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EN
Draft Regulation of the Council of Ministers establishes the principles of the application by Poland of the possibility of rescheduling payment of the levies provided for in Regulation No 595/2004. In accordance with § 4 of the draft regulation of the Council of Ministers aid provided for therein has the character of de minimis aid, and should be provided in accordance with the provisions of Regulation 1408/2013. This draft regulation does not go beyond the legal framework determined by Regulation 595/2004 in relation to the preamble to the Regulation 2015/517. Consequently, it must be considered not to be inconsistent with Commission Regulation (EC) No 595/2004
EN
Article 12a (1) of the Act on the Agricultural Market Agency and Organization of Certain Agricultural Markets may provide a basis of the relevant regulation on granting aid under the de minimis conditions since it would be implementation of the provisions of Regulation 595/2004. You cannot unequivocally determine whether this provision could also serve as a legal basis for the Regulation making it possible to grant public aid under different conditions, as detailed assumptions regarding such assistance are unknown.
EN
This paper presents the changes that have occurred in the export and import of milk and milk products after 2004. The analysis made for the period 2003-2014 based on data from Central Statistical Office and the Institute of Agricultural Economics and Food Economy. To illustrate the changes in exports and imports of dairy products the dynamics of change in the analyzed period was calculated, as well as the quantitative and valuable structure of Polish imports and exports of these products in 2003 and 2013. There was also used a clustering analysis of features and objects in the paper. The international trade of Polish dairy articles has gained importance due to the accession of Poland to the European Union. Poland is primarily an exporter of unprocessed or processed to a small extent productes, i.e. liquid milk and cream, whey and milk powder. From dairy products mainly cheese and curd are exported. However, Poland is not a known exporter of ice cream or yogurt and fermented beverages. Since 2004, the main importer of Polish dairy products are the EU countries. In 2013, more than 70.1% of all exported dairy products were exported to those countries, while in 2003 only 37%. The reason for such a large increase in exports to the EU countries was largely the abolition of customs duties, the competitive prices of Polish products and their high quality. The exchange rate had also an effect on trade in milk products, as well as other products. Poland also exports, although much less than before the accession to the European Union, to the developed countries and the Commonwealth of Independent States and Central-Eastern Europe. The balance of total dairy articles as well as in the division into processed and unprocessed products was positive in the analyzed period.
EN
Mushrooms are a renowned source of products with an array of bioactivities, from antibacterial to antiviral, cytotoxic, antifeeding, antifungal or antioxidant and might be a valuable resource in the search of new bioactive extracts to inhibit biofilm production. We demonstrate the effect of five mushroom water extracts Macrolepiota procera, Pleurotus ostreatus, Auricularia auricula-judae, Armillaria mellea and Laetiporus sulphurous on biofilm formation of four Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from ixodid ticks (Acari) and ewe´s milk. The PCR was used for detection of virulence genes (hla, isdA, B, bbp, sirB, fnbpA, sdrE, agr II). The ability of biofilm formation and anti-biofilm activity of mushrooms extracts was assessed in a quantitative crystal violet assay. The biofilm formation of S. aureus strains was significantly reduced by all mushrooms extracts (p < 0.001). We showed that more significant anti-biofilm effect of the extracts was of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from ixodid ticks in comparison to Staphylococcus aureus isolated from ewe´s milk. In the present study, A. mellea, P. ostreatus, L. sulphurous, A. auricula-judae and M. procera extracts inhibited biofilm formation by 70.87%, 67.00%, 64.14%, 62.77% and 47.71%, respectively. The results suggest that compounds in mushrooms extracts might be useful to control and handle detrimental infections caused by animal and human pathogens.
