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Fortnite as Bildungsspiel? Battle Royale Games and Sacrificial Rites

100%

Ntelia R. E.

Acta Ludologica

2022

vol. 5

issue 1

80-100

This article examines the online multi-player game Fortnite: Battle Royale as a modernday representation of sacrificial rites. It is argued that Fortnite: Battle Royale constitutes a simulation of a sacrificial rite due to its gameplay mechanics. In the game, the players need to kill each other off and come out victorious. As such, the players need to recognise themselves in opposition to others, exterminate those others, and sacrifice their innocence in the process. As conceptualised by R. Girard, this experience of a sacrificial rite constitutes a form of social education and conditioning. Such experiences are predominantly represented in the genre of Bildungsroman: coming-of-age stories that concern a literal or metaphorical rite of passage from childhood to adulthood. In Fortnite: Battle Royale, the psychological effect of this conditioning is amplified due to the medium-specific affordance of having the player as both the spectator and the spectacle of the sacrifice; namely, the player watches themselves being offered as a sacrifice while trying to overcome the trial. In this regard, Fortnite: Battle Royale follows and expands on the tradition of the Bildungsroman establishing a new take on the genre that is thereby termed Bildungsspiel – a coming-of-age game.

„Allmächtiges Wort vom Himmel”. Religion und Gewalt im Kontext der Theorie von René Girard

67%

Niewiadomski J.

Rocznik Antropologii Historii

2013

issue 2(5), Genealogie kultury

111–134

The religious studies discussion increasingly frequently contains mentions of parallels between the concept of Christ’s virgin birth and the immaculate conceptions of other founders of religions. René Girard called attention to the fact that this parallel points to the most significant difference, which can be seen in the context of the question about a religion’s attitude towards violence. The scenario of conceptions known from the myths of other religions always involves a god raping a virgin. In the biblical story of Jesus’ conception, we find no trace of violence. This is not of secondary importance, since the conception of a deity indicates a qualitative aspect of the religion in question. The word of God, which becomes flesh, is not a word of violence. This approach enforces not only a correction of the notion of omnipotence, but also indicates the necessity to revise contemporary opinions about the relation between religion and violence. The systematic conclusion that it is not violence but transformation of violence that is at the heart of biblical religions has enormous practical, ethical, and political consequences. The paper reconstructs not only Girard’s approach to the issue of the criticism of myth through biblical revelation and his innovative conception of anthropology based on the concept of desire, but also the position of the so-called Innsbruck dramatic theology, inspired by Girard’s thought.

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1 Acta Ludologica

1 Rocznik Antropologii Historii

1 2022

1 2013

1 Niewiadomski J.

1 Ntelia R. E.

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Fortnite as Bildungsspiel? Battle Royale Games and Sacrificial Rites

„Allmächtiges Wort vom Himmel”. Religion und Gewalt im Kontext der Theorie von René Girard