mechanism. The results show that military expenditures and inflation are significantly elevating poverty in both short-term and long-term periods while the growth of industrial and service sectors help in reducing poverty in Pakistan. It has been diagnosed that the first period lag term of industry is significantly contributing to lowering poverty in the long-term period whereas in the short-term one industrialization does not significantly elevate poverty. It means it takes some time to bear the fruits of industrial growth in terms of reduction in poverty. Growth in the service sector does reduce poverty significantly in both short-term and long-term perspectives. Finally; foreign direct investments do not play any role in the reduction of poverty in the long-term period, but surprisingly it has some significant negative impact on poverty in the short run. From the empirical findings many policy implications can be deduced. The findings suggest that the military expenditure deteriorates the poverty situation in Pakistan. The viable policy option may be to revise the volume of military expenditures in perspective of the reallocation of resources from the defense expenditures to the expenditures on social development of the economy. The caution that requires to be considered is the proper and efficient reallocation of resources.
3
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Can We Have More Butter and Guns Simultaneously? An Endogeneity Perspective

63%
Woźniak R., Lewkowicz J.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2023
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vol. 314
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issue 2
28-46
PL
Przyczyny i skutki wydatków na cele wojskowe pozostają jednym z kluczowych obszarów geopolityki i debaty publicznej. Często stwierdza się, że zwiększenie budżetu na obronność może pobudzić gospodarkę poprzez zwiększenie produkcji sprzętu wojskowego. To, co powinno wówczas wystąpić, to sprzężenie zwrotne pomiędzy wydatkami wojskowymi a stanem gospodarki. Zasadniczym celem artykułu jest zbadanie wskazanej odwrotnej relacji na poziomie krajów przy użyciu niezrównoważonego zestawu danych panelowych obejmującego 173 kraje w latach 1949–2020. Zaprezentowana analiza empiryczna wskazuje, że badana relacja sprzężenia zwrotnego między wydatkami wojskowymi a wzrostem gospodarczym jest albo całkowicie nieobecna, albo co najwyżej bardzo słaba.
EN
Drivers and outcomes of military expenditures are an important topic in geopolitics and public debate. It is often argued that increases in the military budget can boost the economy through extended military equipment production. What should then be noticeable is a feedback relationship between military expenditures and the current state of the economy. This paper investigates this reverse relationship at the macro level using an unbalanced panel dataset of 173 countries over the period 1949–2020. Our empirical analysis implies that the claimed positive feedback loop between military expenditures and economic growth is either completely absent or, at most, very weak.
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