EN
Milk was a very significant food product in the Mediterranean. The present study is not devoted to milk as such, but to therapeutic galactology, galaktologia iatrike (γαλακτολογία ἰατρική), a version of which is extant in De medicina penned by a Roman encyclopaedist called Celsus. The author places milk and milk-derived products among therapeutic substances, indicates the methods of processing such substances, and also provides the readers with details on dietary and pharmacological characteristics of dairy foods as well as indicating their place in a number of cures. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the characterizations of milk and dairy products with regard to their dietary properties and application as pharmakon (φάρμκον) are not an exclusive feature of De medicina, but they are regularly mentioned not only in medical works, such as De diaeta I–IV, teachings of Dioscorides, extant fragments penned by Rufus of Ephesus, Galen, Oribasius, Aetius of Amida and Paul of Aegina, but also in Historia naturalis by Pliny. This is a clear sign that milk was considered to be significant from the medical point of view and was as such very interesting both for the medical profession and for general public. Therefore De medicina appears as a typical work, and details contained in it are simply a testimony of the evolution of the doctrine that was already present in De Diaeta I–IV and later developed by the most prominent physicians.
XX
Background. In Bangladesh, terrible degradation in the breastfeeding period has occurred with rapid urbanization in recent years that is causing a shortage of child nourishment. Identifying the risk factors of breastfeeding duration is important for planning nutritional programs and strategies. Objectives. This study tries to identify influential demographic and socio-economic factors that affect the breastfeeding period for reducing child nutrition deficiency. Material and methods. The study attempts to proceed with data collected from an observational study entitled the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2014. The breastfeeding period (Ordinal exogenous variable) is classified into three groups: 0–5-months, 6–23 months and at least 24 months. Gamma, chi-square and linear-by-linear statistics are used to identify the associated factors that have an impact on the breastfeeding period. A test of parallelism is conducted to evaluate the proportional odds. The polytomous logistic regression (PLR) model and the proportional odds (PO) model are used to find the marginal effect of demographic and socio-economic predictors that affect the breastfeeding period. Results. Parental educational attainment, wealth index, division, religion, mother’s BMI, drinking water source, household members, amenorrhea and abstaining, respectively, are the most significant factors that influence the breastfeeding period. The PLR model is also more precise than the PO model for indicating the marginal effect among those vital factors for the breastfeeding period. Conclusions. PLR is an appropriate model to recognize the effect of predictors of breastfeeding duration instead of the PO model and other measures.
EN
Transformation to a market economy in 1990 and accession to the European Union in 2004 had a big impact on the functioning of our agricultural sector and the organisation of farms in Poland, and in the Podlaskie Voivodeship. The aim of the paper is try to determine the organisation changes and processes of production concentration in Podlaskie agriculture on the background of Poland in 2002-2012. Use of agricultural production potential in Podlaskie is determined by environmental, economic and organisational conditions. Positive changes in Podlaskie region in the period of 2002--2012 progressive specialisation in animal production, particularly in dairy cattle. In 2012, the share of livestock in commercial agricultural production was 89.3%, including 59.3% for milk production. The direction of these changes shows good use of adverse environmental conditions for agriculture in the region.
PL
W pracy dokonano analizy porównawczej intensywności organizacji produkcji między gospodarstwami mlecznymi prowadzącymi działalność rolniczą w ekologicznym i konwencjonalnym systemie produkcji. Badane grupy gospodarstw były położone na terenie południowej (15 gospodarstw ekologicznych) oraz centralnej i wschodniej Polski (15 gospodarstw konwencjonalnych). Badania przeprowadzono w formie wywiadu kierowanego, a zebrane informacje dotyczyły roku gospodarczego 2010/2011. Określono powierzchnię i strukturę użytkowania ziemi i zasiewów, obsadę inwentarza żywego oraz wielkość roślinnej i zwierzęcej produkcji globalnej i towarowej. Analiza wykazała wiele różnic między tymi dwoma systemami produkcji, począwszy od wielkości gospodarstw i struktury użytkowania ziemi po efekty produkcyjne. Dokonano również podstawowej analizy statystycznej, która wykazała istotny ujemny związek między areałem użytków rolnych oraz dodatni związek między obsadą zwierząt a intensywnością organizacji produkcji. Natomiast współczynniki korelacji między badanymi zmiennymi w wyróżnionych grupach gospodarstw różniły się od siebie.
EN
This paper presents a comparative analysis of the intensity of the production organization between dairy farms conducting agricultural activity in organic and conventional production systems. Study groups of farms were located in the southern (fifteen organic farms), central and eastern part of Poland (fifteen conventional farms). The study was conducted in the form of a directed interview in the marketing year 2010/2011. Area, structure of land use and crop, livestock and the size of plant and animal in the production global and commodity were specified. The analysis showed a lot of differences between the two systems of production, from the area of farm and structure of land use and finally the production outputs. Basic statistical analysis was also conducted. It showed a significant negative correlation between the area of agricultural land and a positive correlation between the livestock and intensity of organisation of production. However, the correlation coefficients between the studied variables in the analysed farm groups differed from each other.
9
63%
EN
Problems of functioning of the market of milk in Belarus are considered. The market of milk has a top of priority in the Republic of Belarus. These goods are socially significant. The state strongly influences the processes occurring in the market of milk, however this influence should decrease in the future. The author considers also problems of formation of prices for milk and dairy products.
PL
Biblijny zakaz „gotowania koźlęcia w mleku jego matki” (Wj 23,19b; 34,26b; Pwt 14,21b) nie doczekał się zadowalającego wyjaśnienia. W artykule dokonany zostaje przegląd dotychczasowych propozycji. Autor sugeruje, że pierwotnie (VIII w. przed Chr.) nakaz ten związany był z obowiązującym w kontekście kultu tabu, nakazującym oddzielenie tego, co symbolizuje życie (mleko), od tego, co symbolizuje śmierć (gotowanie). Z czasem zasada ta uległa uogólnieniu i stała się jednym z elementów podkreślających odrębność etniczną i kulturową Izraela. Słowa kluczowe: koźlę, mleko, matka, tabu, marker etniczny
EN
The biblical prohibition of “cooking a kid in its mother’s milk” (Ex 23,19b; 34,26b; Deuteronomy 14,21b) did not live a satisfactory explanation. The article is a review of existing proposals. The author suggests that it was originally (VIII in. BC.) related with applicable in the context of worship taboo, ordering the separation of what symbolizes life (milk), from what symbolizes death (cooking). Over time, this principle generalized and became one of the elements highlighting ethnic and cultural distinctiveness of Israel.
EN
The aim of this paper was presenting concept of biomass in grassland utilisation for milk production. Some principles of pasture-based dairy production systems, using information and concepts from research studies. Type of supplementary feed to use on pasture will be determined by the amount of supplements which first-limit factor of milk production. Energy is the key limiting factor in milk production. Biomass from grassland is special source of nutrients and conserved feeds production. Grazing cows get more wellfare and usually have fever health problems, and typically live longer.
PL
Celem pracy było przedstawienie koncepcji wykorzystania biomasy z użytków zielonych do produkcji mleka. Niektóre założenia żywienia bydła mlecznego na pastwisku, przedstawiono w oparciu o dane z różnych badań. Rodzaj i ilość pasz uzupełniających stosowanych w okresie żywienia pastwiskowego, zależny od czynników limitujących wydajność mleczną krów, przy danym poziomie produkcji mleka. Energia jest kluczowym czynnikiem limitującym produkcję mleka. Biomasa z użytków zielonych stanowi cenne źródło składników pokarmowych i jest ważnym ogniwem w produkcji pasz. Żywienie krów z wykorzystaniem pastwiska, wpływa na dobrostan, ogranicz występowanie problemów zdrowotnych i sprzyja długowieczności zwierząt.
PL
Na rynku jest coraz więcej nowych materiałów opakowaniowych i opakowań, które mają zastosowanie w branży mleczarskiej. W literaturze pojawiają się informacje o przydatności poszczególnych materiałów opakowaniowych do mleka ze względu na interakcje zachodzące między opakowaniem a produktem. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań ankietowych dotyczących postaw i zachowań konsumentów wobec dostępnych na rynku rodzajów opakowań mleka oraz ich wpływu na jakość zapakowanego produktu. Wyniki badań ankietowych wykazały, że konsumenci są świadomi wpływu materiałów opakowaniowych na produkt. Zdecydowana większość respondentów zadeklarowała, że opakowanie ma istotny wpływ na jakość mleka. Respondenci są świadomi roli, jaką odgrywa opakowanie w sprzedaży w sklepach samoobsługowych („niemy sprzedawca”).
EN
There are more and more new packaging materials and forms of packaging used in the dairy industry. At the same time the literature offers reports on the usefulness of individual packaging materials for milk on the basis of package-product interaction. The aim of this study was to investigate the opinions of consumers with regard to products and their packaging. The article presents the results of surveys on the attitudes and behaviour of consumers towards commercially available types of packaging for milk and their impact on the quality of the packaged product. The results of the survey showed that consumers are aware of the impact packaging materials have on the product. The vast majority of respondents indicated that packaging has a significant impact on milk quality. Of course they are aware of the role packaging plays in self-service stores (“the silent salesperson”).
EN
In antiquity, a number of dietary and medicinal properties were attributed to milk, butter and other dairy products. Veterinarians created their own treatments based on the observations and achievements of doctors, but milk was not a popular ingredient in veterinary medicines. Milk from goats, cows and donkeys were used most often. Butter was slightly more popular, as it was believed that it could be used interchangeably with other fats. Other dairy products, including cheese, were not used in veterinary treatments, and despite knowing about the dietary properties of these products, they were not included in the diet of farm animals. The use of milk and its products in human and veterinary medicine shows similarities, but in the 4th century the differences became much more visible.
EN
The pilot researches were conducted in Wielkopolska. They aimed initial identifi cation of cows reaction on changing of THI, which are likened to temperature and humidity conditions of air. The subjected cows characterize with high productivity, exceeding 40kg of milk per day, independently from lactation stages. The results display that the day s production of raw milk, as well as fat and protein content, do not only depend on lactation stage but also on the value of THI factors. Higher THI is accompanied by loss in the weight of milk and drop in its technological utility. The climate warming may escalate the risk of production loss during the heats.
PL
Badania miały charakter pilotażowy. Ich celem było dokonanie wstępnego rozpoznania, czy w wielkopolskich warunkach klimatycznych krowy o dużej wydajności, często przekraczającej produkcję 40 kg mleka dziennie, zależ- nie od stadium laktacji inaczej reagują na sezonowe zmiany wskaźników THI, charakteryzujących warunki temperaturowo-wilgotnościowe otoczenia. Wyniki badań wskazują, że dobowa produkcja mleka surowego i procentowe zawartości w nim tłuszczu i białka zależą nie tylko od stadium laktacji, ale i od wartości wskaźników THI. Wyższym wartościom THI towarzyszy spadek masy wydojonego mleka i obniżenie jego przydatności technologicznej. Ocieplający się klimat może eskalować ryzyko spadku produkcji surowca mlecznego w czasie upałów.
EN
The aim of the study was to determine the infl uence of characteristics such as sex, place of origin and fi nancial situation on the preferences and behaviour of students on the dairy products market. The analysis was based on primary data from a survey, conducted among 200 students of the University of Life Sciences in Poznan. It was found that all the characteristics differentiate the behaviour of the students, but the greatest eff ect was observed in the case of sex. Women consume dairy products more often, and when it comes to consumption of milk they choose low-fat products. For women the most important are special off ers and nutrient contents, while male students choose dairy products often guided by their price. The place of origin mainly aff ected the frequency of milk consumption: the respondents, who come from villages and smaller towns declared the most frequent consumption. The fi nancial situation mainly infl uenced the consumption of dairy products: richer students consume more dairy products. When purchasing they pay attention mainly to the taste and brand of the products.
PL
Celem opracowania było określenie wpływu takich cech jak płeć, miejsce pochodzenia i sytuacja materialna na preferencje i zachowania studentów na rynku produktów mleczarskich. Analiza została oparta na danych pierwotnych pochodzących z badań ankietowych, przeprowadzonych wśród 200 studentów Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu. Stwierdzono, iż wszystkie badane cechy różnicują zachowania studentów, jednak największy wpływ zaobserwowano w przypadku płci. Kobiety częściej spożywają przetwory mleczne, a jeżeli chodzi o konsumpcję mleka, wybierają produkty niskotłuszczowe. Przy zakupie duże znaczenie mają dla studentek aktualne promocje oraz zawartość składników odżywczych, natomiast studenci zaopatrując się w produkty mleczarskie, kierują się częściej ich ceną. Miejsce pochodzenia różnicowało głównie częstotliwość spożywania mleka, przy czym najczęstszą konsumpcję deklarowali ankietowani pochodzący z wiosek oraz z najmniejszych miast. Sytuacja materialna wpływała przede wszystkim na spożycie przetworów mlecznych, po które częściej sięgają studenci z najbogatszych rodzin, przy zakupie kierując się przede wszystkim smakiem i marką nabywanych produktów.
PL
Szybka i wiarygodna identyfikacja składu żywności jest niezwykle istotna zarówno ze względów zdrowotnych, jak i ekonomicznych. Metody biologii molekularnej jak i PCR oraz jego odmiany cieszą się dużym powodzeniem, zwłaszcza w kwestii identyfikacji zafałszowań. Wykorzystując metodę Multiplex-PCR przeanalizowano 24 produkty mleczne pod kątem zgodności składu gatunkowego mleka z deklarowanym przez producenta, uwzględniając produkty ekologiczne i regionalne (PDO). Mitochondrialny DNA (mtDNA) izolowano w oparciu o zestawy firmy A&A Biotechnology z drobną modyfikacją. Przy użyciu specyficznych starterów powielono fragment genów mitochondrialnych 12S i 16S rRNA, uzyskując produkty o wielkościach specyficznych dla gatunku: 256 pz dla DNA mleka krowy, 326 pz dla DNA mleka kozy i 172 pz dla DNA mleka owcy. Czułość oznaczenia ustalono na poziomie 2,5% zanieczyszczenia mlekiem krowim. Stężeń DNA nie standaryzowano po ekstrakcji, a najmniejsze ilości DNA, dla których uzyskano produkty amplifikacji, wynosiły 3,4 ng DNA z mleka krowiego i 31,8 ng z DNA sera owczego. Zastosowane metody ekstrakcji mtDNA i warunki amplifikacji umożliwiły szybką identyfikację mleka różnych gatunków zwierząt w 22 z 24 badanych serów. Wykazano zafałszowanie produktów zakupionych jako „oscypki” – wszystkie sery przebadane w tej grupie były wykonane w 100 % z mleka krowiego
EN
Quick and reliable identification of food content is extremely important for both economic and health reasons. Methods of molecular biology such as PCR and its variations are gaining more and more popularity, especially in detecting falsifications. Twenty four dairy products examined for their milk content with the use of this method, including eco and regional PDO products. The samples were testes on the consistency between the declared and actual content of milk of different animal species. mtDNA was isolated with the use A&A Biotechnology sets, with some modifications. On the basis of starters’ sequences, fragments of mitochondrial genes 12S and 16S rRNA were multiplied, which provided products of sizes specific for certain of animal species, respectively: 256 bp for cow, 326 bp for goat and 172 bp for sheep. Sensitivity of distinguishing was determined on the level of 2,5% for cows’ milk addition. DNA concentration was not standardized after extraction, and the smallest amounts of DNA for which amplification products were obtained equaled 3,4 ng of DNA from cows’ milk and 31,8 ng of DNA from sheep’s cheese DNA. Applied methods of mtDNA extraction and conditions of amplification enabled routine and quick milk identification, in terms of its origin, in 22 for 24 examined cheeses. Falsification has been detected in dairy products called „oscypek”. All the examined cheeses within this group appeared to be made of 100% from cows’ milk.
EN
This paper investigates the possible development of Ukrainian agriculture in terms of creation of a free trade area (FTA) with the European Union. Prospects for export-import relations between Ukraine and the EU as well as the competitiveness of domestic agricultural goods in domestic and foreign markets are analyzed. An economic-mathematical model was used for determining negative and positive consequences of the FTA formation for grain, dairy and meat industries. It is expected that the current positive Ukrainian trade balance in agri-food products will decrease significantly as a result of the trade liberalization. The analysis also shows possible changes in the gross domestic product, trade, level of economic activity, human welfare etc. Suggestions how to avoid the negative effects of the FTA on agricultural markets in Ukraine have been developed.
|
2016
|
vol. 15
|
issue 2
5-43
EN
Milk was a very significant food product in the Mediterranean. The present study is not devoted to milk as such, but to therapeutic galactology, galaktología iatriké (γαλακτολογία ἰατρική), a version of which is extant in De medicina penned by a Roman encyclopaedist called Celsus. The author places milk and milk-derived products among therapeutic substances, indicates the methods of processing such substances, and also provides the readers with details on dietary and pharmacological characteristics of dairy foods as well as indicating their place in a number of cures. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the characterizations of milk and dairy products with regard to their dietary properties and application as phármakon (φάρμκον) are not an exclusive feature of De medicina, but they are regularly mentioned not only in medical works, such as De diaeta I–IV, teachings of Dioscorides, extant fragments penned by Rufus of Ephesus, Galen, Oribasius, Aetius of Amida and Paul of Aegina, but also in Historia naturalis by Pliny. This is a clear sign that milk was considered to be significant from the medical point of view and was as such very interesting both for the medical profession and for general public. Therefore De medicina appears as a typical work, and details contained in it are simply a testimony of the evolution of the doctrine that was already present in De diaeta I–IV and later developed by the most prominent physicians.
PL
Mleko było i jest znaczącym produktem spożywczym w diecie mieszkańców basenu Morza Śródziemnego i dlatego stało się ono przedmiotem zainteresowania medycyny antycznej. Artykuł poświęcony został jednak nie historii tego produktu spożywczego, ale galaktología iatriké (γαλακτολογία ἰατρική), a zatem zespołowi poglądów na rzeczone substancje z punktu widzenia medycyny antycznej, który zawarty został w traktacie De medicina napisanym przez rzymskiego encyklopedystę tworzącego w I w. n.e., którego zwykle identyfikujemy jako Aulusa Korneliusza Celsusa. Podstawową treścią rozważań jest ukazanie poglądów Celsusa w kwestii leczniczej funkcji mleka i produktów mlecznych, więc ich cech dietetycznych i farmakologicznych, a w końcu miejsca w procedurach terapeutycznych opisywanych przez starożytnego encyklopedystę. Autorzy analizują dostępne w dziele informacje także z punktu widzenia historii jedzenia oraz historii ekonomicznej i społecznej. Badacze rozpatrują zagadnienie na szerokim tle historii medycyny w antyku i wczesnym Bizancjum (od IV w. p.n.e. do VII w. n.e.), wykorzystując dane zawarte w De diaeta I–IV, traktatach Dioskurydesa, Rufusa z Efezu, Galena, Orybazjusza, Aecjusza z Amidy oraz Pawła z Egny. Wskazują też na analogiczny zasób wiedzy, który stał się podstawą refleksji Pliniusza Starszego zawartych w jego Historia naturalis. Owo bogactwo informacji interpretowane jest przez nich jako dowód zainteresowania tym zagadnieniem nie tylko w gronie profesjonalnych medyków, lecz także szerokiej publiczności, a dzieło De medicina traktują jako przejaw rozwoju doktryny medycznej.
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